Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is an innovative urban paradigm that involves

leveraging existing and upcoming public transit infrastructure and associated large
number of users, to ensure sustainable mobility and optimise utilisation of land
through compact mixed-use development.

A TOD approach in Delhi will help in bringing people and jobs closer to mass transit
and lead to much needed integration of land use and transport in the city. It will
result in compact, walkable, mixed-use developments within influence zones of
transit stations.

This is a critical paradigm shift that can potentially improve public transit ridership,
reduce vehicular congestion, and reduce greenhouse emissions and pollution in the
long term.
• TOD is also an important strategy for unlocking the latent economic
potential and land values in the city. It will facilitate the
development/regeneration of select nodes/areas in the city
through planned intensification of uses and activities, infusion of
new infrastructure and improvements in the public realm.

• This will also allow the city to capitalise on the large-scale

investments being made into public transit infrastructure - Metro
Rail, Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), etc., by facilitating the
improvement of old housing stock in addition to creation of new
housing stock and economic centres around strategically located
transit nodes and opening up opportunities for value capture.
• The following key outcomes shall be targeted through the TOD Policy
for Delhi.

a. Optimised density and diversification of uses and activities:

This will be facilitated through higher FAR norms and compact

mixed-use development, with augmentation of infrastructure by
respective service providing agencies, and application of norms for
green buildings and environment conservation. Such an approach
will result in achieving an optimum mix of activities and higher job
densities close to public transit systems, unlock the
development potential of these areas and facilitate value capture.
• b. Enhanced mobility:

 Pedestrian and NMT friendly environment - providing highest priority to

pedestrians and NMT, through various strategies such as restricted and
high-priced public parking, traffic management plans, street
improvements and creation of a fine network of pedestrian and NMT
routes.

 Modal shift in favour of public transport through multi-modal integration,

enhanced walkability and last mile connectivity.

– a) groups, with barrier-free universal access, achieved through place-making

strategies for Improved public realm: Generation of a vibrant and safe public
realm for all age creation of public plazas and open/green spaces, multi-utility
zones, spaces for public art, etc.
– b) Multi-modal integration
 Radiant City by Le Corbusier
"La Cité Radieuse" by Le Corbusier,
in Marseille, France is the project
which is often credited with (or
blamed for, depending on your
point of view) popularizing both
brutalism and high density social
housing.

Most of the copies around the

world became crime-ridden
tenements, and many have since
been labelled as errors in social
engineering, and have been
demolished. But the original still
stands proudly, inhabited today by
mostly upper-middle class,
educated residents who are proud
of their building and what it stands
for. La Cité Radieuse

Source : http://modernistarchitecture.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-radiant-city.html
• In 1945 when France was turning to its architects for new and
innovative solutions for housing the country's population in
the years following the massively destructive World War II.

• Le Corbusier had already drawn up plans for his modern "Ville

Radieuse" in 1924, and had even published a book on the
topic in 1933.

• He had grandiose visions about housing millions of people in

towers, and about demolishing both the buildings and the
urban fabric of the past.
• He proposed to demolish the city centre of Paris to construct
a series of modern high-rise apartments and office towers,
connected by freeways and airports.
• This was intended to provide clean, comfortable housing for
the masses
• “La Cité Radieuse” would be a vertical city,
intended to house at least 1200 people in 337
apartments in 12 stories.

• Within the building would be not only residences,

but also "city streets" with a school, a hotel, a
restaurant, and other commerce (baker, butcher,
market, and other small shops) that catered to
the residents and were largely subsidized by
them. 
The “Radiant City”: 
• Very large streets, suitable for several lanes of
automobile traffic.
• Very large buildings, typically glass-walled high rises
of ten to one-hundred stories tall. Buildings are
widely spaced.
• Buildings typically not built to the edge of the
sidewalk/roadway, but rather surrounded by some
sort of “landscaping,” either grass or a paved “plaza.”
• Streets are widely spaced, and “blocks” are large.
• Streets are often on a rigid grid design, or if not a
grid, at least a pattern that looks very well-thought-
out when observed in a scale model.
• In Radiant City , thge prefabricated apartment houses ,
les unites, were at the centre of urban life .
• Scale of the apartment houses was 50 m high , which
would accommodate according to Corbusier 2700
inhabitants with approx 14 sq. M per person.
• The building to be placed on pilotis, 5m off ground, so
that more land could be given to nature
• Set back from other unites would be achieved by les
redents , patterns that corbusier created to lessen the
effect of uniformity.
• In les unites, elevators were like vertical streets and the
pedestrian interior streets that connected one building
to another
• Vehicular traffic was proposd to travel on pilots, 5 m above
ground and ground was for pedestrians
• Pedestrian pathways were orthogonal and diagonal
• Skyscrapers had office space for around 3200 people per
building
• Lot of services were available to residents within building,
like laundry chores, catering section, day cares, etc.
• Roof top’s had gardens and water bodies
• Transport systems were designed to save time
• Corbusier was not a fan of horizontal garden city (sub urban
life style) where time was wasted in commuting
• Radiant City was proposed as compact, quick and efficient
• Vertical Garden City – as per corbusier