Importance of sustainability:

-Societal case. United Nations Sustainability Development Goals (2015), 17 items list (SDG)
-Investors perspective. Green Financial Investment, Larry Fink CEO BlackRock (2019)
-Regulators interest. ECB requested commissioned report to assess risks.

3 types of measures:

 Social value
-SROI (Social Return On Investment) = social outcome/financial investment
-Impact Assessment, B Lab (2006) bigger or equal to 80 over 200 = B corp certification
-Sustainability Report, GRI (Global Reporting Initiative). Substitution method (metro)

 Environmental value
-Environmental Profit and Loss Acc. (1990)

 Full Firm value

3 types of value: Economic, Social and Environmental

-Triple Bottom Line (1990)

ESG (Environmental, Social and corporate Governance) criteria

Main issues:
-Who is responsible for societal levels of output and how to ensure accountability.
-Non-Homogeneous measuring values.

NEW RULE  ESRS (European Sustainability Reporting Standard)

2025 1st report with these ESRS

“Sustainability is a cost for the company, so it’s not important to shareholders.”

Milton Friedman 40 years ago.

If the sustainability action is not well explained to the consumer or user, it has no impact
on the intention of purchase, so it’d be a loss.

-What is happening now is that sustainability is everywhere, all companies are green.

Based on World Economic Forum (liberal organization) the first 4 risk of a company are
environmental related.

New directive 2024  ESG

Triple sustainability: economic, social and Ambiental

ESG criteria (Environmental, social and governance)

Social and Responsible Investment (ISR)

Triple Bottom Line  Inside-out: mitigate the companies externalities expenditures on co2

True business sustainability Outside-in: solve social, environmental problem from inside
the company.

SDG Compass
1. Understand SDGs
2. Define the priorities (materiality matrix) external and internal interaction with
company. Which SDGs do they represent. (problem)
3. Setting goals
4. Integrating
5. Reporting and communicating

CO2e = CO2 emissions and other polluting gases

3 scopes:
1. Emissions that the company generates inside the company.
2. Pollutions of emissions of the electricity that the company uses.
3. Pollutions created outside the company but related with the company (suppliers…).

For scope 2:

Market method: buy and sell the different emissions of the company
Localization method: real .emissions in one country