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SQL Cheatsheet

Swipe

Machine Data Structures

Data Science System Design
Learning & Algorithms
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querying single table

Fetch all columns from the country SELECT *

table: FROM country;

Fetch id and name columns from the SELECT id, name

city table: FROM city;

Fetch city names sorted by the SELECT name

rating column in the default FROM city

ASCending order:

Fetch city names sorted by the SELECT name

rating column in the DESCending FROM city

order: ORDER BY rating DESC;

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aliases

COLUMNS SELECT name AS city_name

FROM city;

SELECT co.name, ci.name

TABLES FROM city AS ci

JOIN country AS co

ON ci.country_id = co.id;
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filtering the output

COMPARISON OPERATORS
SELECT name

Fetch names of cities that have a rating FROM city

above 3: WHERE rating > 3;

SELECT name

Fetch names of cities that are

FROM city

neither Berlin nor Madrid:

WHERE name != 'Berlin'

AND name != 'Madrid';

TEXT OPERATORS
SELECT name

FROM city

Fetch names of cities that start with

a 'P' or end with an 's': WHERE name LIKE 'P%'

OR name LIKE '%s';

Fetch names of cities that start with SELECT name

any letter followed by 'ublin' (like FROM city

Dublin in Ireland or Lublin in Poland): WHERE name LIKE '_ublin';

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OTHER OPERATORS
SELECT name

Fetch names of cities that have a FROM city

population between 500K and 5M: WHERE population BETWEEN

500000 AND 5000000;

SELECT name

Fetch names of cities that don't miss

FROM city

a rating value:
WHERE rating IS NOT NULL;

SELECT name

Fetch names of cities that are in FROM city

countries with IDs 1, 4, 7, or 8:

WHERE country_id IN (1, 4, 7, 8);
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querying multiple tables

INNER JOIN

JOIN (or explicitly INNER JOIN) returns SELECT city.name, country.name

rows that have matching values in both FROM city

tables. [INNER] JOIN country

ON city.country_id = country.id;

LEFT JOIN

LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the

SELECT city.name, country.name

left table with corresponding rows

FROM city

from the right table. If there's no

matching row, NULLs are returned LEFT JOIN country

as values from the second table. ON city.country_id = country.id;

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RIGHT JOIN

RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the SELECT city.name, country.name

right table with corresponding rows FROM city

from the left table. If there's no RIGHT JOIN country

matching row, NULLs are returned as ON city.country_id = country.id;

values from the left table.

FULL JOIN

FULL JOIN (or explicitly FULL

SELECT city.name, country.name

OUTER JOIN) returns all rows from

FROM city

both tables – if there's no matching

row in the second table, NULLs are FULL [OUTER] JOIN country

returned. ON city.country_id = country.id;

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aggregate functions

avg(expr) average value for rows within the

group

count(expr) count of values for rows within the

group

max(expr) maximum value within the group

min(expr) minimum value within the group

sum(expr) sum of values within the group

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