Question Determine whether the given set of V is a vector

space. If not, give at least one axiom that is not

satisfied. Unless stated to the contrary, assume
that vector addition and scalar multiplication are
the ordinary operations defined on that set. The
set of vectors ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ , where, a 1 ≥ 0
Vector Addition: ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a2 , 0 ⟩ =⟨ a1 +a 2 , 0 ⟩

Scalar Multiplication: k ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ = ⟨ ka 1 , 0 ⟩

Solution Given that V be the set of all ordered pairs of real

numbers and the set of vectors ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ , where, a 1 ≥ 0. To check ¿ is an
abelian group, we proceed as under:

1. Closure Law. ∀ v 1= ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ , v 2= ⟨ a 2 , 0 ⟩ ∈V implies that a 1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0

Now v 1+ v 2=⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a2 , 0 ⟩ =⟨ a1 +a 2 , 0 ⟩ ∈V , because a 1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0 implies that
a 1 + a2 ≥ 0

2. Associative Law. ∀ v 1= ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ , v 2= ⟨ a 2 , 0 ⟩ , v 3= ⟨ a 3 , 0 ⟩ ∈V implies that

a 1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0 and a 3 ≥ 0
(v ¿ ¿ 1+ v 2)+ v 3=v 1+(v ¿ ¿ 2+ v 3)¿ ¿
L . H . S=(v ¿ ¿ 1+ v 2)+ v 3 ¿
L . H . S=[ ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a 2 , 0 ⟩ ] + ⟨ a3 , 0 ⟩

L . H . S=[ ⟨ a 1+ a2 , 0 ⟩ ]+ ⟨ a3 , 0 ⟩
 L . H . S= ⟨ a 1+ a2 +a3 , 0 ⟩

implies that a 1+ a2 +a3 ≥ 0 as a 1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0 and a 3 ≥ 0

R . H . S=v 1 +(v ¿ ¿ 2+v 3 )¿
R . H . S= ⟨ a1 ,0 ⟩ + [ ⟨ a2 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a 3 , 0 ⟩ ]
R . H . S= ⟨ a1 ,0 ⟩ + ⟨ a 2+ a3 , 0 ⟩
R . H . S= ⟨ a1+ a2 +a 3 , 0 ⟩

implies that a 1+ a2 +a3 ≥ 0 as a 1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0 and a 3 ≥ 0

So L . H . S=R . H . S

Associative law hold

3. Additive Identity. ∀ v 1= ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ ∈V implies that

O= ⟨ 0 , 0 ⟩ ∈ V as it is given that a 1 ≥ 0, implies that ⟨ 0 , 0 ⟩ ∈V , 0=0 and 0=0
v 1+O=⟨ a1 ,0 ⟩ + ⟨ 0 , 0 ⟩ =⟨ a1 +0 , 0+0 ⟩ =⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩

or
⟨ 0 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ = ⟨ 0+ a1 ,0+ 0 ⟩ = ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩

4. Additive Inverse. ∀ v 1= ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ ∈V and let −v 1=⟨ x , 0 ⟩ such that

x≥0 not belong to V as only positive elements are in V . Therefore,
V is not a vector space.
Now
v 1+ (−v 1 )=O

⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ x , 0 ⟩ =⟨ 0 , 0 ⟩
⟨ a1 + x , 0+0 ⟩ = ⟨ 0 , 0 ⟩
⟨ a1 + x , 0 ⟩ =⟨ 0 ,0 ⟩
Implies that:
a 1+ x=0
x=−a1
−v 1=⟨ x , 0 ⟩
−v 1=⟨ −a1 , 0 ⟩
−a 1 ≤ 0 which is contradiction to our assumption as first element of
order pair is positive. Hence additive inverse does not exist

5. Commutative Law. ∀ v 1= ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ , v 2= ⟨ a 2 , 0 ⟩ ∈V and a 1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0, such

that
v 1+ v 2=⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a2 , 0 ⟩ =⟨ a1 +a 2 , 0 ⟩
¿ ⟨ a2 +a 1 , 0 ⟩
¿ ⟨ a2 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩
¿ v2 + v 1

As all five properties are not satisfied therefore, ¿ is not an abelian

group
Now we check scalar multiplication properties
Scalar Multiplication
M1 For α ∈ F=R∧v 1 ∈V thenα ∙ v 1 ∈V

Where v 1=⟨ a1 ,0 ⟩

Now α ∙ v 1=α ∙ ⟨ a1 , a2 ⟩ =⟨ αa 1 , 0 ⟩ , it does not belong to V if

when α is any negative number say α =−1 then α v 1=⟨ αa 1 , 0 ⟩ =⟨−a1 ,0 ⟩

which is not in V . This property does not hold.

M2 For α , β ∈ F=R∧v1 ∈V then ( α + β ) v 1=α v 1 + β v 1

( α + β ) v 1=( α + β ) ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ = ⟨ ( α + β ) a1 ,0 ⟩
it does not belong to V as when (α +β ) be negative, then ( α + β ) v1

does not belong to V .

This property does not hold.

M3 For α ∈ F=R∧v 1 , v 2 ∈ V thenα (v 1 + v 2)=α v 1 +α v 2

where v 1=⟨ a1 ,0 ⟩ and v 2=⟨ a2 ,0 ⟩

Now α ( v 1 +v 2 ) =α [ ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ a2 , 0 ⟩ ]

¿ α ⟨ a 1 , 0 ⟩ +α ⟨ a2 ,0 ⟩

¿ ⟨ αa 1 , 0 ⟩ + ⟨ αa 2 ,0 ⟩ it does not belong to V as if when α is any negative

number say α =−1 then α v 1=⟨ αa 1 , 0 ⟩ =⟨−a1 ,0 ⟩ and α v 2= ⟨ αa 2 ,0 ⟩ =⟨−a2 , 0 ⟩

which is not in V .
This property does not hold.

M4 For α , β ∈ F∧v 1 ∈ V then ( α ∙ β ) ∙ v 1=α ∙ ( β ∙ v 1 )

Now ( α ∙ β ) ∙ v 1=( α ∙ β ) ∙ ⟨ a1 ,0 ⟩ =⟨ αβ a1 , 0 ⟩
it does not belong to V as if when αβ is negative then ⟨ αβ a1 , 0 ⟩ does
not belong to V .
This property does not hold.

M5 For v 1 ∈ V we have 1 ( unit element )∈ F=R such that

1. v 1=v 1 ∙ 1=v 1

Now 1 ∙ v 1=1∙ ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ = ⟨ 1. a1 , 0 ⟩ =⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ ≠ v1 -----------(7)

Now v 1 . 1=⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ .1=⟨ a1 .1 , 0 ⟩= ⟨ a1 , 0 ⟩ ≠ v 1-------------(8)

This property has been proved as eqn (7) ≠ (8).