Question 4 Let V be the set of all ordered pairs of real

numbers. Check whether V is a vector space over

R with respect to the indicated operations. If not,
state the axioms which fail to hold.
( a , b )+ ( c , d ) =( a+c +1 , b+d +1 )

and k ( a ,b )=( ka ,kb )

Solution Given that V be the set of all ordered pairs of real

numbers. To check ¿ is an abelian group, we proceed as under:

1. Closure Law. ∀ v 1= ( a , b ) , v 2= ( c , d ) ∈ V

v 1+ v 2=( a , b )+ ( c , d )= ( a+c +1 , b+d +1 ) ∈V

Note: Take ∀ v 1= ( 0 , 4 ) , v 2= (1 , 3 ) ∈V

v 1+ v 2=( 0 , 4 ) + ( 1 ,3 )=( 0+1+1 , 4 +3+1 )=( 2 , 8 ) ∈V

2. Associative Law. ∀ v 1= ( a , b ) , v 2=( c , d ) , v 3=( e , f ) ∈V

( v 1+ v 2 ) + v 3=v 1+ ( v 2 +v 3 )
L . H . S=( v 1+ v 2 ) +v 3 =[ ( a , b ) + ( c , d ) ] + ( e , f )
¿ ( a+ c+ 1, b+ d+ 1 )+(e , f )

¿ ( a+ c+ 1+ e+1 , b+ d+1+ f +1 )

¿ ( a+ c+ e+2 , b+ d+ f +2 ) ∈V

R . H . S=v 1 + ( v2 +v 3 ) =( a , b )+ [ ( c , d ) + ( e , f ) ]
R . H . S= ( a , b ) + ( c +e +1 , d+ f +1 )
R . H . S= ( a+c +e +1+1 , b+d + f + 1+ 1 )
R . H . S= ( a+c +e +2 , b+d + f +2 ) ∈ V
So L . H . S=R . H . S

Associative law holds

3. Additive Identity. ∀ v 1= ( a , b ) ∈V implies that

O= ( x , y ) ∈ V such that
v 1+O=v 1
( a , b )+ ( x , y )=( a ,b )
( a+ x+1 , b+ y +1 ) =( a , b )

Implies that:
a+ x+1=a and b+ y+ 1=b

x=−1 and y=−1

So ( x , y ) =(−1 ,−1 ) ∈V
Or
O+ v1 =v 1
( x , y ) + ( a , b )=( a ,b )
( x +a+1 , y +b+1 ) =( a , b )

Implies that:
x +a+1=a and y +b+ 1=b

x=−1 and y=−1

So ( x , y ) =(−1 ,−1 ) ∈V
4. Additive Inverse. ∀ v 1= ( a , b ) ∈V implies that:
(−v 1 )=( x , y ) ∈V such that
v 1+ (−v 1 )=O
( a , b )+ ( x , y )=(−1 ,−1 )
( a+ x+1 , b+ y +1 ) =(−1 ,−1 )
Implies that:
a+ x+1=−1 and b+ y+ 1=−1

x=−a−2 and y=−b−2

So ( x , y ) =(−a−2 ,−b−2 ) ∈V
or
(−a−2 ,−b−2 ) +(a , b)=(−1 ,−1)
(−a−2+a+ 1,−b−2+b+1 ) =(−1 ,−1)
(−a+ a−2+ 1,−b+ b−2+1 ) =(−1 ,−1)
(−1 ,−1 ) =(−1 ,−1)

Additive inverse does exist:

As all four properties are satisfied therefore, ¿ is a group:
5. Commutative Law. ∀ v 1= ( a , b ) , v 2= ( c , d ) ∈ V such that
v 1+ v 2=( a , b )+ ( c , d )= ( a+c +1 , b+d +1 )
¿ ( c +a+ 1, d +b+ 1 )

¿ ( c , d )+ ( a , b )

¿ v2 + v 1

As all five properties are satisfied, therefore, ¿ is an abelian group

Now we check scalar multiplication properties:
Scalar Multiplication

M1 For α ∈ F=R∧v 1 ∈V thenα ∙ v 1 ∈V

Where v 1= ( a , b )

Now α ∙ v 1=α ∙ ( a , b ) =( αa , α b ) ∈V

Note: Take ∀ v 1= ( 0 ,2 ) , α =4 ∈ F=R

α ∙ v 1=4 ∙ ( 0 , 2 )=( 0 , 8 ) ∈V

M2 For α , β ∈ F=R∧v1 ∈V then ( α + β ) v 1=α v 1 + β v 1

L.H.S ¿ ( α + β ) v 1=( α + β )( a , b )

¿( ( α + β ) a , ( α + β ) b)

¿ ( αa + βa , αb+ βb ) ---------------- (1)

R.H.S ¿ α v 1+ β v 1=α ( a ,b )+ β ( a ,b )

¿ ( α a , α b ) + ( βa , β b )

¿ ( αa + βa+1 , αb+ βb+1 ) ---------------- (2)

Since L.H.S ≠ R.H.S property M2 does not hold

M3 For α ∈ F=R∧v 1 , v 2 ∈ V thenα (v 1 + v 2)=α v 1 +α v 2

where v 1= ( a , b ) and v 2=( c ,d )

L.H.S ¿ α ( v 1 +v 2 ) =α [ ( a , b )+ ( c ,d ) ]

¿ α ( a+c +1 , b+d +1 )

¿ ( α a+α c+ α , α b+ α d +α ) --------------(3)
Now R.H.S ¿ α v 1+ α v 2=α ( a ,b ) +α ( c , d )

¿ ( αa , α b ) + ( αc , α d )

¿ ( α a+α c+1 , α b +α d +1 ) -----------------(4)

This property has not proved as eqn (3) ≠ (4).

M4 For α , β ∈ F=R∧v1 ∈V then ( α ∙ β ) ∙ v 1=α ∙ ( β ∙ v 1 )

Now L.H.S ¿ ( α ∙ β ) ∙ v1 =( αβ ) ∙ ( a , b )

¿ ( αβa , αβ b ) ---------------(5)
Now R.H.S ¿ α ∙ ( β ∙ v 1) =α [ β ( a , b ) ] =α ( β a , β b )

¿ ( αβa , αβ b ) -----------------(6)
This property has been proved as eqn (5) ¿ (6).

M5 For v 1 ∈V we have 1 (unit element) in F=R such that

1. v 1=v 1 ∙ 1=v 1

Now 1 ∙ v 1=1∙ ( a , b )=( 1 a , 1b )=( a ,b )=v 1---------------(7)

Now v 1 . 1=( a , b ) .1= ( a 1 ,b 1 ) =( a , b ) =v 1----------------(8)

Since 1. v 1=v 1 ∙ 1=v 1

This property has been proved as eqn (5) ¿ (6).
Therefore, V is not a vector space over R as M2 and M3 not
proved.