Linear Algebra hw1

物理三 廖威宇 B08202037

1.2
13.
(VS1)

(a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 b2 ) = (b1 + a1 , b2 a2 ) = (b1 , b2 ) + (a1 , a2 ), ∀ai , bi ∈ R

(VS2)
( )
(a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) + (c1 , c2 ) =(a1 + b1 , a2 b2 ) + (c1 , c2 )
( ) ( )
= (a1 + b1 ) + c1 , (a2 b2 )c2 = a1 + (b1 + c1 ), a2 (b2 c2 )
( )
= (a1 , a2 ) + (b1 + c1 , b2 c2 ) =(a1 + a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) + (c1 , c2 ) , ∀ai , bi , ci ∈ R

(VS3)

(0, 1) + (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , a2 ), ∀ai ∈ R

Hence (0, 1) is the zero vector.

(VS4)
1
(a1 , a2 ) + (−a1 , ) = (0, 1), ∀a1 , a2 ∈ R, a2 ̸= 0
a2
If a2 = 0, there’s no inverse of the vector (a1 , a2 ), thus (VS4) doesn’t hold.
(VS5)
1(a1 , a2 ) = (1a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , a2 ), ∀ai ∈ R
(VS6)
( )
m n(a1 , a2 ) = m(na1 , a2 ) = (mna1 , a2 ) = mn(a1 , a2 ), ∀m, n, ai ∈ R

(VS7)
( )
m (a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) =m(a1 + b1 , a2 b2 )
= (m(a1 + b1 ), a2 b2 ) =(ma1 + mb1 , a2 b2 )
= (ma1 , a2 ) + (mb1 , b2 ) =m(a1 , a2 ) + m(b1 , b2 ), ∀m, ai , bi ∈ R

(VS8)
( )
(m + n)(a1 , a2 ) = (m + n)a1 , a2 = (ma1 + na1 , a2 )
( )
̸= (ma1 , a2 ) + (na1 , a2 ) = ma1 + na1 , (a2 )2

Since (VS4), (VS8) does not hold, V is not a vector space over R.

1
19.
Since the addition is defined coordinatewise, (VS1), (VS2), (VS3), (VS4) hold.
(VS5)
a2
1(a1 , a2 ) = (1a1 , ) = (a1 , a2 ), ∀ai ∈ R
1
(VS6)
( ) a2 a2
m n(a1 , a2 ) = m(na1 , ) = (mna1 , ) = mn(a1 , a2 ), ∀m, n, ai ∈ R
n mn
(VS7)
( ) ( a2 + b 2 )
m (a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = m(a1 + b1 ),
m
a2 b 2
= (ma1 + mb1 , + ) =m(a1 , a2 ) + m(b1 , b2 ), ∀m, ai , bi ∈ R
m m
(VS8)
( a2 )
(m + n)(a1 , a2 ) = (m + n)a1 ,
m+n
a2 a2
̸ m(a1 , a2 ) + n(a1 , a2 ) = (ma1 + na1 , + )
=
m n
( (m + n)a2 )
= (m + n)a1 ,
mn
Since (VS8) does not hold, V is not a vector space over R.
20.
(VS1)

{an } + {bn } = {an + bn } = {bn + an } = {bn } + {an }

(VS2)

({an } + {bn }){cn } ={an + bn } + {cn }

= {(an + bn ) + cn } ={an + (bn + cn )}
= {an } + {bn + cn } ={an } + ({bn } + {cn })

(VS3)
Define {0} := {bn } with bn = 0, ∀n, then

{0} + {an } = {0 + an } = {an }

(VS4)
Let bn = −an , then

{an } + {bn } = {an + bn } = {an + (−an )} = {0}

(VS5)

1{an } = {1an } = {an }

(VS6)

m(n{an }) = m{nan } = {mnan } = (mn){an }, ∀m, n ∈ R

2
(VS7)
m({an } + {bn }) = m{an + bn }
= {m(an + bn )} = {man + mbn }
= {man } + {mbn } = m{an } + m{bn }, ∀m ∈ R
(VS8)
(m + n){an } = {(m + n)an }
= {man + nan } = {man } + {nan }
= m{an } + n{an }, ∀m, n ∈ R
Hence, with these operations, V is a vector space over R
22.
A m × n matrix has m × n entries, and each entry has two choice (0 and 1), thus
there are 2m×n matrices in the vector space Mm×n (Z2 )

1.3
23.
(a)Since W1 and W2 are subspaces, they both contain 0, thus
{0} + W1 = W1 ⊆ W1 + W2
{0} + W2 = W2 ⊆ W1 + W2
The addition of two vectors both in W1 or W2 is already closed since W1 and W2 are
vector spaces, and the addition of one vector in W1 , another in W2 is also contained
in W1 + W2 by the definition of sum.
Simliarly, the scalar product of vectors in W1 and W2 is closed. What we only need
to be careful is the scalar product of x + y for x ∈ W1 , y ∈ W2 , for a ∈ F
a(x + y) = ax + ay ⊆ W1 + W2
Hence, W1 + W2 is a subspace contains W1 and W2 .
(b)For any subspace U of V that contains W1 and W2 ,
x + y ∈ U, ∀x ∈ W1 , y ∈ W2
⇒ W1 + W2 ⊆ U

31.
(a) ’⇒’: If v + W is a subspace of vector space V , then v + w = 0 for some w ∈ W ,
hence v = −w ∈ W .
’⇐’: If v ∈ W , then (∃(−v) ∈ W ) such that v + (−v) = 0. Hence ∀w ∈ W ,
(−v) + w ∈ W , then v + (−v) + w ∈ v + W ⇒ W ⊆ v + W . And since v ∈ W ,
v + w ∈ W , ∀w ∈ W ⇒ v + W ⊆ W . Hence v + W = W is s subspace of V .
(b) ’⇒’: If v1 + W = v2 + W , then ∀w1 ∈ W, ∃w2 ∈ W such that
v1 + w1 = v2 + w2
→ v1 − v2 = w2 − w1 ∈ W
’⇐’: If v1 − v2 ∈ W , by (a), we have (v1 − v2 )W = W , then
v2 + W = v2 + (v1 − v2 )W = v1 + W

3
(c)If v1 + W = v1′ + W, v2 + W = v2′ + W , then v1 − v1′ ∈ W and v2 − v2′ ∈ W .
(v1 − v1′ ) + (v2 − v2′ ) = (v1 + v2 ) − (v1′ + v2′ ) ∈ W
⇒ (v1 + v2 ) + W = (v1′ + v2′ ) + W
⇒ (v1 + W ) + (v2 + W ) = (v1′ + W ) + (v2′ + W )
and
(v1 − v1′ ) ∈ W ⇒ a(v1 − v1′ ) = av1 − av1′ ∈ W
⇒ av1 + W = av1′ + W
⇒ a(v1 + W ) = a(v1′ + W ) □

(d) ∀vi ∈ V, a, b ∈ F
(VS1)
(v1 + W ) + (v2 + W ) = (v1 + v2 ) + W = (v2 + v1 ) + W = (v2 + W ) + (v1 + W )
(VS2)
( ) ( )
(v1 + W ) + (v2 + W ) + (v3 + W ) = (v1 + v2 ) + W + (v3 + W )
( ) ( ( )
= (v1 + v2 ) + v3 + W = v1 + v2 + v3 + W
( ) ( )
= (v1 + W ) + (v2 + v3 ) + W = (v1 + W ) + (v2 + W ) + (v3 + W )
(VS3) ∀v0 ∈ W ,
( )
v1 − (v1 + v0 ) = v0 ∈ W
( )
⇒ (v1 + W ) + (v0 + W ) = (v1 + v0 ) + W = v1 + W
Hence, v0 + W is a zero vector in S = {v + W : v ∈ V }
(VS4)
( ) ( )
(v1 + W ) + (−v1 + v0 ) + W = v1 + (−v1 + v0 ) + W = v0 + W
(VS5)
1(v1 + W ) = (1v1 ) + W = v1 + W
(VS6)
( ) ( )
a b(v1 + W ) = a (bv1 + W )
= abv1 + W = (ab)(v1 + W )
(VS7)
( ) ( )
a (v1 + W ) + (v2 + W ) = a (v1 + v2 ) + W
a(v1 + v2 ) + W = (av1 + av2 ) + W
(av1 + W ) + (av2 + W ) = a(v1 + W ) + a(v2 + W )
(VS8)
(a + b)(v1 + W ) = (a + b)v1 + W
( ) ( )
= (av1 + bv1 ) + W = (av1 ) + W + (bv1 ) + W
= a(v1 + W ) + b(v1 + W )

4
1.4
10.
For any a, b, c ∈ F
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a b 1 0 0 0 0 1
=a +b +c
b c 0 0 0 1 1 0

The left hand side is an arbitrary symmetric 2 × 2 matrix, thus {set of all 2 ×
2 matrices} ⊆ span({M1 , M2 , M3 }); The right hand side is any element of span({M1 , M2 , M3 }),
thus span({M1 , M2 , M3 }) ⊆ {set of all 2 × 2 matrices}.
14.
’span(S1 ∪ S2 )⊆span(S1 )+span(S2 )’: say v ∈span(S1 ∪ S2 ) then

v = a1 v1 + ...an vn + an+1 vn+1 + .. + am vm

with ai ∈ F, vi ∈span(S1 ∪S2 ) and for i = 1 ∼ n, vi ∈ S1 ; for i = n+1 ∼ m, vi ∈

/ S1 .
Then

v =(a1 v1 + .. + an vn ) + (an+1 vn+1 + .. + am vm ) = v1′ + v2′

v1′ = a1 v1 + .. + an vn ∈ span(S1 )
v2′ = an+1 vn+1 + .. + am vm ∈ span(S2 )
⇒v = v1′ + v2′ ∈ span(S1 ) + span(S2 )
⇒span(S1 ∪ S2 ) ⊆ span(S1 ) + span(S2 )

’span(S1 ) + span(S2 ) ⊆ span(S1 ∪ S2 )’: say v ∈ span(S1 ) + span(S2 ), then

v =v1 + v2 , v1 ∈ span(S1 ), v2 ∈ span(S2 )

=(b1 v1′ + ... + bk vk′ ) + (c1 v1′′ + ... + cl vl′′ ), bi , cj ∈ F ; vi′ ∈ S1 , vj′′ ∈ S2
′
If we denote cj = bk+j , vj′′ = vk+j , then we have

v = b1 v1′ + ... + bk vk′ + bk+1 vk+1

′
+ ... + bk+l vk+l ∈ span(S1 ∪ S2 ),
bi ∈ F ; vi′ ∈ S1 ∪ S2
⇒ span(S1 ) + span(S2 ) ⊆ span(S1 ∪ S2 )

1.5
20.

af (t) + bg(t) = aert + best = 0, a, b, ∈ R

⇒aert = −best
⇒a = −be(s−r)t , (s − r) ̸= 0

The left hand side is a number in R, so the right hand side should not have de-
pendence on t, thus b should be zero, and as a consequence, a = 0. Hence, f, g are
linearly independent.