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Giáo trình Vô tuyến điện tử - Phần 1 - Ngạc Văn An (chủ biên) - 955558-đã gộp
Giáo trình Vô tuyến điện tử - Phần 1 - Ngạc Văn An (chủ biên) - 955558-đã gộp
= 83
Op? (@—PNWy +p) Jaybo~ 2Aw
> Q= fe (1.28)
~ 2de@
43Ung dung : Nh’ cé tinh chit cong
huéng, khung cé tinh chat chon loc cao
(Q cng In, 46 chon loc cing cao). Vi
vay, khung cong huéng dugc sit dung
nhy mot b9 loc dai thong & cdc ting dau
16i vao ciia cdc may thu thanh dé bat mot
s6 dai sng nhat dinh.
1.9.2. Mach cng hung RLC mic
HINH 1.24, Bac trumg pha
Song song theo tén 56
a) Khi nguén et) la nguén thé
Phuong trinh Kirchhoff : y ~beR
1 ,_/1
Ii-tdat ERTL) ygengcospe e 3
e= Rh +L Tt
HINH 1.288. Mach c6ng huting song
Tir phuong trinh thi nhat, nit ra ome *
thay vao phuong trinh thi hai, ta duge
. de_, dl; @e
o(t) = Ry “ROG +L GE LCS
« Thay e(t) dang ham phite é(t) = «eva tim nghi¢m I, dudi dang
phite i,(t) = ie :
(R+ jpL)i, = e9(1 + jpRC- pL)
~» téng 8 phiic : R+ ipl
1+ jpRC- p"LC
Chia ca tir va mau cho (—jpC) :
RL_R
BL_R gp -4y
Cc pcPl iC)
R?+(pL-?Dit 5 = 1/ VEC, y= phy, Q= @LIR
ten
1-yy+jt
a-y +g
. ne
Thay Z=tZte > tter|Ure gas)
1~Py+
¢ YY
|z|sa gia tri myet 461 cha dign tra cong hudng Khung song song. N6
6 tinh chat cla mot duémg cong cing hudng. Do vay, tru’mg hop nay
duge goi l& cong hudng dién ers.
Khiy=1, {z|= RQYU+Q*). N&vQ>>1 >|2\= RQ?=Qp.
Nhu vay, khi cong hudng p = wo thi dién tro cila khung tang {én Q
lan. Lite nay, dang dién vao khung [4 nid nbat.
Trong trudng hop nay ditn ap gitta
hai dau khung dao dong it thay déi,
gin bing dita 4p ngudn ngoai. Néu do o 7 2 7
dign Sp nay thi sé khong thdy ong
huiéng vi phy thude vao nguén. Mada
quan sat cOng hutng phAi mic néi tip mot dign tré voi khung.
HINH 1.28b, Bac trang Z(w)
6) Khi nguén ngodi la nguén dong
Phuong trinh Kirchhoff :
dl, 1
LP +RR-& fiat = 0
l=hth
~» Li? + Rl, -4 fi - type =0+ s+
Ky higu (1) va (2) 18 cp vi phn cia
Dit 28 = RIL, og = 1/ VLC
> UP + 261) + hy = Igape!™
Khi cong hudng (y =1), dong trong Ber
khung 1a oye dai, didn 4p hai déu khung
tang lén Q ldn (cuc dai 1k U = 1,RQ?) = he te L
va gol 1a cong hudng dong dién (dong ls
trong hai nhdnh khung tang {én Q [én) =
linf=fie
qua). Cdn din 4p trén hai dau khung 12 cue dai.
HINH 1.25c. Mach RLC song song,
|=O1, (v6i R rat nho bd hi tac ang nguén dong
Dac trung cng hudng :
1Zo@)l_ 1
Z{@) 2
hi +0
Zo) 1 cue dai, va Z(@) biu dién hinh 1.25.b.
‘Tir biéu thie (1.30) ta vé duge dc trunig
46i cita trét khdng hinh 1.25.4.
Zo) _
Xe th so my” TxZoC@y
(1.30)
vi Ja nguén dong nen : fy = Tey
a _ Xo) . 1= 3,
do dé “Zo Hinh 1.250
Yay
Vi vay bigu thie (1.30) cling chink 18 dgc tamg cruyén dat dien 4
cia khung LC song song, Hink 1.25¢ cffag chinh t& dic trung tdn so cis
hé s6 truyén dat dign Sp cia khung.) Ung dung cong hung mdc néi tiép va song song
1) Nhé tinh chat chon loc va khuéch dai dién 4p nén thudng duoc
ding trong céc mach vao cia méy thu thanh dé chon loc hoac loai bd
nhiing tan s6 khong cén thiét.
2) Ding trong cdc may do buéc séng : néi khung cong hudng cd
déng hé do, dat gin khung méy phat. Chinh C cho thay cong hudng
(ddng din déng hé chi cuc dai). Qua gid tri L, C, tinh duge tin s6 may
phat o = 1/VLC.
3) Cong hudng dién wé cé tinh chat ngan chan cdc tin hiéu c6 tin s6
tring tan sé riéng ciia khung. Vi thé, diéu chinh @, cong hudng véi tan s6
trung tan fy = 465kHz dé tir may thu fy khong truyén ngugc lai ra Angten
trénh nhigu cho céc dai khéc.
4) Mach cong hung néi tiép sé thu nhiéu tin s6 @; vao khung va
truyén xu6ng dat, cdn cdc tn s6 khéc vao may thu.
5) Céc may do phdm chat Q-meter, do C, do L déu dya trén tinh chat
‘cong hudng cita khung Q = foy / 2Af.
6) Dé do duge dac trung cong huéng cia khung song song khi nguén
E(t) 1a nguén thé, cén mc n6i tip mot dién tré 5-10kQ ti: nguén vao
khung dé nguén thé tre thinh nguén dong méi do duge di¢n tr cha
khung (tuy 18 49 phdm chat cé suy gidm do sy cé mat ciia dign tro mac
néi tiép véi khung nay), .
7) Hign tugng cong hudng cé thé gay ra cdc chéin dong manh trong
co hoe (tda nha, cfu dutng...). Vi vay, cic dong co hodc nguén phai c6
tn s6 khdc xa tn sO cOng huéng dé trénh rung va gidm céc chain dong cé
tinh chat cong huéng. '
8) Tinh chét cong bing cdn dugc sit dung trong céc phép do dia
chin, do nhip tim trong y hoc...
9) Cc mach cong huémg duge stt dung nhiéu nhat trong céc bo
khuéch dai chon loc cao tan, trung tin. Ding dé tao ra cdc may phat cao
tn, cdc bo diéu ché, gidi diéu ché, tron tn, D6 1A cdc mach co ban trong
ky thuat vo tuyén dién, sé duge khdo sét & chutong sau.
47L
— LT] May
May 5
Thu ™
HINH 1.26. Céc mach ing dung khung RLC
1.10. DAO DONG RIENG
Dao dong riéng t6n tai khi khong
c6 nguén ngoai luc t4c dong. L
Dao dong riéng cé thé 1a dao dong
cita dién tich, dong dién hodc dien thé E(t=0 =e
R
trong khung. Trong céc tring hop 46,
tirphuong tinh Kirchhoff ta c6 dugc: juny 4.276. Khung RLG nd tip
Pq Rdg, 1
SPE Sie
a. Rai ye
hay *tatie=°
0, Ra, a
hoac at tat qeu= 0
Thay bién s6 bing X, dat 25 = R/L, @p = 1/ VLC, ta cé :
X +28X 4. 03X =0 (1.31)
1.10.1, Xét trudng hgp c6 dao dong (8? < a4")
Neghiém cia phuong trinh vi phan bac 2 w? = @2 —87s@ 1a:
Xi) = (Ae) cos(a,t - 9) = (1.32)
= (bién dé tai t), (phan dao dong) = X(t)
Dé 1a doi véi ung hop c6 dao dong, ma sét nhd. Dat to = 1/5 1a
hang s6 thai gian, 8 18 h¢ $6 tét dan.
48Xét phin bién do Ae’ gidm dan theo t véi quy luat ham exp. ¥
nghia cia ty [a sau thoi gian nay, bién 46 giam di e lin.
Dua thém vo dai lugng @ = ST; =
8.2n/o, Wa decrement tt dan. Xé ¥
nghia cia decrement nay ; NEU tai to,
bien do X = Ae thi tai ty = to + nT),
bién do {a X,, = Aco"?
= a = eT Lend
Hinh 1.2%. Daa dong tét ddn
os oe-tan Xe 8 trong khung
a x
Néu @ = 0,001 thi sau n = 1000 chu ky, bién do sé gidm di € lan.
Trong khung, 0 = (2 + 5)%, c6 nghia sau 20+50 chu ky dao dong, bien 40
gidm di ¢ tin. Do vay, xem nhu @ danh gid kha nang duy tri dao dong.
© nhd thi do suy gidm it vA ngugc lai.
Xét sut suy gidm ndng lugng trong khung sau mét chu ky dao déng (9
nghia cia 26) (Kem céch tinh todn chi tiét trong gido trinh Vat ly dao
dong cia PGS VG Anh Phi).
Neéu goi W 1a téng nang lugng du trit trong trudng ca L va C thi:
Wty) ~ Wty +7) _ RT
> Woo) L
= 28T; =20 (1.33)
Vay 20 1a sy suy gidm tuong di cia ning luong sau méi chu ky.
1.10.2. Trudng hop khong cé dao dong (5? > a”)
(aR - 5?) =-8 4 ja, véi a3 = 6? ~ 0p
‘Thay vao nghi¢m X(t), ta thy chuyén dong khong con tinh chat dao
dong ma 6 mdt trong nhing dang sau:
V6i cong thé 2=-5 +NL iN
t t t
Hinh 1.28. Chuy8e déng trong fé ma sat én
D6 1a nhiing chuyén dong t6i han, gidng con léc dao dong trong chat
Tong (hé 86 ma sat 16n) tht lic d6 sé khong cé dao dong.
1.10.3. Xét tae dong cia ngoai Ie (duéi dang chudi xung vo
tuyén)
KhiR=0
Thyc t€ R rét nhd, vi dy vong day lam bang chat situ din. Khi d6,
dang bai ton:
X® 4 @2X = Eg cos pt : (1.34)
s& c6 nghiém riéng va nghiém cudng bie X =Xq+X,
Khi Ep = 0 6 nghiém rieng : Xq = asiniagt — beosaot
Con khi Ey # 0 thi c6 cd nghiém cudng bic X, = Acospt
> X(Q) = asinagt — beosaagt + Bycospt (Map? - p’)
Dat digu kign ban du vio nghiém : t=0, X=x=0
‘Thay vio nghiém Xi) ‘o> a=0,b=E/ (og - Pp’)
Dods = Xit)= [cos pt -'c0s wt]
5 =P?
X(t) = Eat cos pt 208 aot
(@o+P) (yp - pt
. (@y —p)t
(1) = Est gin @a px SP 7
(0 +P) 2 (@ ~ p)t
50 4-VTOT-BKhi cong hudng ta c6 :
2 ~ pit
sin
xo sinayt
> 1 (pop)
E,t
> X(t) = Fe! sin apt (1.35) HINH 1.29. Dao dong trong he khi co téc dong
(= Fy) SB Oot 1.35) nung v6 tay,
Tir (1.35) suy ra dang dao dong hinh 1.29.
1.11. KHUNG LIEN KET
Céc mach vi phan, tich phan n€u théa man céc diéu kién vi phan, tich
phan tuong img thi khi tin higu truyén qua sé bi méo dang (mot sé thanh
phan tan s6 thap hofc t4n s6 cao cia phé tin hiéu sé bj chan Jai, khong
cho truyén qua). Néu tk mach truyén thi tin hi¢u truyén qua khong bién
dang. Néu 1a mach loc thi phé tin higu sé bi thodt xuéng dat, chi cdn Iai
thanh phan mot chiéu. Cu Wishton cé tinh chét chon loc gan gidng nhu
céc mach cong hudng.
Khung cong hudng cé tinh chat chon loc trong dai tan 2Af nén cling
khong: truyén duge cc tin hiv cé phd khéng ndm trong ving 2Af. DO
phim chat Q cia khung cing cao thi phé tin higu cing hep, Dé mé rong
dai t4n va nang cao tinh chon loc Q, ngutdi ta phai Lin két hai hodc nhiéu
khung cong hung véi nhau,
1.11.1. Ank hudng cia mach {in két
“Ry
OT.
& j Li
Hinh 1.302, So 86 khung lion két
StXét te dong cia hai khung lien ket hé cm :
Gia sir nguén e(t) = ee"
Phuong trinh dién thé hai khung +
a(t) = in a eg fore ge
(1.36)
mi oy ey a
O=1,R, +h Ge 1 faaem a
Tim nghiém duéi dang =
iQ) = te, 10) = he"
/ a nee
29 = 1,8, + jolih gg, hi + joMla
> (1.37)
0=1,R) + jolyiy - inet + joMi,
Kyniea X,20ly-ch-, %S0la-
oC; oC,
_joMi,_
=> L=-
2 FOR +i
Dat i, vao phuong trinh thi nhét trong he phuong tinh (1.37), k¥
higu Z;2= RPK
> £9 = 1,(R, +X. + + eM (1.38)
Ry + 5X2
‘Tach phén thuc va phin 4
22 au?
i ~ , OM My 45
69 = WR, +R + Fy Ra I X)= WZ
2
2,42 242
. ‘M' ay M* y wy
> dag = +z Rad + 1 MH) = Rig + rs
Nhu vay, hai khung lién két c6 thé thay bang mt khung tuong duong,
61rd hoat va trd khang tuong dong.
52ay?
Ry =R, +2 MR, =
3
2y 42
, o?M? ane Ru
Xq =X - TX, C
Zy
Nhu vay, phan trd hoat va tro khéng cla yin 1.300. Khung tung
khung 1 bi anh hudng ro rét boi khung 2. duong cia 2khung lién két
o’M?
ZO
Khung 2 dua vio khung 1 mot trd 1a R,
o?M?
va mot dign khang 9
zB
x
1.11.2, Dae tinh cong hudng
Tinh nhu khung cOng hudng néi tiép, chi thay R = Ryg, X = Xiq dé tim
vn s6 cong hudng. Hien tuong cong hudng sé xdy ra khi tro khdng cia
mach dién tuong duong X,q = 0.
242
(ol, o*M’
1
-—_)- ————_ (oL, - ——) =0 (1.39)
BC vet, PG
5
(2.39) l& phuong trinh tn sé.
4) Néu hai khung lién két manh (z= 1 €M lon)
V6 y= My/LiL, goi Ia hé 36 lien ket.
2__1 2 1 - A
=a 03 = I cde tin sO rieng phan cia khun;
Ine ne ig iB
Tva khung II.
Khi 66 qua R, biéu thifc (1.39) sé 1a:
2 2
np) men
a-*ba-*b=
o? o a
> of(1- 2) - 0 (0h? — ny) + )2.n,? = 0 (1.40)
Giai phuong trinh nay ta x4c dinh dugc hai tin s6 cOng hudng @, va ©).
53Hai tin s& nay chi trting voi tan $6 riéng (nj,n2) cla timg khung 1 va I
khi y=0.
2 2
d-ba-72)=0
oo
‘ . 1
6 hai nghigm of sat ape of =n} = —
1c
Néu x ¥ 0 s€ tim duge haj tn sO ay # nj, oy # ny va nim ngoai hai
on aN
Khong,
Vian kat
tin sO ny, my
Khong tinh dn Rp
HINH 1.31.4. Bac trung th s6 cde khung liba két KAI nny
Hai tn s6 cong hudng nj, n, ndm rat xa nhau, khong ch6ng len nhau.
b) Néw hai khung lién két yéu (7 0