Design Strategy For An Infrared Thermometer HND - Eet

Design Strategy for an Infrared Thermometer
FPN/SET/2022/2023/HEET/PT/896
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA
P.M.B 001 NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE
FEBRUARY, 2024
Design Strategy for an Infrared Thermometer
A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT,
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE AWARD OF
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND)
IN
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
By
FEBRUARY, 2024
II
Declaration
We hereby declared this project is all my/our own work and has not been copied in
part or in whole from any other sources. All previous project work, publications,
books, journals, magazines, internet sources have been adequately referenced within
the main report.
Name: Signature: Date:
Project Supervisor: Signature: Date:
Mohammed Jamiu Abdul Salam
Head of Department
Name: Engr. B. A. Kwembe
Signature:
Date:
External Examiner: Signature: Date:
III
Letter of Transmittal
School of Engineering Technology
Department of Electrical/Electronic
Engineering Technology
Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa
P.M.B 001
Nasarawa state.
The Head of Department
Electrical/Electronic Technology
Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa
Nasarawa.
Dear Sir,
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT SUBMISSION
In compliance with the policy of the institution, which stipulates that every student at
the end of his//her programme in the school is expected to carry out a supervised
project on design and construction/implementation, we/I hereby submit our/my
project titled “Design Strategy for an Infrared Thermometer” in partial fulfilment
for the award of Higher National Diploma in Electrical/Electronic Engineering in the
Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.
Yours faithfully
…………………….. (for the group)
IV
Acknowledgements
I give thanks to Almighty God for His guidance, provision and protection over my life
for helping me throughout my years of study.
My gratitude also goes to my Supervisor Mohammed Jamiu Abdul Salam for his
relentless support and guidance throughout the course of this study, and also to the
Head of Department, Engr. Kwembe B. A. My appreciation with immense gratitude
goes to other staffs of the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Technology both academic and non-academic staffs, for their massive support and
doctrine.
A special thanks to my parents, and my siblings for supporting and encouraging me
throughout the years of study, God bless you all.
V
Table of Contents
Item Page
Title Page………………………………………………………………………….. i
Declaration ……………………………………………………………………….. iii
Letter of Transmittal………………………………………………………………. iii
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………….. iv
Table of Content ………………………………………………………………….. v
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………. vi
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………... vii
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………………. viii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… ix
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
VI
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 2.1 Batteries Series Connection4
VII
List of Tables
Figure Page
Table 1 Bill of Engineering and Measurment4
VIII
Definitions of Terms:
Quantity Unit Symbol

Voltage Volt V
Current Ampere A
0
Temperature Degree Celsius C
IX
Abstract
X
Infrared Thermometer Introduction
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Background
Body temperature is the most basic and vital indicator of life. Measuring body
temperature plays an important role in daily care. However, in the face of people's
pursuit of a fast and safe lifestyle nowadays, the traditional mercury thermometer
needs to measure about 5 minutes under the armpits and needs to be read by human
eyes. Therefore, there are many drawbacks. With the development of infrared
technology, infrared thermometers have also been recognized by the public due to
their safety and rapidity (1). Although the price of traditional mercury thermometers is
cheap , the existing problems are as follows when it is used: Mercury thermometer
must contact with the human body , and temperature measurement process need lasted
5 to 10 minutes, because infants is active, let parents become very headache for infant
body temperature; And in the number of temperature meter reading, easy to read
wrong due to external light and other factors; Mercury thermometer is easy to rupture
when heated or stored improperly, It can lead to mercury poisoning due to human
body exposure to mercury (2).
Early methods of measuring body core temperature utilizing contact mercury
thermometers are replaced by the safer and more convenient electronic thermometers
at the sublingual, armpits, ear canals, and in some rare occasions, the rectum and
axillary for accuracy (3). Many of these surface measurement sites, specifically the
temporal and central forehead, reflect lower readings than internal sites such as the
tympanic temperature readings, the current gold standard to represent the body core
temperature (4), especially given the impracticality of rectal/anal temperature takings.
While screening for disease in the ongoing pandemic, rapid temperature
measurements of many individuals quickly and safely without allowing the
February 2024 Authur 1, Authur 2, Authur 3, 1

thermometer to be a vector of pathogen transfer are crucial, thus making contact
infeasible, ruling out many of the above measurement sites (5).
Unfortunately, surface temperature is difficult to measure with the accuracy,
resolution, and stability required for many potential applications. Temperature sensors
such as thermocouples that depend on attainment of thermal equilibrium with a
surface via conductive or convective heat transfer are problematic because they
require intimate contact with the surface, which affects the local surface energy
balance and thus temperature; the small sampling area of such sensors can also be an
issue under circumstances where it is desirable to obtain a temperature measurement
that integrates the effects of spatial heterogeneity (6). However, Infrared (IR)
thermometers can fulfil this gap by measuring the surface temperature without direct
contact, which is through detecting the amount of thermal or black-body radiation
emitted by the object. Additionally, these thermometers are now commonly used in
clinical practices (5), as well as routinely during the pandemic for self-monitoring and
screening at the entrances of public places.
Typically, IR thermometer casings are manufactured by the expensive injection
molding (due to mold production and tooling costs), producing significant waste
material. The increased adoption of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has
revolutionized prototyping and reduced cost by shortening the lead time to
manufacture with significantly less waste. Coupling with 3D printing, the use of ‘off-
the-shelf’ microcontroller kits such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Micro: bit can now
allow novel electronic products to be cost-effectively assembled, even by non-
engineers without specialized equipment. It is with such enabling technology that
even home-made measurement devices can be made easily, e.g., spectrophotometers
(7,8), including those for psychology research use (9).

While thermometers can be easily assembled, IR thermometers are often thought to be
less reliable (10) than traditional contact thermometers. Non-contract infrared
thermometers were previously reported to have a sensitivity between 4.0% to 89.6%,
specificity between 75.4% to 99.6%, and a positive predictive value between 0.9% to
76.0%. In fact, there are recommendations for its repeated measurements at hospital
gantries (11), given that IR thermometers are highly prone to external interferences by
surrounding temperatures, relative humidity (5), the site of measurement, and the
presence of oil (sebum) and sweat on the forehead, as well as other factors in the
immediate environment (12). Apart from these innate factors, intrinsic human
physiological factors such as fever or exercise can produce sweat to affect the
measurements. With further confounding influence from the surrounding temperature
and humidity that affect blood supply to the skin surface, which by generally lower
than the expected body temperature (4,12), many IR thermometers, especially self-
assembled ones can be inaccurate as they lack ambient temperature and distance
sensors (11) for compensation.
At the point of writing, many IR sensors have in-built radiation emitter and receiver
devices (12) and can be used to provide reliable measurements at predetermined
distances. Yet, the onus is still on the user to operate them correctly for accurate
measurements. This means that, compared with the traditional thermometer, the
infrared thermometer is safe to use and has convenient measurement and short
measuring time. Therefore, the research on infrared thermometer design has important
theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a
comprehensive design strategy for an infrared thermometer, aiming to enhance its
accuracy, usability, and overall user experience.

1.2 Problem Statement
The problem being addressed is the need for a well-thought-out design strategy for an
infrared thermometer. Infrared thermometers have gained significant popularity due to
their non-contact nature and ability to measure temperature quickly and accurately.
However, many existing infrared thermometers on the market suffer from design
flaws that affect their usability, accuracy, and overall user experience. The primary
concern of this project is to develop a comprehensive design strategy that addresses
the shortcomings of current thermometers and creates an innovative and user-friendly
product. The design strategy will focus on several aspects; ergonomics will play a
crucial role in this design strategy, as a well-designed infrared thermometer should be
comfortable to hold and operate for extended periods, as it should consider factors
like weight distribution, grip contour, and button placement to ensure minimal fatigue
during usage; accuracy is another critical aspect of an infrared thermometer, and the
design strategy will address this by incorporating advanced technology and algorithms
to provide precise temperature measurements. The infrared thermometer should have
a straightforward user interface, featuring an intuitive display and clearly labeled
buttons for easy operation. The design should minimize the learning curve for new
users and provide a seamless experience for both professionals and individuals with
limited technical knowledge. The design strategy will focus on minimizing production
costs without compromising on quality, ensuring that the final product is
competitively priced and accessible to different customer segments.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project
1.3.1 Aim
This Project is aimed at designing and construction of an Infrared (IR) thermometer
with distance and environmental temperature sensing capabilities to provide more
accurate measurements.
1.3.2 Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are;
1. To develop an infrared thermometer with high accuracy and reliable measure-
ment capabilities.
2. To ensure user-friendliness in terms of ease of use, comfort, and convenience.
3. To design a robust and durable product suitable for a variety of environments.
4. To consider cost-effectiveness without compromising quality.
1.4 Justification of the Study
Infrared thermometers have become critical in measuring body temperature non-
invasively, especially during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. They are widely used
in medical settings, workplaces, airports, public transportation, and other public
places to quickly and efficiently screen individuals for potential fever symptoms.
Conducting a study on the design strategy for an infrared thermometer is crucial for
advancing the development and deployment of this important medical device. It
allows for improvements in accuracy, user experience, speed, adaptability, and cost-
effectiveness, thereby enhancing their overall effectiveness in fever screening and
public health efforts.

1.4 Significance of Study
The field of electrical engineering has witnessed significant advancements in recent
years, particularly in the domain of infrared (IR) sensor systems. IR sensors play a
crucial role in various applications, including thermal imaging systems, remote
sensing, surveillance, and non-contact temperature measurement. As the demand for
efficient and accurate detection increases, it becomes imperative to develop an
effective design strategy for IR sensor systems. Despite the notable progress achieved
in IR sensor technology, there are still gaps in the existing design strategies. This
study endeavors to identify these gaps and bridge them by proposing innovative
design approaches that can significantly improve the performance, efficiency, and
reliability of IR sensor systems.
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.5.1 Scope
This device provides temperature measurement in one second with non-radiation
accurate copper core probe, it has backlight display. Accurate detection of health
status, when the measurement results are in the orange high temperature or red high
temperature, the backlight will be different, easy to watch. Intelligent calibration and
matching of ambient temperature. Automatic recording of 32 groups of memory,
convenient to observe the cycle and control the temperature changes whenever
necessary.
1.5.2 Limitations
The study's recommendations may need to adapt to changing market dynamics and
emerging technological advancements. The design strategy should be flexible enough
to accommodate future developments.

The study may not be able to address the diverse needs and expectations of all
potential users of the infrared thermometer. Design decisions should be based on a
representative sample of users and their feedback.
1.6 Structure of the Project
The rest of the paper is organised as follows; Chapter two presents the literature
review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four
discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and
the recommendations.

Infrared Thermometer Literature
Chapter 2 - Literature Review

2.1 Overview
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of design
strategies for infrared thermometers, highlighting areas for further exploration and
improvement by providing a general outline and can be further expanded by including
additional research specific to the design strategy of an infrared thermometer. Infrared
thermometers have gained significant popularity in recent years due to their non-
contact nature and ability to measure temperature accurately at a distance. This
literature review aims to explore the design strategies employed in the development of
infrared thermometers, focusing on their key components, considerations, and
challenges that designers face. By reviewing relevant research and articles, this review
aims to provide insights into the current state of design strategies for infrared
thermometers and identify areas for further improvement. The conceptualization of
the design strategy for an infrared thermometer involves several key considerations,
Historical Background and Development, Principles and Materials; some of which
will be discussed below.
2.2 Historical Background and Development of the Study
2.2.1 Infrared
Infrared (IR) refers to a type of electromagnetic radiation that falls within the
wavelength range of approximately 700 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimeter (mm). It is
beyond the visible light spectrum, which makes it invisible to the human eye (14).
According to Howell et al. (15) one significant characteristics of infrared radiation is
its ability to carry thermal energy. This feature allows objects to emit and exchange
heat energy in the form of IR radiation. Infrared radiation is emitted by all objects
February 2024 Authur 2, Authur 1, Authur 3 8
with a temperature above absolute zero, including humans, animals, and inanimate
objects. Infrared technology takes advantage of this property for various purposes.
Similarly, Far-infrared (FIR) is utilized in heating systems, such as space heaters and
saunas, where it efficiently warms objects without affecting the surrounding air (14).
Infrared technology finds numerous applications in various fields. Infrared cameras
and sensors play a significant role in surveillance systems, enabling night vision
capabilities for security purposes. Infrared spectroscopy aids in chemical analysis and
scientific research. In the field of medicine, infrared radiation is utilized in
thermography, a non-invasive technique for detecting and monitoring diseases or
abnormalities by measuring body temperature variations.
Infrared communication is also widely utilized in remote controls for TVs, DVD
players, and other electronic devices. Additionally, IR communication is employed in
data transfer between devices, such as smartphones and computers via features like
infrared ports or infrared data association (IrDA) (16).
2.2.2 History of Infrared
Infrared systems trace their origins to the year 1800 when John Frederik William
Herschel’s experiments on refraction of invisible rays using a prism and a
monochromator discovered infrared radiation, which Herschel called “calorific rays”
(17).
The initial infrared radiation detection systems were based on thermometers,
thermocouples, and bolometers. In 1821, Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered the
thermoelectric effect, and soon thereafter, in 1829, Leopoldo Nobili created the first
thermocouple. Then in 1835, together with Macedonio Melloni, Nobili constructed a
thermopile capable of sensing a person 10 m away. Samuel Pierpont Langley invented
the first bolometer/thermistor in 1878. This radiant-heat detector was sensitive to

differences in temperature of one hundred-thousandth of a degree Celsius, which
enabled the study of the solar irradiance far into the infrared spectrum.
As stated by Corsi (18), the development of modern infrared detectors became
possible after John Bardeen and William Shockley invented the transistor in 1947.
Thereafter, InSb, HgCdTe, and Si photon detectors were developed. Texas
Instruments developed the first forward-looking infrared system in 1963, with
production in 1966, and in 1969, the charge-coupled device (CCD) was developed by
AT&T Bell Labs (17).
Photon infrared technology combined with molecular beam epitaxy and
photolithographic processes revolutionized the semiconductor industry, thus enabling
the design and fabrication of complex focal plane arrays. Three generations of
systems may be considered for the foremost military and civilian applications. The
first-generation systems were scanning systems limited to single and sparsely
populated linear array elements. These devices did not include multiplexing functions
in the focal plane. Monolithic and hybrid detector FPA technology with multiplexing
read-out circuitry in the focal plane belong to the second-generation systems. Third-
generation FPAs are being actively developed and contain several orders of
magnitude more pixel elements than the second-generation, as well as many other
superior on-chip features (18).
2.2.3 History of the Thermometer
In 1654, Ferdinand II de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, produced sealed tubes
with a bulb and stem that were partly filled with alcohol. This was the first
thermometer to depend on the expansion and contraction of a liquid, which was
independent of barometric pressure. Many variants of this concept appeared, each
unique as there was no standard scale. Christian Huygens in 1665 suggested using the

melting point of ice and the boiling point of water as standards. The Danish
astronomer Ole Rømer in Copenhagen used these upper and lower limits for a
thermometer that he used to record the weather. There was still uncertainty about how
well these parameters would work at different geographical latitudes. In 1694, Carlo
Renaldini suggested that the ice and boiling water limits should be adopted as a
universal scale. In England, Isaac Newton proposed in 1701 that a scale of 12 °C
could be used between melting ice and body temperature (19).
2.3 Temperature scales
Temperature scales are essential tools for understanding and quantifying thermal
energy. While they offer strengths in standardization and measurement, limitations
around arbitrary zero points, scale dependence, and negative values remain.
Technological advancements and scientific efforts continuously refine temperature
scales, striving for universal standards and improved accuracy. The scale that were
introduced are as follows;
2.3.1 The Fahrenheit Scale
In 1724, a German instrument-maker named Gabriel Fahrenheit produced a
temperature scale that now bears his name. He manufactured high-quality
thermometers with mercury (which has a high coefficient of expansion) with an
inscribed scale with greater reproducibility. It was this that led to their general
adoption. Fahrenheit first calibrated his thermometer with ice and sea salt as zero. Salt
water has a much lower freezing point than ordinary water, so he chose the freezing
point as 30 °F. The temperature inside the healthy human mouth was 96 °F, and he
established the boiling point of water at 212 °F. He later adjusted his freezing point to

32 °F, so he established 180 °F between boiling and freezing which he measured at
sea level (20).
2.3.2 The Centigrade Scale
In Uppsala, Sweden, Anders Celsius (1701–1741) had been involved in
meteorological observations as an astronomy student. There were at that time a large
number of different thermometers, all with different scales. He may have already at
that early stage in his career realized that there was a need for a common international
scale. He was appointed as professor of astronomy at Uppsala (as his father had been
before him) and was involved in meteorological surveys. Celsius was the first to
perform and publish careful experiments leading to the establishment of an
international temperature scale based on scientific data. (He was for many years
secretary of the Royal Society of Sciences at Uppsala.) His paper ‘Observations of
two persistent degrees on a thermometer’ described his detailed experiments to check
that the freezing point is independent of latitude and atmospheric pressure (21).
2.3.3 The Kelvin Scale
In Scotland in 1848, Lord Kelvin realized in his study of heat that a much greater
range of temperature could be considered, far beyond the centigrade scale. Absolute
zero, the level at which all molecular motion stops, gives the lowest conceivable
temperature that can be found. This he determined to be −273.16 degrees on the
centigrade scale and −459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. Therefore, the lowest
temperature on the Kelvin scale is 0, and the units are the same as the centigrade
(Celsius) scale. While this scale is not used in clinical medicine, it may sometimes be
used to define a temperature calibration source or similar scientific system (19).

Figure 1: Conversion between Temperature Scales

2.4 Physical Principles of Thermometry
The physical principles of thermometry revolve around measuring the transfer of
thermal energy between a system and its surroundings, based on the fundamental
concept of temperature. While temperature itself cannot be directly measured, several
properties of materials change predictably with temperature, allowing us to use them
as proxies for temperature measurement. These principles can be broadly categorized
into:
2.4.1 Expansion of substances
According to Drebushchak (22), Many temperature measurement techniques are
based on the principle that substances expand or contract with changing temperature.
Different materials exhibit different expansion characteristics, allowing them to be
used in thermometers. Common examples include mercury, alcohol, and bimetallic
strips. As the temperature changes, these materials expand or contract, and the
corresponding length or volume changes can be measured to determine the
temperature.
2.4.2 Gas Law principles
The behaviour of gases under different temperatures and pressures can provide
valuable information about temperature. The ideal gas law (PV = nRT), relating the
pressure (P), volume (V), amount of gas (n), and temperature (T), is a fundamental
principle used in gas thermometry. By measuring one or more of these properties,
such as pressure or volume, the temperature can be determined (23).
2.4.3 Electrical principles
Temperature is often measured using electrical signals and sensors. Several electrical
properties change with temperature, such as resistance, voltage, or current. For
instance, resistance-based thermometers like the thermistor or resistance temperature

detector (RTD) (fig. 1) exploit the relationship between resistance and temperature to
estimate the temperature. Similarly, thermocouples work on the principle of the
Seebeck effect, which produces a voltage difference proportional to the temperature
difference between two junctions of dissimilar metals (24).

Figure 2. Construction of RTD (25)

2.4.4 Radiation principles
Infrared thermometry relies on the measurement of thermal radiation emitted by an
object. The principle of Planck's radiation law, which describes the intensity and
spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, is utilized to determine temperature.
Devices like infrared thermometers or thermal cameras use this principle to capture
and analyse the emitted radiation, allowing temperature measurement without
physical contact (15).
2.4.5 Thermal equilibrium principles
Temperature measurement often involves exploiting the concept of thermal
equilibrium. When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, their temperatures are
equal, and heat energy transfers between them stop. This principle is used in
techniques like the constant-volume gas thermometer or the platinum resistance
thermometer, where the temperature being measured is brought into thermal
equilibrium with a calibrated reference system (15).
2.5 Types of thermometers
Thermometers come in different forms, and they rely on different thermal properties
of materials for their operations. The following are sone of the more common types of
thermometer;
2.5.1 Liquid thermometer
A liquid thermometer is a type of thermometer that uses a liquid to measure
temperature. It typically consists of a glass tube filled with a liquid such as mercury or
alcohol. As the temperature changes, the liquid expands or contracts, causing it to rise
or fall within the tube. The temperature is then read off a scale marked on the tube
(26).

Mercury thermometers have traditionally been widely used due to their accuracy and
reliable performance. However, due to environmental concerns and potential health
hazards associated with mercury, many countries have phased out their use in certain
applications. Instead, alcohol-based liquid thermometers are commonly used as a
safer alternative (26).
Liquid thermometers come in various designs, but they typically consist of a sealed
glass tube with a bulb at one end containing the liquid. The glass tube is thin and
uniform to ensure accurate temperature transfer, and the liquid inside has a known
coefficient of thermal expansion, allowing for precise temperature measurement (27).
The liquid used in these thermometers can vary depending on the specific application
and temperature range required. Mercury was a commonly used liquid due to its low
freezing point and high thermal conductivity, allowing for accurate measurements
even in extreme temperatures (26). However, mercury has toxic properties, and its use
has been restricted or phased out in many countries due to environmental concerns.
Liquid crystal thermometers are rarely used and only by the same patient. The
cholesteric liquid crystals, which, depending on the concentration at different
temperature, assume a different color, are responsible for the measurement of
temperature. The color changes are reversible, while the re-use of this type of
thermometer may occur after about a minute from the previous reading. The
measurement time should be 1 minute in the mouth and 3 minutes in the armpit. The
permissible error of temperature measurement with the use of a re-usable multi-phase
thermometer is + 0.1 ° C and -0.2 ° C (27).
As a safer alternative, alcohol-based liquids like ethanol or colored organic solutions
are often used in modern liquid thermometers. These liquids have lower toxicity and
are less harmful to the environment compared to mercury. They have lower thermal

conductivity than mercury but are still suitable for most general temperature
measurements in everyday applications. Liquid thermometers are often used in
various industries, scientific research, and everyday applications. They are commonly
found in weather stations, medical settings, laboratories, and household thermometers.
Additionally, liquid-filled temperature gauges are utilized in some industrial processes
to monitor and control temperature in various equipment and systems (28).
2.5.2 Thermocouple thermometer
In 1821, the German–Estonian physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that
when any conductor is subjected to a thermal gradient, it will generate a voltage. This
is now known as the thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect. Any attempt to measure
this voltage necessarily involves connecting another conductor to the "hot" end. This
additional conductor will then also experience the temperature gradient, and develop a
voltage of its own which will oppose the original. Fortunately, the magnitude of the
effect depends on the metal in use. Using a dissimilar metal to complete the circuit
creates a circuit in which the two legs generate different voltages, leaving a small
difference in voltage available for measurement. That difference increases with
temperature, and is between 1 and 70 microvolts per degree Celsius (µV/°C) for
standard metal combinations (29).
Thermocouples are temperature measurement sensors that generate a voltage that
changes over temperature. Thermocouples are constructed from two wire leads made
from different metals. The wire leads are welded together to create a junction. As the
temperature changes from the junction to the ends of the wire leads, a voltage
develops across the junction (29). Combinations of different metals create a variety of
voltage responses. This leads to different types of thermocouples used for different
temperature ranges and accuracies. Choosing a thermocouple often is a function of the

measurement temperature range required in the application. Other considerations
include the temperature accuracy, durability, conditions of use, and the expected
service life (30). Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry; applications
include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and
other industrial processes. The dissimilar metals are joined at a temperature sensing
junction (TTC) to create a thermocouple. The voltage is measured at a reference
temperature (TCJ) through the two metals. The leads of the thermocouple are required
to be at the same temperature and are often connected to the ADC through an
isothermal block. Figure 3.

Figure 3. Thermocouple Voltage (29)

2.5.3 Gas Thermometer
Gas thermometry reduces temperature measurement (from helium temperatures to
1063°C) to measurement of pressure or a gas volume in a closed vessel (under certain
conditions) followed by temperature calculation using the measurement results and
the ideal gas laws. A gas thermometer is a primary instrument for determination of
thermodynamic temperature. Application of exact relations requires design of
complicated devices inconvenient for practical use. In practice, temperature scales are
used in which a simple and convenient secondary thermometer is used and methods of
transfer of thermodynamic temperature from a primary instrument to the secondary
thermometer are employed. This requires use of precise primary instruments
reproducing thermodynamic temperature, instruments for realization of the
temperatures of phase equilibria of substances (for determination of the constants of
the primary instruments), i.e., representing the so-called fixed points and, of course,
the secondary thermometer itself together with simple and convenient methods for its
calibration. The simplest thermometer is a gas thermometer which consists of a glass
or metallic gas-impermeable reservoir connected with an arrangement intended for
pressure measurement in the reservoir (31).

Figure 4. A constant–volume gas thermometer (31).

2.5.4 Infrared Thermometer
The most common way to measure the temperature of an object is through the heat
conduction between the object and the heat-sensitive element, and therefore requires
contact between the transducer and the object (32). This can be a problem if the object
is moving, like an incandescent piece in the industrial production line, or the contact
of the object with the heat-sensitive element is not allowed due to its fragility, as for
example, the surgical field during cardiac revascularization (33).
Every object with temperature above 0 K emits electromagnetic radiation with an
intensity that depends on its temperature, that is, electromagnetic energy radiates from
all matter, regardless of its temperature (32). Different materials radiate with different
levels of efficiency. This efficiency is quantified as emissivity, a decimal number or
percentage ranging between 0% and 1% or 0% and 100%. Most organic materials,
including skin, are very efficient, frequently exhibiting emissivities of 0.95 and this
amount of radiation emitted by the skin is used to quantify the human body
temperature. Polished metals tend to be inefficient radiators at room temperature, with
low emissivity or efficiency (20% or less) (34).
The highest possible emissivity, unity, is accounted to the ideal emitter of electro-
magnetic radiation, called black body; black because it is not reflective at any wave-
length and it is not transparent, but opaque. The radiation intensity varies with
temperature and with the wavelength. Figure 5 shows the spectral power of a black
body at different temperatures in the wavelength range from 0.1 to 2 μm. Within this
electromagnetic radiation range lies the visible light (0.4 – 0.724 μm) and part of the
infrared spectrum (0.724 – 100 μm). When the temperature of a black body increases,
the overall radiated energy increases and the peak of the radiation curve moves to

shorter wavelengths. The spectral power of a black body as a function of temperature
and wavelength is described by Max Planck’s Law (32).

Figure 6. Spectral power of a black body at different temperatures and wavelengths (32).

2.6 Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors are devices designed for measuring the degree of coolness and
hotness in an object. The voltage across the diode determines the working of a
temperature meter. The change of temperature varies directly proportional to the
diode’s resistance (35). According to Cengiz et al. (35) The cooler the temperature,
the lesser the resistance will be and vice-versa. A measurement of the resistance
across the diode is done, and the measurement is converted into units of temperature
that are readable and displayed in numeric form over readout units. In the field of
geotechnical monitoring, these temperature sensors are utilized in the measuring of
internal temperatures of structures such as dams, bridges, power plants.
Temperature sensors are found in different types, sizes, and shapes. There are two
main temperature sensors classes: contact temperature sensors and non-contact
temperature sensors.
2.6.1 Contact Temperature Sensors
According to Kuzubasoglu & Bahadir (36), a few temperature meters are capable of
measuring the degree of hotness or coldness in an object by being in direct contact
with the object. These types of temperature sensors fall under the class of contact-type
sensors. They can be utilized in the detection of liquids, solids, or gasses over a broad
range of temperatures.
2.6.2 Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
These types of temperature meters do not measure the temperature of an object while
in direct contact; rather, they measure the degree of hotness or coldness from the
radiation that is emitted by the heat source (36). The contact and non-contact
temperature sensors are divided further into the following mentioned types of
temperature sensors.

A. The Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
This is known as the resistance thermometer and uses the resistance of the RTD
element with temperature to measure the temperature. Different types of materials can
be used to make the metal. The materials include nickel, platinum, and copper.
However, platinum is the most accurate and therefore the most expensive (36).
B. Thermocouple Sensor
Thermocouple sensors have two wires made of different metals connected at two
points. The voltage between the two wires reflects the change in temperature.
Although their accuracy may be slightly reduced to a degree that is lower than an
RTD, they have a temperature range between -328°F to 3182 °F (-200 °C to 1750 °C)
and are generally more cost-effective.
Thermocouples are separated into types, with each type being suitable for specific
temperature conditions. The various classes of thermocouples are constructed to meet
the needs of a specific application.
Table 1: Thermocouple Types

Temperature Range (°C)
Thermocouple
Type Short Term Continuous Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Use Use Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance
Type E -40 to 900 0 to 800 -40 to 800 -40 to 900 -40 to 904
Type J -180 to 800 0 to 750 -40 to 750 -40 to 750 N/A
Type K -180 to 1300 0 to 1100 -40 to 1000 -40 to 1200 -180 to 1300
Type N -270 to 1300 0 to 1100 -40 to 1000 -40 to 1200 -270 to 1304
Type R -50 to 1700 0 to 1600 0 to 1600 0 to 1600 N/A
Type S -50 to 1750 0 to 1600 0 to 1600 0 to 1600 N/A
Type T -250 to 400 -185 to 300 -40 to 350 -40 to 350 -250 to 404
Type B 0 to 1820 200 to 1700 N/A 600 to 1700 4 to 1820
Source (Machin et al., 2018)
C. Infrared Sensors

These types of temperature sensors detect temperatures from a distance by measuring
the amount of thermal radiation that is being emitted by a heat source or object. These
temperature sensors find their application in high temperatures or hazardous
environments, where a safe distance must be maintained away from a particular body
(38).
2.7 Modern Trend and Remarks
Infrared thermometers have become increasingly popular in various industries and
applications due to their non-contact nature, quick response time, and accurate
temperature measurement capabilities. Over the years, several modern trends have
emerged in the design of infrared thermometers to improve their functionality,
usability, and overall performance. Let's discuss some of these trends
One notable trend in infrared thermometer design is the continual miniaturization of
the devices. This allows for more compact and portable models, making them easier
to handle and increasing their versatility in different environments. Many modern
infrared thermometers are designed to be integrated with other technologies, such as
smartphones or wireless connectivity options (40). This enables users to instantly
transfer temperature readings to other devices for analysis, storage, or sharing
purposes.
Infrared thermometers are now being equipped with additional features and functions,
expanding their capabilities beyond temperature measurement. Some models
incorporate built-in humidity sensors, laser pointers for improved targeting, data
logging capabilities, and even emissivity adjustment settings to enhance accuracy
across different surfaces. Manufacturers are prioritizing user-friendly interfaces in
infrared thermometer design. This includes incorporating backlit LCD screens with

intuitive menu navigation, easy-to-use buttons, and clear visual indicators for
temperature readings. These improvements make the devices more accessible and
user-friendly. Continuous advancements in sensor technology and calibration
techniques have led to improved accuracy and reliability in modern infrared
thermometers. Manufacturers are now focusing on minimizing measurement errors,
enhancing temperature resolution, and ensuring consistency in readings across
different thermal conditions (41).
Infrared thermometers used in industrial or outdoor environments often need to
withstand harsh conditions. To meet this demand, manufacturers are designing
thermometers with robust and durable construction, including strengthened housings,
impact-resistant materials, and protective features like dust and water resistance. With
the increasing use of portable infrared thermometers, there's a growing emphasis on
optimizing battery life and power consumption. Manufacturers are incorporating
energy-efficient components, standby modes, auto-shutdown features, and low-battery
warning systems to extend the device's operational time and minimize downtime (42).
Infrared thermometers are designed with safety considerations in mind. Some models
incorporate audible and visual alarms to alert users when measured temperatures
exceed certain thresholds. This is particularly important in applications where
monitoring and controlling temperature variations are critical, such as in food
processing or HVAC systems. The modern trends in infrared thermometer design
focus on improving functionality, ease of use, accuracy, durability, and integrating
them with other technologies (42). These advancements aim to provide users with
reliable and versatile tools for temperature measurement in various applications,
ranging from medical and industrial settings to home use.

2.7.1 Remarks
While convenient, some non-contact thermometers may have lower accuracy
compared to traditional methods. Regular calibration is important for reliable
readings. Understanding the appropriate distance and target site for each specific
thermometer is crucial for accurate readings. The researcher will consider the overall
cost while choosing a design, as prices can vary depending on features and
complexity. Choose a thermometer that meets your needs and budget. Another is the
versatility such as for professional or medical use, unlike Feng (42); Long (39), the
researcher will ensure the thermometer complies with relevant regulations and
standards.

Infrared Thermometer Methodology and Design
Chapter 3 - Methodology and Implementation

3.1 Materials
Below are the lists of Material used;
IR (Infrared) Sensor, 3V Battery, Jumper Wire, Microcontroller (ATmega328),
Switch, Case, Vero Board, soldering lead, soldering flux, soldering iron, and LCD
Module.
3.2 Research Design
The design of Infrared digital thermometer was obtained both from primary and
secondary source. Primary data were collected from various knowledge on the
practical application of electrical and electronics engineering lectures note, and by
consulting more experience person on the discipline and general knowledge on
electronic. Secondary data on the other hand were obtain by searching the internet and
text books
3.3 System Designs and Implementation
The design of this " Infrared digital thermometer" system comprises of different
modules (parts) brought together to form the overall design. Each of these modules is
made up of discrete components that are joined together to achieve a particular
purpose.
The separate modules are;
i. The power supply unit
ii. The microcontroller unit
iii. The contactless infrared temperature module unit
iv. The LCD unit
These different unit cannot function alone; they all need to function together to
achieve the desired result.

3.4 Hardware Design
The hardware comprises of the physical part of the design. It shows the physical
components and how they are connected together to-achieve the whole system design.
3.4.1 The power Supply Unit
This is the basic voltage input source of the diagram. It supplies the power to the
design. The output from the source is rated +3V. it consist of a DC power supply
which is obtained from a 3volt battery cell, a 3volt voltage regulator was used to
obtain a constant output of 3 volt which was used to supply power to the system.
3.4.2 The Microcontroller Unit
The Arduino pro mini is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PMW
output), 8 analog inputs, an onboard resonator, a reset button; and holes for mounting
pin headers, A six pin header can be connected to an FTDI cable or spark fun
breakout board to provide USB power and communication to the board.
The Arduino pro mini is intended for semi-permanent installation in objects or
exhibitions. The board comes without pre-mounted headers, allowing the use of
various types of connectors or direct soldering of wires. The pin layout is compatible
with the Arduino mini.
There are two version of the pro mini, one runs at 3volts, and 8 MHz, while the other
at 5V and 16MHz.

LCD Display
Infrared
(Atmega 328)
Temperature
Sensor Microcontroller
Power
Supply
Figure 7. Block Diagram of the Design.

Figure 8: Features of the Construction

3.4.3 Arduino Power Unit
The Arduino pro mini can be powered with an FTDI cable or breakout board
connected to its six-pin header, or with a regulated 1.8 v or 5.5V supply (depending
on the model) on the VCC pin. There is a voltage regulator on board so it can accept
voltage up to 5VDC. So, if there is a supply of unregulated power to the board, be
sure to connect to the “RAW” pin on not VCC.
The power pins are as follows; ·
 RAW; For supplying a raw voltage to the board.
 VCC; The regulated 1.8V or 5V supply.
 GND; Ground pins.
3.4.4 Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 kB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is
used for the bootloader). It has 2kB of SRAM and 1kB of EEPROM (which can be
read of written with the EEPROM library).
3.4.5 Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the pro mini can be used as an input or output, using pin
Mode, digital Write, and digital Read functions. They operate at 3 or 5 volts
(depending on the model), each pin can provide or received maximum of 40mA and
has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnect by default) of 20-50 Kohms.
3.4.6 Communication
The Arduino pro mini has number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provide UART TTL
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX), the
Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual to be sent to
and from the Arduino board via USB connection. A software serial library allows for
serial communication on any of the pro mini's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also support I2c (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a wire library to simplify use of the I 2c bus; see the reference for
details. To use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega328 datasheet.
3.4.7 Programming
The Arduino pro mini can be programmed with the Arduino software. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino pro mini comes pre--burned with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol.
3.4.8 Non-Contact Infrared Temperature Sensor
An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of
the thermal radiation sometimes called the blackbody radiation emitted by the object
being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers If a laser is used to
help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometer or temperature guns, to
describe the device's ability to measure temperature from distance. By knowing the
amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity, the object's
temperature can often be determined. Infrared thermometers are, subset devices
known as “thermal radiation thermometers”.
Sometimes, especially near ambient temperatures, readings maybe subjected to error
due to reflection of radiation from a hotter body even the person holding the
instrument rather than radiated by the object being measured, and to an incorrect
assumed emissivity.
The design essentially consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation on to a
detector which converts the radiant power to an electrical signal that can be displayed
in a unit of temperature after being compensated for- ambient temperature. This
permits temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object to
be measured. A non-contact infrared thermometer is useful for measuring temperature

under circumstances where thermocouple or other probe-type sensor cannot be used
or do not produced accurate data for a variety of reasons.

Plate 1: RFID Module

3.4.9 LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various device and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reason being LCDs are
economical, easily programmable, have no limitation of displaying special and even
custom characters (unlike in seven segments) animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x2 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers
namely, command and data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD.A command
is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefine task like initializing it, cleaning its
screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the
dada to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
displayed on the LCD.

Plate 2: LCD display

3.5 Principles of Operation of the Construction
The construction uses 3volts DC battery as source of power, with a power button at
the right side of the construction which when push down the construction will turn on
and when left untouched for 30 second it will go off and you use the same button to
turn it on.
It also has another button and the left side of it which is the reset button that is use to
switch between object and body temperature, the same button is used to switch
between degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit unit. This construction can measure
temperature of distance 1-60 cm. The highest body, temperature it can measure is 40
C and the highest object temperature is 100℃, once any of this value is above the
highest range The LCD display will turn red.
3.6 Hardware Construction
The construction of this project is done by putting together all the various components
that are required for the system. The construction of this project implies putting
together a couple of procedures for which the design is to be implemented. It entails
the proper electrical fabrication of the remote-controlled automatic voltage guard
proposed. The phase was carried out based on the design analysis outlined. The
construction layout was executed in the following phases:
 Layout
 Component assembly and placement
 Soldering
3.6.1 Project Layout Design
The project layout design has to do with planning of the way in which the actual look
of the project appears to be. When making plan for layout design of this project, the
first thing we considered was the possibly smallest size to ensure that the project is as
portable as possible. Before beginning the layout design, we needed all the required

component at hand so that assessment of space can be made, other space
consideration was made which include from case to case of mounted components over
the Vero board or assess part of the present components. The entire components
needed for the project were assembled part by part before the design layout of the
project was made. It was necessary that some of the components were turn to different
angular position so that the terminals are closer to the connection of the components.
The scale was then checked by positioning the components on the squared paper or a
sample board.
3.6.2 Placement of Components.
The assembly and placement of components refers to the way in which the various
components are arranged on the board based on the design layout, having conducted
the layout and determined the way in which the various components are placed on the
board. Hence, the components were carefully placed on the board according to the
design,
3.6.3 Soldering Process
The soldering involves the mechanical clinging of the various components unto the
board. It refers to the method by which various electrical components are being
mechanically held together on the board to form an electrical circuit. The soldering
operation is carried out using various soldering kits and the soldering operation" is
conducted in a given order of observed precautionary process.
The steps and precautions observed during the process of soldering include; ensuring
the soldering iron was left to assume optimal temperature before putting it unto use;
maintaining the shortest possible contact period on the component of the soldering
iron to avoid thermal damages of the associated component, and an avoidance of too
much lead on the board as this can lead to short-circuit of various points.

Plate 3: Circuit Diagram

Table 2: Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation
S/NO Components Quality Unit Price(N) Total
Price(N)
1 7805 2 800 1,600
2 Relay 2 950 1,900
3 100 3 150 450
4 TIP4Ic 4 1,200 4,800
5 Jumper wire 3 250 750
6 Battery 2 1,500 3,000
7 Light indicator 3 500 1,500
8 Microcontroller 2 3,500 7,000
(A Tmega328)
9 IF array 1 19,700 19,700
10 Switch 2 500 1,000
11 LCD module 1 4,500 4,500
12 Soldering lead 1 700 700
13 Soldering flux 1 500 500
14 Jumper wire 1 500 500
15 Case 1 11,500 11,500
16 Vero board 1 1,500 1,500
17 Miscellaneous – 15,000 15,000
18 Grand Total – – 75,900.00

GSM Based IOT Test/Measurement/Analysis
Chapter 4 - Test and Result Analysis
February 2024 Patrick, Ahmed, Surname 46

GSM Based IOT Conclusion and Recommendations
Chapter 5 - Conclusion and Recommendations

-

GSM Based IOT References
References
(1). Zhang, J. (2018). Development of a non-contact infrared thermometer. In 2017 In-

ternational Conference Advanced Engineering and Technology Research (AETR
2017) (pp. 308-312). Atlantis Press.
(2). Xu, Y., Zhang, X., Xin, Y., Liu, X., Sheng, X., Ding, E., ... & Liu, X. (2020). Occu-
pational Mercury Exposure at a Thermometer Facility—Jiangsu Province, 2019.
China CDC Weekly, 2(42), 827.
(3). Dahyot-Fizelier, C., Lamarche, S., Kerforne, T., Bénard, T., Giraud, B., Bellier,
R., ... & Mimoz, O. (2017). Accuracy of zero-heat-flux cutaneous temperature in
intensive care adults. Critical care medicine, 45(7), e715-e717.
(4). Mogensen, C. B., Wittenhoff, L., Fruerhøj, G., & Hansen, S. (2018). Forehead or
ear temperature measurement cannot replace rectal measurements, except for
screening purposes. BMC pediatrics, 18(1), 1-6.
(5). Goh, N. W. J., Poh, J. J., Yeo, J. Y., Aw, B. J. J., Lai, S. C., Cheng, J. J. W., ... &
Gan, S. K. E. (2021). Design and development of a low cost, non-contact infrared
thermometer with range compensation. Sensors, 21(11), 3817.
(6). Kim, Y., Still, C. J., Roberts, D. A., & Goulden, M. L. (2018). Thermal infrared
imaging of conifer leaf temperatures: Comparison to thermocouple measurements
and assessment of environmental influences. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,
248, 361-371.
(7). Poh, J. J., Wu, W. L., Goh, N. W. J., Tan, S. M. X., & Gan, S. K. E. (2021). Spec -
trophotometer on-the-go: The development of a 2-in-1 UV–Vis portable Arduino-
based spectrophotometer. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 325, 112698.
(8). Ng, K. M., Wong, C. F., Liang, A. X., Liew, Y. H., Yeo, J. Y., Lua, W. H., ... &
Gan, S. K. E. (2019). Republication–APD SpectBt: arduino-based mobile vis-spec-
trophotometer. Scientific Phone Apps and Mobile Devices, 5(6).
(9). Gan, S. K. E., & Yeo, J. Y. (2020). The promises of Microcontroller kits and
Smartphone apps for Psychological research. Scientific Phone apps and Mobile
Device, 6(2).
(10). Yaffe-Bellany, D. (2020). Thermometer Guns’ on Coronavirus Front Lines are
“Notoriously not Accurate”. The New York Times, 390, 391.
(11). Hsiao, S. H., Chen, T. C., Chien, H. C., Yang, C. J., & Chen, Y. H. (2020). Meas-
urement of body temperature to prevent pandemic COVID-19 in hospitals in
Taiwan: repeated measurement is necessary. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(2),
360-361.
(12). Dolibog, P., Pietrzyk, B., Kierszniok, K., & Pawlicki, K. (2022, February). Com-
parative analysis of human body temperatures measured with noncontact and con-
tact thermometers. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 331). MDPI.
(13). Bityukov, V. K., Nefedov, V. I., & Simachkov, D. S. (2019). Non-contact method
of measuring surface temperature. Российский технологический журнал, 7(2), 5-
17.
(14). Čáp, I., Čápová, K., Smetana, M., & Borik, Š. (2021). Electromagnetic Waves.
Electromagnetic and Acoustic Waves in Bioengineering Applications, 97.
(15). Howell, J. R., Mengüç, M. P., Daun, K., & Siegel, R. (2020). Thermal radiation
heat transfer. CRC press.
(16). Dazzi, A., & Prater, C. B. (2017). AFM-IR: Technology and applications in nano-
scale infrared spectroscopy and chemical imaging. Chemical reviews, 117(7), 5146-
5173.
(17). Rogalski, A. (2012). History of infrared detectors. Opto-Electronics Review, 20,
279-308.
(18). Corsi, C. (2010). History highlights and future trends of infrared sensors. Journal
of modern optics, 57(18), 1663-1686.
(19). Grodzinsky, E., & Sund Levander, M. (2020). History of the thermometer. Under-
standing Fever and Body Temperature: A Cross-disciplinary Approach to Clinical
Practice, 23-35.
(20). Haller Jr, J. S. (1985). Medical thermometry--a short history. Western journal of
medicine, 142(1), 108.
(21). Collinder, P. (1970). Swedish astronomers 1477-1900. Acta Universitatis Upsalien-
sis.
(22). Drebushchak, V. A. (2020). Thermal expansion of solids: review on theories.
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 142(2), 1097-1113.
(23). Boltzmann, L. (2023). Lectures on gas theory. Univ of California Press.
(24). Meijer, G. C., Wang, G., & Heidary, A. (2018). Smart temperature sensors and
temperature sensor systems. In Smart Sensors and MEMs (pp. 57-85). Woodhead
Publishing.

(25). Lok, R., Karacali, H., Varol, A., Camli, U., & Yilmaz, E. (2022). Fabrication and
characterization of resistance temperature detector by smart mask design. The In-
ternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 122(1), 147-158.
(26). Pecoraro, V., Petri, D., Costantino, G., Squizzato, A., Moja, L., Virgili, G., & Lu-
centeforte, E. (2021). The diagnostic accuracy of digital, infrared and mercury-in-
glass thermometers in measuring body temperature: a systematic review and net-
work meta-analysis. Internal and emergency medicine, 16, 1071-1083.
(27). May-Arrioja, D. A., Ruiz-Perez, V. I., Lopez-Cortes, D., & Lozano-Crisostomo, N.
(2019). Linear multimode interference fiber temperature sensor using the liquid in
glass thermometer principle. Applied Optics, 58(14), 3856-3861.
(28). Knake, M. (2011). The Anatomy of a Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer.
(29). Wu, J. (2018). A basic guide to thermocouple measurements. Texas Instruments
application report.
(30). Root, W., Bechtold, T., & Pham, T. (2020). Textile-integrated thermocouples for
temperature measurement. Materials, 13(3), 626.
(31). Juhng, L., Thrush, R., Sanchez, A., Lacotta, P., Rhi, J., & Dooley, T. (2013). U.S.
Patent Application No. 29/436,376.
(32). Button, N. D. (2015). Temperature Transducers. Principles of Measurement and
Transduction of Biomedical Variables, 101-154.
(33). Dede, E. M., Zhou, F., Schmalenberg, P., & Nomura, T. (2018). Thermal
metamaterials for heat flow control in electronics. Journal of Electronic Packaging,
140(1), 010904.
(34). Andrews, S. S. (2023). Thermal Radiation. In Light and Waves: A Conceptual Ex-
ploration of Physics (pp. 307-328). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
(35). Cengiz, C., Azarifar, M., & Arik, M. (2022). A critical review on the junction
temperature measurement of light emitting diodes. Micromachines, 13(10), 1615.
(36). Kuzubasoglu, B. A., & Bahadir, S. K. (2020). Flexible temperature sensors: A re-
view. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 315, 112282.
(37). Machin, J., Tucker, D., & Pearce, J. V. (2018). A comprehensive survey of
thermoelectric homogeneity of commonly used thermocouple types. Measurement
Science and Technology, 29(6), 067002.
(38). Xu, D., Wang, Y., Xiong, B., & Li, T. (2017). MEMS-based thermoelectric infrared
sensors: A review. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 12, 557-566.

(39). Long, G. (2016). Design of a non-contact infrared thermometer. International
Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 9(2), 1110-1129.
(40). Padha, B., Yadav, I., Dutta, S., & Arya, S. (2023). Recent Developments in
Wearable NEMS/MEMS-Based Smart Infrared Sensors for Healthcare
Applications. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 5(10), 5386-5411.
(41). Rogalski, A. (2017, October). Next decade in infrared detectors. In Electro-Optical
and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications XIV (Vol. 10433, pp. 128-152).
SPIE.
(42). Feng, J., Svatoš, V., Liu, X., Chang, H., & Neužil, P. (2018). High-performance mi-
crocalorimeters: design, applications and future development. TrAC Trends in Ana-
lytical Chemistry, 109, 43-49.

GSM Based IOT Appendix
APENDIX A
Attach pictures of source code of your project here

GSM Based IOT Appendix
APPENDIX B
Attach pictures of source code of your project here

Design Strategy For An Infrared Thermometer HND - Eet

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design Strategy For An Infrared Thermometer HND - Eet

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design Strategy for an Infrared Thermometer

A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO

the main report.

Name: Signature: Date:

Project Supervisor: Signature: Date:

Mohammed Jamiu Abdul Salam

Name: Engr. B. A. Kwembe

External Examiner: Signature: Date:

School of Engineering Technology

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

The Head of Department

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT SUBMISSION

project on design and construction/implementation, we/I hereby submit our/my

project titled “Design Strategy for an Infrared Thermometer” in partial fulfilment

for the award of Higher National Diploma in Electrical/Electronic Engineering in the

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

…………………….. (for the group)

for helping me throughout my years of study.

Head of Department, Engr. Kwembe B. A. My appreciation with immense gratitude

goes to other staffs of the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

A special thanks to my parents, and my siblings for supporting and encouraging me

throughout the years of study, God bless you all.

Figure 2.1 Batteries Series Connection4

Table 1 Bill of Engineering and Measurment4

Quantity Unit Symbol

body exposure to mercury (2).

Early methods of measuring body core temperature utilizing contact mercury

temperature (4), especially given the impracticality of rectal/anal temperature takings.

While screening for disease in the ongoing pandemic, rapid temperature

measurements of many individuals quickly and safely without allowing the

February 2024 Authur 1, Authur 2, Authur 3, 1

infeasible, ruling out many of the above measurement sites (5).

Unfortunately, surface temperature is difficult to measure with the accuracy,

such as thermocouples that depend on attainment of thermal equilibrium with a

issue under circumstances where it is desirable to obtain a temperature measurement

contact, which is through detecting the amount of thermal or black-body radiation

screening at the entrances of public places.

Typically, IR thermometer casings are manufactured by the expensive injection

material. The increased adoption of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has

revolutionized prototyping and reduced cost by shortening the lead time to

allow novel electronic products to be cost-effectively assembled, even by non-

engineers without specialized equipment. It is with such enabling technology that

even home-made measurement devices can be made easily, e.g., spectrophotometers

(7,8), including those for psychology research use (9).

February 2024 Authur 1, Authur 2, Authur 3, 2

less reliable (10) than traditional contact thermometers. Non-contract infrared

thermometers were previously reported to have a sensitivity between 4.0% to 89.6%,

measurements. With further confounding influence from the surrounding temperature

sensors (11) for compensation.

devices (12) and can be used to provide reliable measurements at predetermined

theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a

comprehensive design strategy for an infrared thermometer, aiming to enhance its

accuracy, usability, and overall user experience.

February 2024 Authur 1, Authur 2, Authur 3, 3

1.2 Problem Statement

infrared thermometer. Infrared thermometers have gained significant popularity due to

concern of this project is to develop a comprehensive design strategy that addresses

the shortcomings of current thermometers and creates an innovative and user-friendly

crucial role in this design strategy, as a well-designed infrared thermometer should be

to provide precise temperature measurements. The infrared thermometer should have

a straightforward user interface, featuring an intuitive display and clearly labeled

costs without compromising on quality, ensuring that the final product is