MJVR V2 - Supplement 2011 - VAM23rd

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
Contents
The following abstracts are listed by themes and presented at the 23rd VAM Congress as posters or oral
presentations.
Editorial i Effect of strenuous sub-maximal race on 10

heart rates of endurance horses
Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research iii
Seroprevalance of equine viral arteritis 11
PLENARY virus in imported horses from selected
quarantine stations in Malaysia
Current trends in emerging diseases in 1
Australia Surveillance of strangles in Peninsular 12
Malaysia (2010)
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Prevalence of lameness and metabolic 13
Evaluation of different oocyte activation 2 disorders in endurance horses
treatments on in vitro development of
icsi-derived bovine embryos Managing an outbreak of strangles in race 14
horses in Perak
Gestation periods in artificial inseminated 3
Kedah-Kelantan crossbred cattle carried The effects of different conditioning 15
gaur-cattle hybrid (selembu) foetus in regimes on the performance level of
Malaysia endurance horses
Growth performance of selembu 4 Occurrence of Rhodococcus equi in soil and 16
calves in Malaysia produced by artificial faeces in selected stud farms in Malaysia
insemination
POULTRY AND SWINE
Lambing performance of Dorper sheep 5
under intensive and semi-intensive Annual wild bird surveillance for hpai and 17
management systems biodiversity-conservation
Motility and membrane integrity after 6 Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma columborale 18

sperm separation using Percoll gradient in spf chicken embryo and spf chicken
Survival rate of selembu calves produced 7 Reduction of total cholesterol in egg yolk 19
by artificial insemination programme in by feeding Orgacidstm to commercial
Malaysia layers
Comparison of calving difficulty, stillbirth, 8 Effects of an organic acid blend in the 20

birth weight and yearling weight between control of Salmonella enteritidis in
Normande, Holstein and Jersey cross commercial layers
breds in Perak
Epidemiological study of Newcastle 21
EQUINE disease in Pengkalan Raja and Jeram Batu,
Johor, Malaysia
A retrospective study on the effects of 9
conditioning on performance level of Gross and microscopic lesions of fowl pox 22
endurance horses in a chicken
Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress v

A case report: molecular detection of 23 Epidemiological status of calcium, 36

Marek’s disease (md) in the Veterinary phosphorus and magnesium in cattle
Research Institute, Ipoh of organised and unorganised farms of
Bikaner district of Rajasthan
Parasites of scavenging chickens in 24
Penang island Seroprevalence of caprine arthritis- 37
encephalitis virus infection in goats in
Sequence and phylogenetic analysis 25 Perak
of Newcastle disease virus isolated in
Malaysia from recent outbreaks in 2010 Isolation and adaptation of fmd viruses 38
field strain in swine renal kidney cell (ibrs-
Isolation of Mycoplasma species from 26 2)
poultry samples submitted to vri in 2010
Prevalence on caseous lymphadenitis 39
The diagnosis of infectious bursal disease 27 in sheep and goats detected from cases
by vri in 2010 submitted to vri, Ipoh from 2008 to 2010
Comparison of conventional and 28 A cross-sectional survey of diseases 40
molecular sexing methods of chicken- diagnosed in slaughtered cattle in an Ipoh
quail hybrids abattoir
Newcastle disease in Malaysia 29 Utilisation of gamma-interferon assay for 41
detecting bovine tuberculosis in dairy
Restructuring the Perak pig industry 30 cattle in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan
Observations and risk factors in 31 A preliminary study using useful microbes 42
association with high mortalities with (um) for worm control in goats
clinical manifestations reported as
Newcastle disease infections in broilers in Phylogenetic analysis as a molecular tool 43
West Malaysia in 2010-2011 for the characterisation of foot-and-mouth
disease virus strains circulating in Malaysia
A preliminary report on the surveillance 32 and surrounding countries
highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n1)
and Newcastle disease (nd) viruses in Post-fmd outbreak complication in dairy 44
edible bird nest swiftlet (Aerodramus cattle Malaysia
fuciphagus & Aerodramus maximus)
Quantification assay for foot-and-mouth 45
A preliminary study to understand the 33 disease virus serotype o to be used as
status of Newcastle disease and avian challenge virus in vaccine efficacy studies
influenza disease in Sabah
A case report of high mortality in newly 46
RUMINANTS imported goats in Malaysia
A beef fattening decision support system 34 Johne’s disease in dairy cattle 47
Arcobacter butzleri – a dominant species 35 Copper toxicity in Dorper breed sheep: 48
among arcobacters isolated from beef review on laboratory approach
retailed in Selangor, Malaysia
An observational study on the 49
performance of dairy buffaloes (Murrah) in
Ladang Infoternak
vi Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

Bacterial contamination of beef in Kota 50 ZOONOSES AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Bharu and surrounding provinces (2011)
A surveillance study on level of heavy 63
Case report: Typical lesions of foot-and- 51 metals contamination in animal products
mouth disease in naïve dairy cattle in Malaysia
SMALL ANIMALS Melioidosis in sheep and goat: diagnostic 64

cases in the Veterinary Research Institute
Post-partum bleeding in a German 52 from 2009 to 2010
shepherd
Surveillance of rabies by the Veterinary 65
The expression of vitamin D 53 Research Institute (vri) from 2006-2010
24-hydroxylase (cyp24a1) predicts poor
clinical-outcome in human and dogs with Preliminary findings on the seroprevalence 66
osteosarcoma of three re-emerging infections among
farmers and veterinary technical staff in
The retrovirus status of cats at animal 54 Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
shelters and adoption centres of Malaysia
Antimicrobial drug resistance of 67
WILDLIFE Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from
meat samples submitted to Veterinary
Infection of Coxiella burnetti in 55 Research Institute in 2009
timorensis deer and detection by
immunohistochemistry (ihc) Study on the survivability of Burkholderia 68
pseudomallei in soil from Lubuk Yu
Non-surgical castration in controling 56
long tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Serodiagnosis of Leptospira infections in 69
population by Department of Wildlife and animals by vri in 2010
National Parks (dwnp) Peninsular Malaysia
Spatial distribution of bovine brucellosis in 70
Temperature management in infant orang 57 Peninsular Malaysia
utan
Estimation of serum biochemistry 71
Development of haematology and clinical 58 reference values for Swiss albino mice
chemistry reference values of Cervus bred in vri ipoh
timorensis
Molecular detection of h1n2 influenza A 72
A case of salmonellosis in a baby elephant 59 in pigs
Review on the chemical immobilisation 60 Efficacy of Orgacidstm in the control of 73
of captive wild animals in Zoo Taiping & salmonella in meat and bone meal
Night Safari
Analysis of cyromazine in poultry feed and 74
Management of jaw osteomyelitis and 61 muscles using liquid chromatography–
tooth root abscess in a black panther mass spectrometry
(Panthera pardus)
Seroprevalence of melioidosis among 75
Corona discharge therapy for a Malaysian 62 livestock in Malaysia 2000-2009
elephant (Elephas masimus hirsutus)
Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress vii
Human brucellosis diagnosed serologically 76 Efficacy of live attenuated infectious 89

at the Veterinary Research Institute from bursal disease virus vaccine using local
2001 to 2010 isolate in spf chicken
Prevalence study of brucellosis caused 77 Camel urine and milk in Arab heritage (folk 90
by Brucella abortus: vri diagnostic cases medicine)
from 2006-2010
Control of helicopter grass (Cyperus 91
Serological monitoring of Brucella 78 aromaticus) amongst pasture in Ladang
melintensis in goats and sheep in Malaysia Infoternak, Perak – a preliminary study
Determination of organochlorine pesticide 79 Common diseases diagnosed in livestock 92

residues in chicken tissue using quechErs in the Veterinary Research Institute (vri)
method from 2006-2010
Elisa – a diagnostic tool for monitoring of 80 Cases of E. coli infection submitted to vri 93
Nipah virus in pigs, dogs, cats and horses in 2009
in the Veterinary Research Institute (vri),
Ipoh, Malaysia Genotyping of Pasteurella multocida 94
local isolates using a developed multiplex
Good laboratory practice in relation to 81 capsular pcr typing system
development of veterinary drugs and
feeds Pathological and haematobiochemical 95
changes due to experimental zinc
OTHERS deficiency on various endocrine glands in
albino rats
Population dynamics of laboratory animals 82
in Veterinary Research Institute (vri) from Pathological and parasitological study in a 97
year 2005 to 2010 stranded Bryde’s whale
Survival of vancomycin-resistant 83 Studies on the protoscoleces and hooklets 98

enterococci isolates on dry surfaces and of Echinococcus granulosus from Libya by
possible inactivation by commonly used scanning electron microscope
biocides
Status of minerals in some feeds and 99
Intestinal parasite of catfish Synodontis 84 fodder of the Bikaner district
clarias and Melapterurus electricus in Rima
River, Sokoto, Nigeria Enhancing Government – Private 100
linkages: establishing programmes for the
Gill parasite infestation of catfish in Rima 85 registration and accreditation of private
River, Sokoto, Nigeria veterinarians
Leapfrogging the veterinary diagnostic 86

services from 1931 to 2010
Capsicum frutescens farming using 87

effective microoranisms activated solution
(emas) treated quail manure
Specific pathogen free (spf) management 88

in vri from 1988-2010
viii Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress
PLENARY M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
CURRENT TRENDS IN EMERGING DISEASES IN

AUSTRALIA
McCULLOUGH s.j.
CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract. Work on emerging diseases this year at the Australian Animal Health
Laboratories has been dominated by outbreaks of flavivirus and Hendra virus, primarily
causing concern in horses but with implications also for human health. This paper reports
our findings and discusses the reasons for the increased incidence, and, in some cases, the
apparent increase in severity of disease this year.
Keywords: arbovirus, henipavirus, equine, neuropathology, epidemiology
Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 1

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch ANIMAL PRODUCTION
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT OOCYTE ACTIVATION

TREATMENTS ON IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF ICSI-
DERIVED BOVINE EMBRYOS
DASHTIZAD M.1, WAHID H.1,4 , ROSNINA Y.1, DALIRI M. 2 , HAJARIAN H.1 and
ABAS MAZNI O. 3
1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia
2 Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Iran
3 Livestock Biotechnology Center, Agro-Biotechnology Institute, Malaysia
4 Corresponding author: Abd Wahid Haron, Email: wahid@vet.upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different
oocyte activation treatments to improve in vitro bovine embryo development following
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The cleavage rate, morula and blastocyst
development rates were considered as criteria for assessment of oocyte activation. Each
experiment was replicated five times. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from
slaughterhouse derived bovine ovaries and matured in vitro. Following ICSI of in vitro
matured bovine oocytes, they were randomly allocated to one of the following activation
groups: strontium chloride (S; Control), strontium chloride followed by calcium ionophore
(S-C), calcium ionophore followed by strontium chloride (C-S), strontium chloride followed
by ethanol (S-E), and ethanol followed by strontium chloride (E-S). Results showed that
cleavage rate in the treatment groups S-C and S-E (68.61% and 64.55%, respectively) were
superior to other treatments; C-S (62.58%), E-S (60.60%) and the control (58.70%). There
was no significant difference in ICSI-oocytes reaching morula stage among S-C, C-S, S-E
and E-S treatments compared to the strontium alone (S). However, slight increase in the
morula development rate was obtained in S-C and S-E treatments (29.04% and 31.62%,
respectively) compared to the control (26.65%) and other treatment groups. Interestingly,
blastocyst development rate in S-C, C-S, S-E and E-S groups was slightly inferior (10.52%,
9.85%, 8 and 7.49, respectively) to the single activation treatment (13.13%). These results
demonstrated that combination of strontium chloride with calcium ionophore and ethanol
was not superior to strontium alone in term of transferable bovine embryo development
following ICSI.
2 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

ANIMAL PRODUCTION M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
GESTATION PERIODS IN ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATED

KEDAH-KELANTAN CROSSBRED CATTLE CARRIED
GAUR-CATTLE HYBRID (SELEMBU) FOETUS IN
MALAYSIA
FAZLY ANN Z.1, ISWADI M.I.1, HAFIZ M.M.1, ABDUL SAMAD A.1, HAFIZ M.D.1,
ABDUL WAHID H. 2 AND ABAS MAZNI O. 3
1 Agro-Biotechnology Institute, Malaysia (ABI), P.O Box 341, 43400 Serdang, Selangor,
2 Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
3 Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), 43400 Serdang, Selangor. Email:
abasmo@mardi.gov.my (corresponding author)
ABSTRACT. The artificial insemination (AI) program has played a valuable role in
facilitating appropriate genetic improvement in animal populations, through widespread
use of outstanding males and dissemination of superior genetic material. The offspring will
carry 50 percent of male genetic trait. This study was conducted to evaluate the gestation
periods in artificial inseminated Kedah-Kelantan crossbred cows carried gaur-cattle
hybrid foetus named Selembu. 21 recipient cows were inseminated with frozen-thawed
Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) semen by AI technique. Pregnancy diagnoses by
rectal palpation were done at 60-day gestation and 13 of the 21 recipients were detected
pregnant. 11 recipients gave birth to a healthy Selembu calves while other two were dead.
Gestation periods observed on 11 recipients show between 282 and 301-day after AI.
It appears that the gestation period in Kedah-Kelantan crossbred cows carried Selembu
foetus was comparable to the gestation period in beef cow (279 to 292-day) and gaur (310
to 314-day). These data should provide useful information for programs studying this
hybrid species and may have relevance for the cattle industry, since the Selembu could
provide a source of diverse ancestral genetic material.
Keywords: artificial insemination, selembu, gestation periods

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SELEMBU CALVES

IN MALAYSIA PRODUCED BY ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
HAFIZ M.M.1, FAZLY ANN Z.1, ISWADI M.I.1, ABDUL SAMAD A.1, HAFIZ M.D.1,
FAHRUL F.J.1, ABDUL WAHID H. 2 and ABAS MAZNI O. 3
1 Agro-Biotechnology Institute, Malaysia (ABI), P.O.Box 341, UPM Serdang, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
2 Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UPM Serdang, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
ABSTRACT. Animal breeding in cattle livestock industry was recently undertaking

various strategies in order to contribute meat supplies in community. Hybridization
of domestic cattle with potential breeds was become the most interested technique to
produce high mass production breed. New crossbred cattle had been successful produced
in Malaysia which includes Hereford-KK, Charoke, Brakmas and Selembu. However the
survival rate, growth performance and genetic improvement were beyond questionable and
still in research phase. The objective of this study was to evaluate birth weight and growth
performance of Selembu calves from artificial insemination (AI) program. 13 domestic
beef cows which become recipients for AI program using Gaur semen were pregnant. 12
recipient have successful gave birth but 1 recipient was aborted during gestation period. 12
Selembu calves were delivered with birth weight range from 16 kg to 29 kg with average
weight 22.3 kg. Continuous measure of body weight for the calves every 14 days up to 84
days was conducted to analyze their growth performance. However 3 calves were dead
after birth (14 days period) and 9 were still survived. Highest growth rate for Selembu
calves could achieve 0.92 kg/day but the lowest was 0.14 kg/day. Nevertheless, each of
calves could achieve an average daily weight of 0.62 kg/day.
Keywords: selembu, growth performance, artificial insemination

LAMBING PERFORMANCE OF DORPER SHEEP UNDER

INTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMs
JASMI Y.1, TG FATIHAH MAISARA T.A.1 AND JOHARI JIKEN A. 2
1 Strategic Livestock Research Centre, Stesen MARDI Kluang. P.O. Box 525, 86009 Kluang, Johor, Malaysia
2 Strategic Livestock Research Centre, Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI),
P.O. Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email: jasmi@mardi.gov.my (corresponding author)
ABSTRACT. Dorper sheep has been identified as a potential breed for meat production in
the tropical climate of Malaysia under intensive and semi-intensive management systems.
The aim of the study is to compare the lambing performance of Dorper ewes under intensive
and semi-intensive management systems. The results showed no significant difference on
the lambing performance of Dorper sheep observed between intensive and semi-intensive
management systems. However, the mean number of ewes pregnant in the intensive was
higher than the semi-intensive group with 86.36% (19/22) compared to 73.91% (17/23). The
lambing rate was higher with 1.47 in the intensive group and 1.35 the semi intensive group.
The mean birth weight was higher in the intensive group with 4.38 kg compare to 4.29 kg
in the semi intensive group.
Keywords: intensive, semi intensive, lambing performance

MOTILITY AND MEMBRANE INTEGRITY AFTER

SPERM SEPARATION USING PERCOLL GRADIENT
MALIK A.1, WAHID H. 2 , ROSNINA Y. 2 , KASIM A. 3 , AND SABRI M. 4
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Kalimantan University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia. Email: wahid@vet.upm.edu.my (corresponding author)
3 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
4 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
ABSTRACT. The objective of the present study was to investigate the sperm motility and
membrane integrity after separation using Percoll gradient. Twelve ejaculates were taken
from four crossbreed bulls with approximately 5 years old and subsequently analyzed
for volume, colour, pH and consistency. The sperm concentration was counted using
haemocytometer. The motility was analyzed using computer assist sperm analysis and
membrane integrity was evaluated with hypo-osmotic swelling test. The result indicates
that the percentage of sperm motility and membrane integrity before and after sperm
separation were significant different (P<0.05).
Keywords: sperm separation, Percoll gradient, motility, membrane integrity.

SURVIVAL RATE OF SELEMBU CALVES PRODUCED

BY ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION PROGRAMme IN
MALAYSIA
ISWADI M.I.1, FAZLY ANN Z.1, HAFIZ M.M.1, ABDUL SAMAD A.1, HAFIZ M.D.1,
HAJARIAN H.1, ABDUL WAHID H. 2 and ABAS MAZNI O. 3
1 Agro-Biotechnology Institute, Malaysia (ABI), P.O Box 341, 43400 Serdang, Selangor,
2 Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
ABSTRACT. Interspecific hybridisation has been reported in wide variety of animal.

This could be produced by a chance or by organize crossing the animal. In bovine
hybridisation, particularly in gaur-cattle hybrid would provide useful information for
programmes studying the interspecific hybrid species and may have relevance for the
cattle industry. The gaur-cattle hybrid (selembu) was reported to be superior in production
value as compared to their parent in term of their huge body and growth performance.
The selembu could provide a source of diverse ancestral genetic material. The ability
of the selembu calves to survive was still questionable. This study was conducted as an
experience in manage selembu calves after birth produced by artificial insemination (AI)
technique. 21 beef cows from Kedah-Kelantan crossbred as recipients were utilised and
were undergo AI programme using semen from two hand-raised Malayan gaur (Bos
gaurus hubbacki) bull. 13 of the 21 recipients were detected pregnant of selembu foetus.
One recipient got early abortion at 135-day gestation. 12 recipients gave birth to a healthy
selembu calves. Three calves died after birth and 9 calves were managed to survive.
As a result we manage to get 69% of survival rate of the selembu calves. An improved
understanding of the value of survival rate may support decision making in reproductive
management when resources are limited.
Keywords: gaur, selembu, survival rate

COMPARISON OF CALVING DIFFICULTY, STILLBIRTH,

BIRTH WEIGHT AND YEARLING WEIGHT BETWEEN
NORMANDE, HOLSTEIN AND JERSEY CROSS BREDS
IN PERAK
ISMAWANDI M.N.1, QUAZA NIZAMUDDIN H.N.1 , RAYMOND A.K. 3 , NINY FARIZA J. 3 ,
TARMIDI A.M.1, ZURIN AZLIN M.J.1, KAMARUDDIN M.I. 3 , SAIFULLIZAM A.K. 3 AND
I-LENE T.
1 Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah(U), Ipoh,Perak
2 Department of Veterinary services Malaysia, Putrajaya
3 Veterinary Research Institute,Jalan Sultan Azlan shah, Ipoh
ABSTRACT. Normande-Sahiwal/Friesian (Normande crosses), Holstein-Sahiwal/

Friesian (Holstein crosses) and Jersey-Sahiwal/Friesian (Jersey crosses) cross-bred
calves were compared for calving difficulty, stillbirth, birth weight and yearling weight.
Calving was from April 2010 to June 2011 in selected non-commercial dairy farms in
Perak. The birth weight of calves for Normande crosses was similar to Holstein crosses.
However, Normande crosses showed higher yearling weight compared to Holstein crosses.
Calves from Jersey crosses were lowest for birth weight and yearling weight. Calving
difficulty was lowest in Jersey crosses(5.56%), followed by Normande crosses(9.52%) and
Holstein crosses (16.67%). Stillbirth occurred in 8.33% of Holstein crosses while none
was reported in Jersey and Normande crosses. Birth weights of below 30 kg in Holstein,
Jersey and Normande crosses were 13.64%, 55.56% and 10% respectively. Birth weights
between 30-40kg in Holstein, Jersey and Normande crosses were 68.18%, 38.89% and
65% respectively. While birth weights from 41-50 kg in Holstein, Jersey and Normande
crosses were 18.18%, 5.56% and 25.0% respectively. Mean yearling weights were highest
in Normande crosses.
Keywords : Birth weight, Yearling weight, crossbreeding, calving difficulty, stillbirth,

EQUINE PRACTICE M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF

CONDITIONING ON PERFORMANCE LEVEL OF
ENDURANCE HORSES
NORANIZA MOHD ADZAHAN1, YEOH WEN JIE AND
MUHAMMAD FAIRUZ JAMALUDDIN
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan
1 Corresponding author: noraniza@vet.upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT. Optimal conditioning increases fitness and performance level of horses.

Twenty-six endurance horses, which were registered to be competing in endurance races
was selected to evaluate their performance and to examine the changes of biochemical
parameters throughout conditioning prior to endurance competition. Performance levels
of 26 endurance horses practising in different conditioning regimes were evaluated before
and after a 6-week of conditioning period through 35 km standardized exercise test. Three
sets of blood samples were obtained from each horse, i.e. at pre-, immediate post-ride
and 30 minutes after the ride. Blood samples were analyzed for lactate, muscle enzymes
[creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] and electrolytes (sodium,
chloride, potassium, calcium and phosphorus). Paired sample T-test was performed to
evaluate the effects of different conditioning program on these biochemical parameters.
The muscle enzymes (AST and CK) and lactate showed the most significant changes.
This was followed by the electrolytes at different levels based on the conditioning regime
practiced, which reflects the improvements of fitness and performance level of endurance
horses after completing a 6-week conditioning process.
Keywords: endurance, conditioning regime, exercise test, performance level

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch EQUINE PRACTICE
EFFECT OF STRENUOUS SUB-MAXIMAL RACE ON

HEART RATES OF ENDURANCE HORSES
LAWAN A. 3 , NORANIZA M. A.1, RASEDEE A. 2 AND BASHIR A.1
1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400
UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB1069, Borno
State, Nigeria. Email: drlawan3758@yahoo.com (corresponding author)
Abstract. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of prolong sub-maximal
exercise on heart rate reflecting the performance of endurance horses after covering the
distances of 40 and 80 km race. This study was conducted in Malaysia to determine the
post-race heart rates of endurance horses based on distances for the eliminated horses and
those that completed the races with good performance. Heart rates of competing endurance
horses were examined at pre- and post-race. Thirty-four endurance horses were sampled;
N = 9 (40 km) and N = 9 (80 km) were the good performance horses while N = 3 (40 km)
and N = 13 (80 km) were the poor performance horses that were eliminated from the race.
The mean heart rate of the good performance horses in the 40 km category was 53 ± 8
bpm and that of the 80 km in the good performance category was 56 ± 7 bpm, while the
eliminated horses of the 40 km group had 74 ± 17 bpm and those in the 80 km group had
78 ±7 bpm. The study showed that eliminated horses in the 40 and 80 km categories both
exhibited high heart rates compared to the good performance horses that were in the same
racing category. Thus, the heart rates of horses during training may be used to predict
performance based on distances covered in endurance races.
Keywords: endurance, heart rate, race category, performance.

SEROPREVALANCE OF EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS

VIRUS IN IMPORTED HORSES FROM SELECTED
QUARANTINE STATIONS IN MALAYSIA
FAIZUL FIKRI M.Y.1, MARDIANTI C.K., LETCHUMI S., RIDUAN M. AND RAMLAN M.
Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak
1 Correspondent author: faizulfikri@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. An Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Equine Viral

Arteritis (EVA), which is a respiratory and reproductive disease, in horses was conducted
on a total of 264 samples collected from KLIA and Batu Maung, Penang quarantine ports.
Positive antibodies against EVA were found in 8.71% of the samples. This survey was
conducted to screen imported horses for EVA as well as to maintain a disease free status
for Malaysia.
Keywords: ELISA, Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA), seroprevalence

SURVEILLANCE OF STRANGLES IN PENINSULAR

MALAYSIA (2010)
KHOO L.L.1, MASWATI M.A., ROSELIZA R., ROSNAH Y., SAIFU NAZRI R.,
YEOH N.N. AND RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author: khooleanlooi@yahoo.com.my
ABSTRACT. Strangles is an extremely contagious bacterial infection specific to equine

species (horses, mules and zebras). A nationwide screening of horses was carried out
following an isolation of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) from a horse. All horses
were monitored for respiratory signs, nasal discharge and submandibular swelling. A total
of 2,825 nasopharyngeal swabs, 9 guttural pouch flushes, 1 submandibular swab and 1
submandibular abscess collected were subjected to bacterial isolation. The test showed
positive findings and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) were carried out to detect M-gene
of S. equi (SeM). Three horses (2 from nasal swabs and another from submandibular
abscess) were identified as positive by isolation and PCR method. This paper describes the
method of isolation and identification of S. equi and the detection of DNA from samples
collected.
Keywords: submandibular abscess, strangles, Streptococcus equi

PREVALENCE OF LAMENESS AND METABOLIC

DISORDERS IN ENDURANCE HORSES
LAWAN ADAMU1, NORANIZA MOHD ADZAHAN 2 , RASEDEE ABDULLAH3 AND
BASHIR AHMAD FATEH MOHAMED2
1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB1069, Borno
State, Nigeria. Email: drlawan3758@yahoo.com (corresponding author)
2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400
UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract. The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of equine lameness
and metabolic disorders in endurance for horses during an endurance race. This study
was conducted in Malaysia for those horses that had completed the race successfully. Out
of 67 horses that had participated in the race, 19 horses completed the race successfully,
48 horses were eliminated from the race for various disorders. This indicates 53.73% of
these horses had metabolic disorders and 17.91% were eliminated due to lameness. The
study showed that those endurance horses eliminated due to metabolic disorders had the
highest affliction followed by lameness in terms of elimination derangements. Thus, these
findings will assist the veterinarians in designing laudable measures in the management
and conditioning regime during training.
Keywords: endurance, horse, metabolic disorders and lameness

MANAGING AN OUTBREAK OF STRANGLES IN RACE

HORSES IN PERAK
ZURIN AZLIN M.J.1, SARAVANAKUMAR S., QUAZA NIZAMUDIN H.N., AHMAD
SHUKRI A., MUNIANDY A. AND SHAMSUL ARIFFIN M.A.
Department of Veterinary Services Perak, Ipoh Perak
1 Corresponding author: zurinazlin_lin@yahoo.com
Abstract. This paper documents the incidence of strangles in race horses and measures
taken to control the outbreak. Three horses were confirmed infected with Streptococcus
equi subsp. equi and two cases (U 537 and A 110) showed clinical signs of strangles
including fever, anorexia, mucous nasal discharge and mild coughing. DVS Perak gazetted
strangles as a disease to be controlled in Perak under Section 36(1) Animal Act 1953
(Act 647) (Revision 2006) and also issued quarantine and movement restriction under
Section 18(2). Three consecutive sampling (at 1 week interval) of nasopharyngeal swabs
was carried out on all horses at infected premises in Perak Turf Club (PTC) and Hillview
Spelling Station (HSS) while a single swab surveillance program on all horses throughout
Perak was conducted. 2117 nasal swabs and nine guttural pouch washing were tested
negative to Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. The outbreak was successfully controlled and
contained within an acceptable duration.
Keywords: strangles, race horses, sampling, control measures

THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONDITIONING

REGIMES ON THE PERFORMANCE LEVEL OF
ENDURANCE HORSES
NORANIZA MOHD ADZAHAN1, MAAIKE ROESSINK 2 AND MUHAMMAD FAIRUZ
JAMALUDDIN3
1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Sel.
2 Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Email: noraniza@vet.upm.edu.my (corresponding author)
3 University Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Sel.
Abstract. This research compares two different endurance conditioning methods

used under the Malaysian climatic conditions. Two groups of nine Arabian horses were
used, one group represented by amateur horses (first time participating 120 km endurance
race) and another group represented by the professional horses (experienced in few 120 km
endurance race). The eventual goal was for the horses to participate in a 120 km endurance
competition, approximately two months after the onset of the conditioning. Throughout
the conditioning period, the performance of horses was evaluated through a standardised
exercise tests (SET) which was carried out once every 2 weeks. The progression in fitness
levels was monitored by measuring the heart rate, rectal temperature and various blood
parameters at pre- and immediate post-ride as well as 30 minutes after the cessation of
exercise (recovery period). There were significant differences found between the two
groups indicating the heart rate, rectal temperature and most of the blood parameters.
The vital conclusion is that the amateur horses were able to catch up with the professional
horses using this training regime. Besides, various parameters showed significant changes
as the fitness of these horses were improved.
Keywords: endurance, conditioning methods, exercise test, performance.

OCCURRENCE OF Rhodococcus equi IN SOIL AND

FAECES IN SELECTED STUD FARMS IN MALAYSIA
Fhitri M., Zunita Z., Latiffah H. and Noordin M.M.
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT. The worldwide distributed infection by Rhodococcus equi usually leads

to pneumonia and associated respiratory signs. This study is aimed at detecting the
occurrence of this pathogen in selected horse farms. A total of 12 R. equi isolates from a
few samples (13.89%) were successfully obtained from soil and faeces collected from two
selected farms. However, based on the vapA gene classification, only one virulent R. equi
isolate was identified.
Keywords: Rhodococcus equi, multiplex PCR

POULTRY & SWINE M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
ANNUAL WILD BIRD SURVEILLANCE FOR HPAI AND

BIODIVERSITY-CONSERVATION
AZRI A.1, RAHMAH A. 2 , AKMA N.H. 3 , NOR ASYIKIN A. 3 , SALMAN S. 2 AND
ROOSEVIEN F.N.R.1
1 Epidemiology and Surveillance Section, Department of Veterinary Services,Malaysia
2 Department of Wildlife and National Park Pennisular Malaysia, Km 10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur
3 Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Abstract. Wild birds in particularly certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds are
considered to be natural reservoirs of all 144 subtypes of AI virus. The subtypes are adapted
to survive in the wild birds usually causing little or no disease. Intensive surveillance
was continued in Malaysia to ensure that no highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
or notifiable avian influenza (NAI) viruses were circulating in the wild bird population
in Malaysia. The surveillance was carried out in wild birds by virus isolation and/or
polymerase chain reaction. A total 363 birds were sampled from 30 species and 50 family.
All tests results showed negative for Avian Influenza.
Keywords: avian influenza, highly pathogenic avian influenza, wild bird

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch POULTRY & SWINE
PATHOGENICITY OF Mycoplasma columborale IN SPF

CHICKEN EMBRYO AND SPF CHICKEN
DAHLIA H.1, TAN L.J., ZARRAHIMAH Z. AND RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author: dahlia@jphvri.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Mycoplasma columborale, isolated from a turkey was investigated for its
pathogenicity in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryo and SPF chicken. Doses for
chicken embryo ranging from 104 to 109 colony-forming units per egg and inoculation
were innocuated via yolk sac at 6 days of incubation. Groups of twelve eggs per dose were
used. The eggs were examined daily for embryo mortality and at day 20, all eggs were
examined for abnormalities and mycoplasma recovery. A dose at 106 cfu? per bird was
used for chicken and inoculations were via nasal, trachea and air sac. M. columborale
13895/09 caused very low mortality in chicken embryo and lesions were found in the
embryo with 108 cfu and 109 cfu inoculums. M. columborale was recovered from all
inoculated embryo. All SPF chickens showed no clinical sign and post mortem lesion .
M. columborale was not isolated from all birds.
Keywords: Mycoplasma columborale, pathogenicity, chicken embryo

REDUCTION OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL IN EGG YOLK

BY FEEDING ORGACIDSTM TO COMMERCIAL LAYERS
ANG S.K.1, LOH T.C. 2 , CHANDRASEKARAN S.1 AND KOK P.C.1,3
1 Sunzen Lifesciences Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Anggerik Mokara 31/47, 40460 Shah Alam, Selangor
2 Department of Animal Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
3 Corresponding author: kokdr@sunzenbio.com
Abstract. Consumption of eggs in general and egg yolk in particular has been cited as
one of the main causes for the elevation of total blood cholesterol in humans. A trial was
conducted in two layer farms in Malaysia to observe the effects on total blood cholesterol
when layers were fed with OrgacidsTM. In both the farms, the birds were separated into
treatment and control groups. The layers in the treatment group were fed with commercial
feed incorporated with OrgacidsTM at the rate of 2 kg/ton of feed. This blended feed was
fed for a period of 8 weeks. The birds in the control group were fed normal layer mesh.
Sampling by way of collection of eggs was carried out at 0, 4 and 8 weeks post-feeding.
There was a significant reduction of total cholesterol in the egg yolk of the birds fed with
feed mixed with OrgacidsTM. The reduction was 18.6% and 18.48% at 8 weeks post-
treatment as compared to the control groups. The results were similar in both the farms.

EFFECTS OF AN ORGANIC ACID BLEND IN THE

CONTROL OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN
COMMERCIAL LAYERS
ANG S.K. AND KOK P.C.
Sunzen LifeScience Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Anggerik Mokara 31/47, 40460 Shan Alam, Selangor
ABSTRACT. A layer farm was perpetually infected with Salmonella enteritidis for the
past two years. The management used antibiotics as a means of control. When the sampling
was done it was seen that there was no complete elimination of S. enteritidis and other
Salmonellae sp. The organisms were isolated on and off. Furthermore, it compounded
into other problems in the form of emergence of drug resistant bacteria and antibiotic
residues in table eggs which is harmful to consumers. An organic acid blend (OrgacidsTM)
was introduced to this layer farm with the dosage of 0.15% and 0.30% per ton of feed in
which no antibiotics were added. This combination was able to eliminate S. enteritidis
after 0.30 % OrgacidsTM/ton of feed was fed for 28 days and followed by feeding 0.15% of
OrgacidsTM subsequently till the end of the laying period. OrgacidsTM is a ‘Green acidifier’
product, which does not leave any residue or produce any resistant gene. It is the first
choice alternative to replace antibiotics in livestock and poultry husbandry.
Keywords: S. enteritidis, OrgacidsTM, commercial layers

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE

IN PENGKALAN RAJA AND JERAM BATU, JOHOR,
MALAYSIA
NAZIRAH ABDULLATAD1, ZULKIFLI AHMAD2 , RASHIDAH CHE MUDA3 ,
NORAIN ZULI 4 , MOKHTAR ARSHAD M. 5 , JAMALIAH SENAWI 6 , THANOM NOIMOH7,
SOTA KOBAYASHI 8
1 Epidemiology and Surveillance Section, Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia.
2 State of Veterinary Services Johor, Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia.
3 Regional Veterinary Laboratory Johor Bahru, Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia.
4 Pontian District Veterinary Office, Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia
5 University Malaysia of Kelantan, Malaysia.
6 Disease Control and Eradication Section, Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia.
7 Department of Livestock Development, Thailand.
8 National Institute of Animal Health, Japan.
ABSTRACT. An epidemiological study of Newcastle Disease (ND) in Pengkalan Raja and

Jeram Batu, Johor, Malaysia was conducted from September 2009 to October 2010. The
purpose of this studies were (1) to elucidate the ND immunity status and NDV prevalence
among poultry in project site, (2) to determine antibody titer in village chicken vaccinated
by owners and DVS’s staffs, and (3) to improve biosecurity in non-exporting farm. Simple
random sampling from village chicken (five pairs of sera and cloacal swabs per household)
and commercial farms (30 pairs of sera and cloacal swabs per farm) were collected two
weeks post-vaccination. At the same time, a comparative study by simple random sampling
of targeted nine households vaccinated by the owner and another nine households by the
Department of Veterinary Services’s (DVS’s) was conducted. Five pairs of sera and cloacal
swabs per household were collected two weeks post-vaccination. Other comparative study
was done by random selection of 10 non-exporting commercial farms, which were divided
into two groups (assisted and non-assisted groups). Among these, five had given assistance
in biosecurity such as advices and supply of disinfectant, and vice versa. In each farm,
30 pairs of sera and cloacal swabs were collected two weeks post-vaccination. Antibody
titer and farm parameters (body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality rate)
were compared among the groups. Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and chicken
embryonated egg were conducted at Regional Veterinary Laboratory (RVL) Johor Bahru
to measure antibody using sera and virus isolation using cloacal swabs, respectively. Total
437 pairs of sera and cloacal swabs from village chicken were collected from 42 households
and 1,544 pairs of sera and cloacal swabs were collected from 31 commercial farms. Most
of village chicken produced antibody titer lower than protective level (Protective level is
log23). Some of commercial farms produced antibody titer lower than protective level. No

ND virus isolated from all cloacal swabs. There was no significant difference on antibody
titer vaccinated by the owner or the DVS staff observed (p>0.05). There was no significant
difference on antibody titer and farm parameters between biosecurity assisted group and
non-assisted group (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibody titer, ND virus isolation, village chicken, commercial farms,

biosecurity, body weight, feed conversion rate, mortality rate, Pengkalan Raja and Jeram
Batu, Johor, Malaysia
GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC LESIONS OF FOWL POX

IN A CHICKEN
INIRAH C.I., RAHIM A., NOR ASIAH O., CHEAH P.C. and SALMEAH A. RASHID
Veterinary Regional Laboratory Bukit Tengah, Pulau Pinang
ABSTRACT. Fowlpox is a worldwide disease of poultry caused by viruses of the family

Poxviridae and the genus Avipoxvirus. The possible hosts including chickens, turkeys,
quail, canaries, pigeons, and many other species of birds. This virus is spread by insect
bites (especially mosquitoes) and causes lesions on the comb, wattles, and beak and also
on the non-feathered parts of the head and legs. Cutaneous infections usually produce
characteristic gross and microscopic lesions. This virus also can be isolated by inoculating
chorioallantoic membrane of developing chicken embryos aged 9-12 days old for virus
isolation. Microscopic examination of affected tissues from Chorioallantoic Membrane
(CAM) of affected SPF chicken, which was stained with H&E, revealed eosinophilic
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
Keywords: fowlpox, cutaneous lesions, microscopic lesions

A CASE REPORT: MOLECULAR DETECTION OF

MAREK’S DISEASE (MD) IN THE VETERINARY
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, IPOH
KHAIRUL ANUAR M.1, RAMLAN M., MOHD HASRUL A.B., ONG G.H.,
SYAMSIAH AINI S., MAIZATUL Z., BASIRAH A., ZUNAIDAH B., MASRIN A. and
NINY FARIZA J.
Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh Perak.
1 Corresponding author: khairulanuar@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. A breeder from a poultry farm in Perak state reported a case of emaciation
and poor body condition in a poultry flock aged between week 20 to week 24. The samples
received were pooled organ and carcasses. A diagnosis of Marek’s disease in the Veterinary
Research Institute (VRI) was made based on molecular detection by Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR). Preventive measures such as vaccination should be instituted to prevent
the outbreak of Marek’s disease as this causes great economical loss to the poultry industry.
Keywords: Marek’s disease (MD), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), vaccination

PARASITES OF SCAVENGING CHICKENS IN PENANG

ISLAND
FARAH HAZIQAH M.T.1, RAHMAN W.A.1, JAMNAH O. 2 , CHEAH T.S. 3 , CRIBB T. 4 ,
Proctor H.C. 5 and STEKOLNIKOV A.A.6
1 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang.
2 Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institutes, Ipoh, Perak.
3 Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine, Ipoh, Perak
4 The University of Queensland, Australia.
5 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada.
6 Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
ABSTRACT. A total of 160 scavenging chickens (Gallus domesticus) which consisted

of 80 male and 80 female adult chickens were selected randomly from the villages
around Penang, Malaysia. The chickens were examined for their state of body condition
and the presence of internal and external parasites. 70% of the chickens were classified
as having poor body condition and infected with parasitic worms. Necropsy findings
revealed 15 different helminth species comprising of Ascaridia galli (26.9%), Acuaria
hamulosa (1.25%), Acuaria spiralis (1.25%), Capillaria spp. (68.8%), Eimeria sp. (49.4%),
Gongylonema ingluvicola (20.0%), Heterakis gallinarum (76.9%), Oxyspirura mansoni
(0.6%), Syngamus trachea (5.6%), Tetrameres americana (18.8%), Hymenolepis sp.
(36.3%), Raillietina echinobothrida (64.4%), Raillietina tetragona (51.9%), Amoebotaenia
sphenoides (43.8%) and Brachylaima sp. (0.6%). Plasmodium sp. (25.0%) and microfilaria
(0.6%) were the blood parasites detected. Meanwhile, ten species of ectoparasites
were recorded comprising Goniocotes gallinae (16.9%), Goniodes dissimilis (33.1%),
Haemaphysalis sp. (11.9%), Lipeurus caponis (78.1%), Menacanthus pallidulus (51.9%),
Menopon gallinae (90.0%), Megninia sp. (5.6%), Ornithonyssus sp. (4.4%), Pterolichus sp.
(81.9%) and Leptotrombidium sp. (21.9%).
Keywords: scavenging chickens, state of body condition, internal parasites, external

parasites.

SEQUENCE AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS

OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS ISOLATED IN
MALAYSIA FROM RECENT OUTBREAKS IN 2010
SYAMSIAH. A.S.1,3 , KHAIRUL A.M.1, ONG G.H.1, LEOW B.L.1, BASIRAH M.A.1,
M. HASRUL A.H.1, ZUNAIDA B.1, MAZAITUL M.Z.1, MAIZAN M. 2 and RAMLAN M.1
1 Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak
2 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian Kelantan
3 Corresponding author: syamsi_aini@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT. Eighteen isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were obtained

from various locations in Malaysia during the 2010 NDV outbreak. The isolates were
phylogenetically characterised and sequenced based on partial nucleotide sequencing
of the fusion (F) gene. The deduced amino acid sequences were compared with other
published strains including those reported in Malaysia. All the isolates carry the same
F cleavage site motif of 112R-R-R-K-R-F117 which is similar with the Malaysian NDV
isolated from Sabah in 2005 (99% sequence homology). Phylogenetic analysis revealed
that all the isolates were grouped in genotype VIId which is responsible for the recent
outbreaks.
Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, poultry, Malaysia, genotype, virulent strains

ISOLATION OF MYCOPLASMA SPECIES FROM

POULTRY SAMPLES SUBMITTED TO VRI IN 2010
TAN L.J.1, DAHLIA H., ZARRAHIMAH Z., HARNITA E., SHAZMIRAIS AHMAD,
NOR LIYANA MOHAMAD RAZAK AND RAMLAN M.
Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Veterinary Services. 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh Perak.
1 Corresponding author: tan_linjee@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT. This paper reports the isolation of Mycoplasma sp. from poultry samples
in Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh for 2010. A total of 205 samples from various
animal hosts were sent for Mycoplasma isolation to the Avian Bacteriology Unit. Of these,
107 were poultry samples. The samples were cultured onto PPLO agar and PPLO broth.
Agar plates were incubated at 37°C with 5-10% CO2 while the broth were incubated
at 37°C aerobically. Mycoplasma-like colony was passaged onto PPLO agar without
antibiotic three times for purity. Biochemical tests were performed for each isolate for
species identification. In 2010, there were 52 Mycoplasma species isolated from poultry. A
total of 11 isolates were identified as Mycoplasma gallinarum, Mycoplasma pullorum and
Mycoplasma iners, while 41 isolates were identified only as Mycoplasma sp. Most of the
Mycoplasma were isolated from indigenous chickens with respiratory problems. Further
study using molecular approach on Mycoplasma species is required.
Keywords: Mycoplasma, indigenous chicken

THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE

BY VRI IN 2010
TAN T.L.1, LEOW B.L., MOHD HASRUL., BASIRAH M.A., MAIZATUL Z., ONG G.H.,
SHAJARUTULWARDAH M.Y., KHAIRUL ANUAR M., MOHD SHAFARIN S. and
RAMLAN M.
Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak.
1 Corresponding author: tltan@jphvri.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is routinely diagnosed in the Veterinary

Research Institute using Agar Gel Precipitate Test (AGPT), virus isolation and molecular
techniques for IBD virus. Samples from poultry were received from January to December
2010 from twelve states throughout Malaysia. Data was analysed for the number of cases
reported with respect to states, months and species of the birds. There were a total of 44
cases submitted for diagnosis. Results showed that there were six positive cases of IBD
that occurred in 2010. Vaccination and a good management practice in poultry farms will
reduce the problems related to this disease.
Keywords: infectious bursal disease, Malaysia

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND MOLECULAR

SEXING METHODS OF CHICKEN-QUAIL HYBRIDS
FARRAH A.1, SUMMAH K.1, NORHAIDAYAH J.1, NORAINI Z.1, AZRI A.B.1, RICHARD
T.S.A. 2 , ROSLAINI R. 3 , RAZAK M.Z.1 and JALILA A. 5
1 Poultry Technology Institute (ITU), Km. 34 Jalan Ramuan China Besar, 78300 Masjid Tanah, Melaka, Malaysia
2 Sedaya University College (UniKL Campus), 1 Jln. Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur
3 Department Of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Wisma Tani, Block Podium
Lot 4G1 Precint 4, Federal Government Administration Centre, 62630 Putrajaya
5 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
ABSTRACT. Eight hybrids (from a total group of 15 hybrids) obtained by two-way

crosses between the Sussex cross rooster and IKTA quail hen during the period of 2008 to
2009 were used in this study. Sexing of the hybrids was conventionally done through visual
and vent sexing at the age of 50 day-old till 5 months old for all live birds. Laparotomy was
only done each time when the hybrids died. Feather follicles of 8 hybrid carcasses were
collected and kept in ethanol prior to polymerase chain reaction processing techniques.
DNA samples were extracted using commercial kits and targeted DNA site (CHD W and
CHD Z from chromosome ZZ and chromosome WZ) were reproduced and amplified. All
PCR products were electrophoreses in TAE buffer. 40% (8 hybrids), 30% (6 hybrids), 5%
(1 hybrid) were determined as male, sterile and female consecutively via post-mortem
techniques. PCR had revealed 62.5% female (5 hybrids) and 5% male (1 hybrid). The other
two remaining hybrids’ DNA were not successfully extracted due to longer storage under
-20°C. Through molecular method, two hybrids were identified as transsexual birds. They
carried the female WZ chromosome and develop male sexual gonads at the same time.
Keywords: chicken-quail hybrid, polymerase chain reaction, feather sexing, vent sexing,
laparotomy

NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN MALAYSIA

ROOSEVIEN F.N.R.1 and AZRI A.
Epidemiology and Surveillance Section, Department Veterinary Services Malaysia, Putrajaya.
1 Corresponding author: roosevien@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important diseases in the
poultry industry causing great economic losses to farmers. Data collected were from
Department Veterinary Services of Malaysia for the year 2000-2010. The data analysed
for the number of ND outbreaks with respect to month, states, age and types of birds.
The results showed that there were 533 ND outbreaks that occurred in 2000-2010 where
the highest came from Perak, 129 outbreaks. The number of outbreaks ranged from 11-
130. These data showed that current imported vaccines may not fully protect the poultry
against local strains of ND infection. A routine vaccination programme using local strains
of Newcastle disease virus is recommended. This may reduce mortality further and help
farmers to achieve higher productivity and profitability.
Keyword: Newcastle disease

RESTRUCTURING THE PERAK PIG INDUSTRY

QUAZA NIZAMUDDIN H.N., YUSNIZA M.Y. AND VASUGE M.
Department of Veterinary Services Perak, Ipoh
Abstract. The pig industry in Perak is valued at RM0.5 billion and 35% of the pig
produced is exported to Klang Valley. From 2008, a series of actions were planned and
implemented to restructure the industry. The Control of Pig Farming Enactment 1992 and
Rules and Regulation 2010 were gazetted and enforced since January 2010. This allowed
the department to enforce good animal husbandry practices (GAHP) before licenses are
issued. GAHP requirements imposed were improved biosecurity measures, better farm and
effluent management, providing additional infrastructure to upgrade the farm. This has
resulted in cleaner farms, improved management and less public complaints. Relocation
of 57 pig farms (currently on government land and within the city limits) to one area will
be undertaken so that modern sustainable farming can be done. Farms on their own land
will need to convert to close house system. There will be only one modern slaughter house
and all illegal slaughter houses will be closed by 2013.
Keywords: restructuring pig industry, enactment, GAHP, relocation, slaughter house

OBSERVATIONS AND RISK FACTORS IN

ASSOCIATION WITH HIGH MORTALITIES WITH
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS REPORTED AS
NEWCASTLE DISEASE INFECTIONS IN BROILERS IN
WEST MALAYSIA IN 2010-2011
LEE C.H.1, SEETHA J. 2 , YIP L.S.1, CHOO P.Y. 2 , LIM B.K. 3
1 Rhone Ma Malaysia Sdn Bhd
2 Asia-Pacific Special Nutrients Sdn Bhd
3 Vet Food Agro Diagnostics (M) Sdn Bhd
ABSTRACT. An observation and analysis of risk factors in association with high

mortalities reported as Newcastle disease outbreaks in broilers was reported in 12 farms
in Peninsular Malaysia. Velogenic genotype VIId NDV was detected by real time DIVA
pcr assay in 11 of the farms and IBDV and MDV were detected concurrently in all farms.
Risk factors related to biosecurity and farm practices appear to have a significant role in
the severity of the disease observed in affected farms.
Keywords: Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, Marek’s disease,

immunosuppressive agents

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE SURVEILLANCE

OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA (H5N1)
AND NEWCASTLE DISEASE (ND) VIRUSES IN EDIBLE
BIRD NEST SWIFTLET (Aerodramus fuciphagus &
Aerodramus maximus)
Lim k.h.1,4 , Khoo c.k. 2 , Laurentius n.a. 3 AND Yeo b.k.1
1 Department Of Veterinary Services & Animal Industry (DVSAI), Kota Kinabalu
2 Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya
3 Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu
4 Corresponding address: KhunHiong.Lim@sabah.gov.my
Abstract. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in 2004 draws
attention to the safety of rearing edible bird nest swiftlets within the vicinity of human
dwellings in urban areas. There is also concern on the safety of the product itself. Convenient
sampling of edible bird nest swiftlets (A. fuciphagus and A. maximus) was conducted by
The Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry from September 2004 until
June 2011. A total of 137 samples were collected from four premises and two natural caves
in four locations, namely Tawau, Kunak, Sandakan and Penampang. The samples were
collected for egg innoculation tests for H5N1 and Newcastle disease (ND). All samples
yield negative results for both diseases.
Keywords: H5N1, ND, EBN swiftlets, caves, surveillance

A PRELIMINARY STUDY TO UNDERSTAND THE

STATUS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND AVIAN
INFLUENZA DISEASE IN SABAH
WONG N.1, NORMAH Y.1, SALIHA M.1, DAYANG K.1 AND YEO B.K. 2
1 Makmal Diagnosa Veterinar Kota Kinabalu, No.59, 89457 Tanjung Aru, Sabah
2 Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry (DVSAI) Sabah, Locked bag 2051, 88999 Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah.
Abstract. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease

(ND) and avian influenza (AI) from backyard chickens and ducks in Sabah. A total of 2,117
samples consisting of 1,498 swabs and 619 serum samples were taken from all districts
in the state. All samples tested were negative to avian influenza virus. 23.4% of the 619
serum samples collected was sero-positive for Newcastle disease with the highest HI titre
being 1/256. Only one pool of 4 trachael swabs or 0.27% of the total 1,498 swabs was
positive on virus isolation for Newcastle disease. No avian influenza virus was isolated
from all the samples collected.
Keywords: Newcastle disease, avian influenza, Sabah, prevalence

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch RUMINANTS
A BEEF FATTENING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

SHANMUGAVELU S.1,3 , WAN ZAHARI M. 2 , WONG H.K.1 AND MARDHATI M.1
1 Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, MARDI, Serdang, Selangor.
2 Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
3 Corresponding author: shan@mardi.gov.my
ABSTRACT. A beef feedlot production decision support system (DSS) was developed
based on Microsoft® Excel. The DSS comprises of three modules: i) an ingredient
database, ii) a least-cost ration formulation module, and iii) beef growth simulation
module. The program uses empirical equations developed for tropical beef to simulate
nutrient requirements and daily body weight gains based on the formulated feed ration.
The formulated least cost ration can be pasted automatically into the growth model to
evaluate performance and economic viability. The growth model calculates nutrient
available and computes body weight gain on a daily basis, summates weight gain and
stops at the targeted body weight. The data output include: i) days to reach target body
weight, ii) cumulative feed consumed, iii) anticipated average daily gain iv) total cost
of feed (concentrates and grass), and v) gross profit per cattle. If a portion of the feed is
fed as grass, then the model also computes the pasture land required in hectares, based
on the forage species chosen. It is anticipated that the developed model can assist cattle
entrepreneurs and farmers in the development of the beef cattle industry in Malaysia.

RUMINANTS M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
Arcobacter butzleri – A DOMINANT SPECIES AMONG

ARCOBACTERS ISOLATED FROM BEEF RETAILED IN
SELANGOR, MALAYSIA
SHAH A.H., SALEHA A.A.1, MURUGAIYAH M., ZUNITA Z. AND SOE SOE WAI
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
1 Corresponding author: saleha@vet.upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT. This is the first report on Arcobacter detection from beef in Selangor,
Malaysia. A total of 106 beef samples were collected from different markets around Serdang,
Selangor. The isolates produced smooth, translucent, watery colonies and showed cork-
screw type motility on wet mount under microscope. Arcobacter showed gram-negative
reaction and found positive for catalase, oxidase and indoxyl acetate hydrolysis and negative
for hippurate hydrolysis tests. The isolates were confirmed through multiplex polymerase
chain reaction. Results showed a total of 32/106 (30.2%) beef samples were positive for
Arcobacter. Twenty-seven (84.3%) of the positive beef samples were contaminated with
only Arcobacter butzleri, while five samples (15.6%) contained two species, Arcobacter
butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus.
Keywords: Arcobacter, mPCR, beef, Malaysia

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STATUS OF CALCIUM,

PHOSPHORUS AND MAGNESIUM IN CATTLE OF
ORGANIsED AND UNORGANIsED FARMS OF
BIKANER DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN
SINGH A.P., GAHLOT A.K.1, SHARMA T., DADHICH H.
1 Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Bikaner-33001, Rajasthan, India. Email: drapsinghbikaner@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT. An attempt was made to study 317 cattle, to know the status of the Ca, P
and Mg under organised and unorganised conditions so as to derive conclusion regarding
deficiency, excess, imbalance and interactions, which may affect the productivity of
indigenous and crossbred cattle. These, 317 cattle belonging to either sex, different age
groups and productivity were included in the study. Calcium and phosphorus concentrations
in the serum of cattle were nearly in the ratio of 2:1. The Ca and P concentrations were
recorded to be significantly higher in organised farm and crossbred cattle probably due
to supplementation of minerals in these categories of animals. The Mg concentration in
serum did not exhibit significant effect of factors included in this study and the mean
values ranged between 2.31 ± 0.18 mg/dl and 2.98 ± 0.07 mg/dl.
Keywords: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, indigenous Rathi cattle, crossbred cattle

SEROPREVALENCE OF CAPRINE ARTHRITIS-

ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN GOATS IN
PERAK
HASSUZANA K., AINANI A., AZIZAH D., NOOR SHUHAILA S., MOHD SHAFARIN S.,
NORHAFIZA H., ZURAIDAH O., NORHANIDA S. AND ROSHASLINDA D.
Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh
ABSTRACT. The seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in

goat in Perak state was determined in 312 goat herds using the C-ELISA and AGID tests
between years 2007 to 2009. The overall seroprevalence was 10.3%. The serological data
obtained is important for the formulation of a healthy herd programme in goat farms and
for epidemiology study of CAEV in the country.
Keywords: CAEV, goats, cELISA, AGID

ISOLATION AND ADAPTATION OF FMD VIRUSES

FIELD STRAIN IN SWINE RENAL KIDNEY CELL
(IBRS-2)
SYARIFAH ASIAH M.A.1, MOHD DAUD Z. and MAHAZAN M.S.
Regional Veterinary Laboratory of Kota Bharu, Department of Veterinary Services, 16150 Kubang Kerian,
Kelantan, Malaysia
1 Corresponding author: syarifahasiah@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT. The study attempted to examine the ability of the local isolate foot-and-
mouth disease virus to grow in continuous cell line in the swine renal kidney cell (IBRS-
2) and to develop skills and procedures for extending of FMD diagnosis in the FMD
Laboratory of Kota Bharu. There were 10 and 9 tissue samples used previously tested
negative and positive, respectively, with antigen ELISA. Only 3 samples tested showed
positive isolation after which were the second passages of 2 were previously positive
screened by RT-PCR. The remaining 16 samples were found not to adapt in cell culture
probably due to non-viable virus or were old processed samples. Thus, there are no quality
samples produced due the sampling procedures or storage/transportation method made of
the samples.
Keywords: FMD virus, IBRS-2 cell culture, FMD laboratory of Kota Bharu

PREVALENCE ON CASEOUS LYMPHADENITIS

IN SHEEP AND GOATS DETECTED FROM CASES
SUBMITTED TO VRI, IPOH FROM 2008 TO 2010
NORLINDAWATI A.P.1, NORAZURA A.H., BOHARI J., CHIN S.W., ZAINAB Z.,
MAZLAN L., AMINA KHADARIAH, SURAYANI A.R., AZMALIZA A., NOR ASHIKIN,
VIJAAN G., RAMLAN M. and YEOH NO NA
1 Corresponding author: norlindawati@dvsgov.my
ABSTRACT. Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium

pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats were diagnosed routinely by Veterinary Research
Institute. A herd health programme divided into five categories of samples was analysed.
In this programme, the samples were consistently sent by every state of Peninsular
Malaysia from year 2008 until 2010. Data were analysed by dividing Peninsular Malaysia
into four regions. Analysis showed that the reactor rate for the peninsula and southern
region had increased from year 2008 to 2010. Northern Region, East Coast Region and
Central Region showed fluctuation of the reactor rate which may be due to the varied
sample volume received by VRI. Based on the results, CLA diseases became an important
disease in sheep and goats in Peninsular Malaysia. Eradication and controlling this disease
has to be done to improve the quality of our food and at the same time, to also improve the
profitability of Malaysian farms.
Keywords: caseous lymphadenitis, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Peninsular

Malaysia, VRI

A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY OF DISEASES

DIAGNOSED IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE IN an IPOH
ABATTOIR
NAIM M.S., SOHAYATI A.R.1, ZAINI C.M., ASFARINA Z., ISMAIL A.M.,
CHANDRAWATHANI P. AND RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author: sohayati@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. A study on the prevalent zoonotic diseases diagnosed in slaughtered cattle

was conducted in the Ipoh abattoir in 2010. A total of 22 carcasses were sampled and a
laboratory diagnosis was carried out. Findings showed that 50% of the carcasses had poor
body condition, some animal was serogically positive for B. abortus, melioidoisis and
leptospirosis. Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma sp. and
Pasteurella haemolytica (not type A or T) were also found in the samples. The presence
of parasites such as Babesia, Theileria and Fasciola was also noted. Biosafety practices
should be instilled in abattoirs to reduce the risks of zoonotic disease transmission.
Keywords: abattoir, cattle, diseases

UTILIsATION OF GAMMA-INTERFERON ASSAY FOR

DETECTING BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN DAIRY
CATTLE IN SELANGOR AND NEGERI SEMBILAN
NAZIRAH ABDULLATAD1,6 , AZRI ADZHAR1, KRISHNAN N.1, ROSLAINI RUSLI1,
NORSUHANNA M.M.1, NORAINI ABD RAHMAN2 , NAHARIAH ABDULLAH 3 ,
AKMA NGAH HAMID 4 and ARSHAD M.M. 5
1 Headquarters of the Department of Veterinary Services Malaysia, Putrajaya
2 Selangor State Veterinary Services
3 Negeri Sembilan State Veterinary Services,
4 Regional Veterinary Laboratory Petaling Jaya
5 University Malaysia of Kelantan
6 Corresponding author:nazirah@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Current practices of detecting bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Malaysia by

using skin test is a time and energy consuming multi-step process requiring planning
and commitment. From November 2009 to March 2010, a pilot study was conducted to
determine the prevalence of bovine TB in small-scale dairy cattle herds in the districts
of Kuala Selangor, Sepang, Kuala Langat and Hulu Langat in Selangor and the district
of Seremban in Negeri Sembilan by using a simple method, gamma-interferon assay
(Bovigam™) for detecting the cell-mediated immunity. A total of 66 herds from the five
districts were randomly selected. From each herd, cattle equal or more than 12 months
of age were tested. Heparanised blood samples from 884 cattle were collected and 754
were tested. The results showed that the overall animal prevalence of bovine TB was 3%
(26/754). Overall farm prevalence was 18% (12/66). Seven gamma-interferon positive cattle
were retested by using Tuberculin Skin Test and all were positive. This study showed that
gamma-interferon assay which is simple and less time consuming, gave similar results to
Tuberculin Skin Test, and can be used to detect bovine TB for the bovine TT eradication
programme in Malaysia.
Keywords: prevalence, bovine tuberculosis, small-scale dairy cattle, gamma-interferon,

Bovigam™

A PRELIMINARY STUDY USING USEFUL MICROBES

(UM) FOR WORM CONTROL IN GOATS
NURULAINI R.1, CHANDRAWATHANI P.1, PREMAALATHA B.1, ZAINI C.M.1,
ADNAN M.1, ZAWIDA Z.1, WAN M.K. 2 AND MOHAMED ZAINUDEEN M.H. 2
1 Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
2 Department of Veterinary Services Penang, Bukit Tengah, 14000 Bukit Mertajam, Penang
ABSTRACT. A novel method of worm control in small ruminants incorporating green

technology is the use of Useful Microbes or UM Technology. UM Bokashi mix (effective
microbes in the form of granules) with pellet and UM fluid in drinking water was used for
this study. Faecal egg counts (FEC) using the modified McMaster technique was carried
out weekly for 5 weeks. The results showed that the UM used for animal feeding (5%
Bokashi with commercial goat pellet) and ad lib UM fluid in drinking water, fed over
a period of 1 month showed faecal egg count reduction from 3240 e.p.g. to 677 e.p.g.
(79% reduction). Further studies are necessary to establish the systematic use of UM in
smallholder farms as well as large commercial establishments and to determine its mode
of action in the pathophysiological aspects in the face of common limitations such as poor
nutrition and other stress factors.
Keywords: useful microbes, goats, worm control

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AS A MOLECULAR TOOL

FOR THE CHARACTERISATION OF FOOT-AND-
MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS STRAINS CIRCULATING IN
MALAYSIA AND SURROUNDING COUNTRIES
NOR FAIZAH ABDUL-HAMID3 , NAHEED M. HUSSEIN3 , JEMMA WADSWORTH1,
ALAN D. RADFORD2 , NICK J. KNOWLES1 and DONALD P. KING1,2
1 Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UNITED
KINGDOM.
2 University of Liverpool, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road,
Neston, South Wirral, CH64 7TE, UNITED KINGDOM.
3 Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani, Block Podium Lot 4G1 Precinct 4, Federal Government
Administration Centre, 62630 Putrajaya, MALAYSIA.
ABSTRACT. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in countries of mainland

Southeast Asia (SEA). The aim of this study was to use genetic data to determine the
distribution of FMD virus (FMDV) lineages in the Southeast Asia region and to identify
possible sources of FMDV-causing outbreaks in Malaysia. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1
sequences were obtained from 214 samples collected between years 2000 and 2009,
from FMD outbreaks in six Southeast Asian countries. They showed that there were two
patterns of FMDV distribution in Malaysia. Firstly, for some lineages (O/SEA/Mya-98
and serotype A), outbreaks occurred every year in the country and did not appear to
persist. Furthermore, for these lineages FMD viruses in Malaysia were closely related to
those from neighbouring countries. In contrast, for O/ME-SA/PanAsia lineage, viruses
were introduced and remained to cause outbreaks in subsequent years. In particular, the
recent incursion and maintenance of the PanAsia-2 sublineage into Malaysia appears to
be unique and independent from other outbreaks in the region. This study is the first
characterisation of FMDV in Malaysia and provides evidence for different epidemiological
sources of virus introduction into the country.
Keywords: foot-and-mouth disease, VP1 sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, Southeast

Asia, Malaysia.

POST-FMD OUTBREAK COMPLICATION IN DAIRY

CATTLE MALAYSIA
CHEE W.K., ADZHAR A. and MAHENDRAN R.
Department of Veterinary Services Malaysia, Putrajaya
ABSTRACT. A follow-up study of an FMD outbreak in Negeri Sembilan was conducted

on dairy farms. Farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire and dairy cattle were
observed for post-clinical signs of FMD. About 24 dairy farms were visited during this
study. Data collected in the questionnaire include population of dairy cattle in each
farm, the numbers of new dairy cattle received by each farmer, numbers of dairy cattle
infected with FMD (morbidity rate), mortality rate (in adult cattle, calves and other
animals including goats), date when clinical signs were first observed, date of death, milk
production (before and after disease outbreak), vaccination programme and treatment.
Results showed that milk production in dairy farms severely decreased after the FMD
outbreak. Calves showed high mortality while in adult cattle there were sudden death and
abortion. Post-clinical signs in dairy cattle included lameness, poor body score, abortion,
decrease in milk production and recurring infection of the hoof. For goats, it was observed
that FMD easily spread to the goat farms located near the infected dairy farms. It caused
high mortality in goat without clinical signs. From the questionnaire, it was linked that a
dairy farm practising very good FMD vaccination programme can reduce or even prevent
their cattle from being infected with the disease.
Keywords: FMD, dairy, cattle, goat

QUANTIFICATION ASSAY FOR FOOT-AND-MOUTH

DISEASE VIRUS SEROTYPE O TO BE USED AS
CHALLENGE VIRUS IN VACCINE EFFICACY STUDIES
ZURAIDAH O.1, HASSUZANA K.1, SHARIFAH ASIAH 2 , MAHAZAN2 , AINANI A.1,
NORHAFIZA H.1, NORHANIDA S.1 AND ROSHASLINDA D.1
1 Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh
2 Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Kota Bharu, Kelantan
ABSTRACT. Quantification assay of Passage 4 FMDV serotype O was conducted to

express the virus infectivity. The 50% tissue-culture infective dose50 (TCID50) was used
in the study to determine the titre of the virus to be used as challenge virus in vaccine
efficacy study. The titre of the virus was only 104 TCID50/0.1 ml and the virus needs to
undergo further passages to increase the titre to be used as a challenge virus.

A CASE REPORT OF HIGH MORTALITY IN NEWLY

IMPORTED GOATS IN MALAYSIA
ROHANI K.1, SUHAIMI O.A. 2 , JAMALIAH S. 2 , NIZAMUDDIN Q.1, MASWATI M.A. 3 ,
ZURIN Azlin M.J.1, NAZIRAH 2 , NAHEED H. 2 and RAFIAH A.1
1 Perak State Department of Veterinary Services, Ipoh
2 Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya
3 Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh
ABSTRACT. A case of high mortality in newly imported goats was reported in Pondok
Tanjong, Perak, Malaysia. Deaths of goats started being noticed on day 3 upon arrival
and after grazing on B. brizantha which was covered abundantly by Trema spp. Total of
1,544 goats reportedly died throughout 17 days of the incidence. Clinical signs showed
the weaknesses, nervous and respiratory signs and sudden death. Pathological findings
mainly indicated acute hepatic necrosis and toxicity. Corrective management of housing
and feeding was implied to have resulted in the reduced mortality. Trema spp. leaves
toxicity was highly suspect.
Keywords: goats, high mortality, Trema spp., poisoning

JOHNE’S DISEASE IN DAIRY CATTLE

Norhamizah A.H.1, Julaida S., Norsharina A., Saudah S., Slamah B. and
Nurilyana M.T.
Regional Veterinary Laboratory Johor Bahru, Lot PTB 11098 Jalan Taruka, Off Jalan Datin Halimah, 80350 Johor
Bahru, Johor.
1 Corresponding author: norhamizah79@gmail.com
ABTRACT. Paratuberculosis is a chronic mycobacteria disease characterised by

irreversible wasting diarrhoea and death from cachexia in ruminants. Mycobacterium
avium subsp. Paratuberculosis was detected from 5 rectal pinch samples. Direct smear
stained with Acid Fast was used to detect the organism. Subsequent sampling also
indicated positive for Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis. Blood sample
were also taken from the same cattle and serological test was carried out using enzyme
linked immnunoflurosent assay (ELISA) for serum antibodies detection. Two out of five
samples were positive for presence of serum antibodies Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis. The mortality of the adult dairy cattle and calves in this farm was high,
reaching up to 40%. The long time period between infection and development of the
disease and the inability of diagnostic tests to indentify the infected animal during quiet
phase of the disease makes the disease difficult to control. Further study in diagnostic test
to detect the organism in the quiet phase is needed to overcome the problem.

COPPER TOXICITY IN DORPER BREED SHEEP:

REVIEW ON LABORATORY APPROACH
GUNALAN S.1,3 , AZMAN S.1, HISHAMMFARIZ M.1, SAMSURI M. 2 , WAN S.1 and
MINAH O1.
1 Regional Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Kuantan, Jalan Sri Kemunting 2, Kuantan, Pahang
2 Felda Farm Product Sdn. Bhd., Runchang, Pekan Pahang
3 Corresponding author: gunalan@dvs.gov.my
Abstract. Investigations into trace elements nutrition has been insignificant and is
the most neglected field of research in sheep. This is reflected by an increase in unsolved
cases of high mortality, high morbidity, severe production losses, reproduction and
musculoskeletal problems nationwide. It is believed that trace mineral imbalances are
major constraints contributing to these problems. In this study, laboratory investigation or
approach toward copper toxicity in Dorper breed sheep has been carried out to determine
the tissue copper level and postmortem lesion that present. The morbidity and mortality
rate was almost 4% in the farm. The tissue copper residue was taken to support the
evidence of copper toxicity in the Dorper breed sheep. The pathognomic lesions were
icterus carcass, hepatomegaly and friable liver, gunmetal-colored kidney, enlarged spleen
and severe congestion of organs. In histopathology, the lesion such as severe hepatic
necrosis, renal tubular necrosis and severe congestion had taken place in various tissues.
The diagnostic of copper toxicity in Dorper sheep showed that the copper level ranged
from 69.62-500 ppm (as 6 samples showed more than 500 ppm) with mean of 344.32
ppm. The kidney copper level ranged from 42.21-362.68 ppm with mean of 131.79 ppm.
The blood picture showed 3.77 µg/ml copper levels in whole blood (EDTA tube). Few
sheep showed signs of anemia in the blood haemogramme and increased in biochemistry
parameters (liver enzymes) in the flock that succumbed to copper toxicity. Sheep showed
signs of lymphocytosis (in haematology parameter) and hyperglobinemia (in biochemistry
analysis). Liver enzymes (such as aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, gamma-
glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase) showed significant increase. Copper was
found in the paddy husk used in the formulation of the feeds. Copper toxicity was a major
contributing factor for the morbidity and mortality of the sheep in this farm. In conclusion,
the diagnosis of copper status in a flock of sheep should be based on the combination of
analysis and interpretation of herd history, clinical signs, individual necropsy findings and
laboratory tests on serum (ceruloplasmin level) and fresh liver samples whenever possible.
Keywords: Dorper sheep, diagnosis, clinical biochemistry, copper toxicity, postmortem

lesion, histopathology

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE

OF DAIRY BUFFALOES (MURRAH) IN LADANG
INFOTERNAK
THEIVANAI J.1, QUAZA NIZAMUDDIN H.N.1, SABRINA M.P.1, MOHD NIZAM t.1,
PREMALATHA B. 2 AND CHANDRAWATHANI P. 2
1 Department of Veterinary Services Perak, Ipoh,
2 Veterinary Research Institute Ipoh,
Abstract. The Murrah breed of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is the premier milking
buffalo. It is originally from Punjab and Haryana states of India and Punjab province of
Pakistan. These buffaloes were imported (150 females and 7 males) into Malaysia. 21
buffaloes were sent to Ladang Infoternak. Basic data collection was done to monitor the
performances which include body weight gain of the adults, average daily gain (ADG) of
calves, milk production and total plate count for a period of one year. The average weight
of male buffalo was 800 kg while the female was 572.5 kg. ADG for buffalo calves were
0.33kg to 0.74kg for females and 0.43kg to 0.70 kg for males. Average milk production per
day was between 4-5 liters while the total plate count was 7.9 × 103.
Keywords: Murrah buffalo, body weight gain, average daily weight gain, milk production,
total plate count

BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF BEEF IN KOTA

BHARU AND SURROUNDING PROVINCES (2011)
FAZLINA F., MUHAMMAD M.S., AL-SULTAN I.I. AND JASBIR S.1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu
1 Corresponding address: jasbir@umk.edu.my
Abstract. This investigation compares 42 beef samples obtained from Kota Bharu
Government Abattoir (n=10), Pasir Mas Government Abattoir (n=9) and from various
backyard slaughterhouses in Kota Bharu and surrounding provinces (n=23). The total
plate count (TPC) and coliform count conducted on the samples were found to be
significantly different (P<0.05) between the 3 different locations. The samples from
backyard slaughterhouses had consistently the higher TPC and coliform count. Some
of the beef samples from backyard slaughterhouses were above the maximum limits of
TPC (<1.0 x 106 cfu/g) as required by Malaysian regulatory standards under the Food
Regulations (1985) and most of them exceeded the acceptable limits for coliform count
(1,000 mpn/g). There were isolates of some bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella
sp., Streptococcus sp. and Escherichia coli) obtained from the beef samples. The study
demonstrates that beef from backyard slaughterhouses is significantly poorer in meat
hygiene standards as compared to beef from cattle slaughtered in government abattoirs
and this may be of public health importance.
Keywords: bacterial contamination, beef, Kota Bharu

CASE REPORT: Typical Lesions Of Foot-and-

Mouth Disease In Naïve Dairy Cattle
Suhaimi O.A.1, Naheed M.H.M.1, Quaza H.N. 2 , Nazri A.R.1 and Salwani A.M.D.1
1 Department of Veterinary Services Putrajaya
2 State Veterinary Services Perak
Abstract. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a notifiable disease in Malaysia. The

states of Sabah and Sarawak are OIE recognized FMD free zones in Malaysia without
vaccination. However, Peninsular Malaysia is endemic to FMD where outbreaks have a
trend to occur during the muslim festive season in the last quarter of the year when animal
movement is at its peak. In December 2010, naïve pregnant dairy heifers of the breed
Friesien-Jersey cross were distributed to dairy farmers under the government subsidy
scheme in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Perak and Kedah. These cattle were
exposed to FMD virus and exhibited clinical signs. Animals belonging to the farmers
also became infected and clinical. Farmers who vaccinated, their cattle were protected
against FMD, only farmers who did not vaccinate had their animals in clinical status.
Serotype “A“ was diagnosed and confirmed by the National FMD Laboratory in Kota
Bharu, Kelantan. Clinical signs seen in these naïve dairy herds were very severe and
have not been seen in outbreaks in beef animals. Besides lesions in the interdigital space
and coronary band a few cattle had sloughing of the hoof which is not frequently seen in
local cattle except in pigs. Characteristic lesions of FMD vesicles on the tongue, cheek,
dental pad and gums were noticed. The large amount of the tongue epithelial tissue just
peeled off easily when held. Typical sign of long and ropy salivation instead of the usual
salivation with short and dropping of saliva to the ground was noticed. Very severe blisters
badly affecting the teats and to some extend lesions deep in the teats were noticed and
cause the blockage of the teats reducing milk production. Some cases had very severely
affected teats and the whole quarter of the udder swollen and hard. The objective of this
paper is to share information on the typical and severe clinical signs that were seen during
the FMD outbreak of serotype ‘ A’ in naïve dairy herds. This abstract is support to the
pictorial presentation of the clinical signs which the author will be presenting.
Keywords: FMD, dairy cattle, typical, severe, clinical signs

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE
POST-PARTUM BLEEDING IN A GERMAN SHEPHERD

KERR AI RU
Pet Medical Centre, 24 Jalan PU7/2, Pusat Bandar Puchong Utama, 47140 Puchong, Selangor.
Email: petmedic@streamyx.com
ABSTRACT. The oestrus cycle of a bitch consists of 4 stages: prooestrus, oestrus,

dioestrous and aneoestrus; each lasting for various numbers of days and differs between
individuals. Apart from observing physical changes in the bitch, such as the presence and
the colour of the vaginal discharge, swollen vulva and the acceptance of the bitch towards
the male, cytology is another and more definite way to tell which stage of the oestrus
cycle the bitch is in. Using cytology to stage the cycle is a cost effective, non-invasive
method and is the easiest way to determine whether a bitch with vaginal discharge is in
fact in its normal physiological stage or not, when other diagnostic tools such as radiology
and ultrasound fails. However, cytology alone may not be sufficient when it comes to the
reproductive condition of the bitch. Other factors like the history of the bitch and physical
examination findings also plays a role.

SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
THE EXPRESSION OF VITAMIN D 24-HYDROXYLASE

(CYP24A1) PREDICTS POOR CLINICAL-OUTCOME IN
HUMAN AND DOGS WITH OSTEOSARCOMA
GAYATHRI THEVI SELVARAJAH1, MARIANNA TRYFONIDOU2 , MARJA KIK3 ,
ADRI SLOB2 , JAN A. MOL 2 AND JOLLE KIRPENSTEIJN2
1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
2 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University,
3553 CM, The Netherlands
3 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3553 CM, The
Netherlands
ABSTRACT. The active form of vitamin D (1alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol;

calcitriol) has potent anti-neoplastic activity in the management of a number of human
and canine malignancies. The enzyme CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) converts active
calcitriol to its inactive form abrogating its anti-cancer effects in aggressive tumours.
Overexpression of CYP24A1 has been reported for several tumours but the expression and
prognostic relevance of this enzyme lacks for osteosarcoma. The objective of this study
was to evaluate the prognostic value of CYP24A1 in canine and human osteosarcoma.
CYP24A1 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically for both canine and human
osteosarcoma using a tissue microarray approach. Four canine and 2 human osteosarcoma
cell lines were evaluated for CYP24A1 expression at basal levels and upon exogenous
treatment with 1, 25(OH)2 D3 using western blot and quantitative real-time PCR assays.
All osteosarcoma cell lines expressed CYP24A1 basally and significant dose-dependent
increased expression was observed upon treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. CYP24A1
expression was present in the cytoplasm of tumour osteoblasts and high expression was
detected in osteoclasts. Dogs with CYP24A1 expression have significantly poorer survival
(p=0.044) while human patients expressing high levels of this enzyme in their tumours have
significantly shorter disease-free interval (p=0.042). In conclusion, increased CYP24A1
expression has prognostic value and could serve as a predictive marker for vitamin D
therapy efficacy in human patients and dogs with osteosarcoma. Approaches targeting
CYP24A1 may enhance the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol therapy in osteosarcoma.

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE
THE RETROVIRUS STATUS OF CATS AT ANIMAL

SHELTERS AND ADOPTION CENTRES OF MALAYSIA
FARUKU BANDE, SITI S. ARSHAD1, LATIFFAH HASSAN AND ZUNITA ZAKARIA
Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
1 Corresponding author: suri@putra.upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT. Feline leukaemia and feline immunodeficiency diseases are two

important fatal conditions of cats caused by feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline
immunodeficiency virus (FIV), respectively. A survey was conducted to determine the
prevalence and risks of FeLV and FIV at two major local animal shelter and adoption
centre. A total of 116 blood samples were collected from cats and tested for the presence
of p27 antigen of FeLV and p24 antibodies for FIV using a commercial chromatographic
test (SensPERT®, VETALL). The overall seroprevalence of FIV, FeLV and FIV/FeLV co-
infection was 33.8%, 10.3% and 3.4% respectively. Chi-square analysis further revealed
a significant association between FIV seropositivity and sexual status, health status
and behaviour of cats, while FeLV was significantly associated with breed and health
status. Cats from the animal shelter and adoption centre could therefore be at risk of
retrovirus infection and may serve as a potential source for spreading of the viruses. It is
recommended that all animal shelters should screen their residence against FIV and FeLV
before releasing them for adoption.
Keywords: retroviruses, FeLV, FIV, shelter cats, Malaysia

WILDLIFE M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
INFECTION OF Coxiella burnetti IN

TIMORENSIS DEER AND DETECTION BY
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC)
SHAHIDAYANI S.1, NORINA L. 2 , AKMA N.H.1, NOOR ASYIKIN A.1 and
SARENASULASTRI A.B. 2
1 Regional Veterinary Laboratory,Petaling Jaya
2 Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Bukit Tengah
ABSTRACT. A carcass of a 2-year-old female Timorensis deer was presented for disease
investigation. The postmortem findings revealed consolidated and congested lung and
liver and pin point hemorrhage at the kidney and cotyledon. Sightings of a whitish spot
about 1 mm to 2 mm in diameter was observed at the placenta. Standard histological
staining of the organs were done for both doe and the foetus. Trophoblast cell was found
at the liver and lung of the foetus. Therefore, immunohistochemistry was performed to
confirm Q fever infection. Coxiella burnetti infection was confirmed by positive result of
IHC at lung, placenta, uterus and liver of the doe and also at the lung and spleen of the
foetus. Isolation was performed in a 5-day-old SPF egg via yolk sac which revealed the
organism and was confirmed by IHC.
Keywords: 2-year, female, Timorensis, deer, placenta, foetus, trophoblast, IHC, 5-day-old
SPF egg, sac

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch WILDLIFE
NON-SURGICAL CASTRATION IN CONTROLING

LONG TAILED MACAQUE (Macaca fascicularis)
POPULATION BY DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND
NATIONAL PARKS (DWNP) PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
KAYAL VIZI A/P KARUPPANNAN
Conservation Biodiversity Division, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, KM 10 Jalan Cheras,
56100 Kuala Lumpur. Email: kayalvizi@wildlife.gov.my
Abstract. The study was carried out to investigate the intraepididymal injection
method used as chemical castration applied to adult male long-tailed macaques for fertility
control by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP). A mixture of ethanol-
formalin was used in this technique. Chemical agents were injected into the epididymis or
vas deferens which caused infertility by induced blockage of the tubules in male animals.
This method is not technically challenging, it is inexpensive but is only suitable for large
scale sterilisation. This method does not require removal of the testis, hence it inexpensive
and easy to execute. A successful castrated specimen will show azoospermia. Thus DWNP
chose this as an additional method in controlling the long-tailed macaque population in
Peninsular Malaysia.
Keyword: intraepididymal, azoospermia, chemical castration

TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT IN INFANT ORANG

UTAN
SABAPATHY D., MUSTAPHA KAMAL A.B., NOOR DURRATUL AIN A.R. AND
IZZATUL HUSNA I.
Bukit Merah Orang Utan Island Foundation, Jalan Bukit Merah,34400 Semanggol, Perak
ABSTRACT. Body temperature control is vital for the survival of orang utan infants.
In an orang utan infant, the anterior hypothalamus is very sensitive to changes in body
temperature. The common clinical parameters during a febrile episode are rise in pulse
rate, low blood pressure and high respiration rate. The temperature of the orang utan
infant is normally taken under the armpit by a mercury or digital thermometer. Any rise
in body temperature above 36.7°C to 38.5°C warrants further investigation. In the Bukit
Merah Orang Utan Island, a study was carried out among orang utan infants between the
ages of 1 month to 1.5 years. The optimal control of body temperature is essential for the
recovery of the infant. A combination antipyretics of ibuprofen and diclofenac resinate
seemed to produce better results.
Keywords: Orang utan infants, temperature, management

DEVELOPMENT OF HAEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL

CHEMISTRY REFERENCE VALUES OF Cervus
timorensis
ZAWIDA Z.1, ADNAN M., PREMAALATHA B., ZAINI C. M., JAMNAH O.,
CHANDRAWATHANI P., NURULAINI R., NORLINDAWATI A.P., NORAZURA A. H. AND
MOHD BOHARI J.
1 Corresponding author: zawida82@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT. Haematology and biochemistry values of clinical significance that can

be used for reference data for deer in captivity were determined from adult Timor deer
(Cervus timorensis). A total of 45 whole blood and 29 serum samples were collected and
processed to obtain the values. The lower and upper bound for haematology parameters
were: red blood cell (RBC), 11.84 to 13.35 × 106/µl; packed cell volume (PCV), 39.10
to 43.16%; haemoglobin (Hb), 12.00 to 13.11 g/dL; white blood cell (WBC), 9.65 to
13.06 × 103/µl; neutrophil 41.54 to 48.02%; lymphocyte 45.75 to 54.07%; monocyte 2.13
to 3.12%; eosinophil 4.35 to 5.99%. The lower and upper bound for kidney function
biochemistry parameters were: calcium 2.48 to 2.55 mmol/L; creatinine 158.25 to 168.21
µmol/L; inorganic phosphorus 2.26 to 2.51 mmol/L; and Urea-Nitrogen 7.39 to 7.93
mmol/L. The lower and upper bound for liver function biochemistry parameters were:
alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) 91.67 to 129.52 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 82.81
to 92.37 U/L; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 82.08 to 90.64 U/L; total bilirubin 7.03 to
10.89 µmol/L; ammonia 241.4 to 263.34 µmol/L; total protein 72.14 to 77.79 g/L; albumin
32.25 to 36.3 g/L; globulin 38.14 to 42.86 g/dL and A/G ratio 0.79 to 0.90. The lower and
upper bound of parameters are suggested to be the reference value of Cervus timorensis
considering samples were taken from animals with no clinical signs.
Keywords: deer, Cervus timorensis, haematology, clinical chemistry, normal values

A CASE OF SALMONELLOSIS IN A BABY ELEPHANT

SRIYANTO, SHAHIRUDIN S. AND ZAMRI-SAAD M.
Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT. A 7-day-old male baby elephant was found dead at the National Elephant
Conservation Centre, Kuala Gandah, Malaysia. Before death, it was initially weak but
with the aid of bottle-feeding it became more alert and active. Postmortem examination
revealed lacerated wounds on the right foreleg and on the upper eyelid. The lung was
congested with fibrin on the pleura. The mucus membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract was
severely congested. Histological examinations revealed lesions of haemorrhagic enteritis
and congestion of most other organs. Based on the gross and histology findings, the baby
elephant was suspected to suffer from septicemia. Salmonella enterica was isolated from
the intestine, heart and liver.
Keywords: elephant, hemorrhagic enteritis, salmonellosis

REVIEW ON THE CHEMICAL IMMOBILIsATION OF

CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS IN ZOO TAIPING & NIGHT
SAFARI
LAZARUS K., CHOY F.s. AND LIM c.K.
Zoo Taiping and Night Safari, Jalan Taman Tasik Taiping, 34000, Taiping, Perak Darul Ridzuan
Abstract. The last decade has seen a phenomenal increase and availability of
various drugs to zoo veterinarians in Malaysia thus allowing more options and safer drug
combinations to be used to immobilise captive wild animals. Nevertheless, all immobilising
drugs are potent and dangerous and should be used judiciously with careful supervision.
This paper reviews the old and new drugs and combinations that are commonly used to
immobilise zoo animals at Zoo Taiping and Night Safari.
Keywords: chemical immobilisation, drug, zoo animal, captive animal

MANAGEMENT OF JAW OSTEOMYELITIS AND TOOTH

ROOT ABSCESS IN A BLACK PANTHER (Panthera
pardus)
CHOY F.S.1,4 , LIM c.k.1, NOR AZHANI K. 2 AND KHOR K.C. 3
1 Zoo Taiping and Night Safari, Jalan Taman Tasik Taiping, 34000 Taiping, Perak
2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
3 Klinik Pergigian Khor, Jalan Kota, 34000 Taiping, Perak
4 Corresponding author: choy@zootaiping.gov.my
Abstract. A 20-year-old Black Panthera (Panthera pardus) was presented with

purulent material discharging from the ventral mandibulum. Physical examination and
diagnostic workup revealed jaw osteomyelitis secondary to a right canine tooth root
abscess. Endodontic therapy or root canal therapy was opted to save the tooth.
Keywords: tooth root abscess, jaw osteomyelitis, endodontic therapy, root canal therapy,
non-domestic felid

CORONA DISCHARGE THERAPY FOR A MALAYSIAN

ELEPHANT (Elephas masimus hirsutus)
VELLAYAN S.1 and YAP M.T. 2
1 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Tecknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor. Email: vellayans@yahoo.com
2 Panmedic Sdn Bhd, 46050 Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Abstract. Corona discharge therapy, an evidence-based therapeutic modality, was

used on a 40-year-old female Malaysian elephant. The elephant was on systematic therapy
for her wounds for 5 days. All therapies were then stopped for 4 days. Corona discharge
therapy was subsequently applied on both the hind limb joints for 4 days. The non-invasive
treatment was made with a multi-patented, electronic therapeutic device called VET-2
Sonotron without the concurrent use of drugs. Corona discharge beam (CDB) of the device
was used to relieve the joint pain and inflammation. The skin surface of the elephant joints
was scanned with the CDB emanating from a discharge electrode to which was applied
periodic bursts of radio frequency at 0.43 mHz, pulsed at 1 kHz of sound frequency. With
this therapy, the elephant had remarkable anti-inflammatory effects.
Keywords: injured Malaysian elephant, joint pain, VET-2 Sonotron, corona discharge
therapy

ZOONOSES & PUBLIC HEALTH M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
A SURVEILLANCE STUDY ON LEVEL OF HEAVY

METALS CONTAMINATION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN
MALAYSIA
RAZLINA R.1,2 , CHE ZALINA M.Z.1, KAREN K.1, AZMIE M.Z.1
1 Biosecurity and SPS Management Division, Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani Level 5, Podium
Block 1A Lot 4G1, Precint 4, 62630 Putrajaya
2 Corresponding author: razlina@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Excess amounts of heavy metal is toxic to humans and animals as it

may accumulate in the tissues. This study was done to determine levels of heavy metal
contamination in animal products in Malaysia. Samples of beef, chicken meat, pork,
chicken eggs and milk were taken randomly from farms, abattoir, stalls and Department
of Veterinary Services (DVS) Milk Collecting Centre. All samples were tested
for lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn) and antimony (Sb).
Determination of As and Hg was done using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) while
the determination of Pb, Cd, Sn and Se was done using inductively coupled plasma optical
emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). 17.2% of beef, 5.6% of chicken meat and 10% of pork
were found to be contaminated with Hg and 13.8% of beef, 50% of chicken meat and
5% of pork were contaminated with As. None of milk and eggs tested had detectable
contamination of heavy metals. Levels of contamination of As in beef was 0.01+0.025,
chicken meat was 0.046+0.051 and pork was 0.003+0.011 while Hg contamination in beef
was 0.005+0.012, chicken meat was 0.001+0.005 and pork was 0.001+0.003. It is believed
that contaminations of animal products were mostly coming from feed.
Keywords: heavy metals, contamination level, animal products, detected

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch ZOONOSES & PUBLIC HEALTH
MELIOIDOSIS IN SHEEP AND GOAT: DIAGNOSTIC

CASES IN THE VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FROM 2009 TO 2010
NAAMA T.1, CHIN S.W., MAZLAN L., SURAYANI A.R., ZAINAB Z.,
AMINAH KHADARIAH A.L., VIJAAN G., AZMALIZA A.A., NOR ASHIKIN M.S.,
NURUL FATIHA A.S. AND RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author: naama@dvsvri.gov.my
Abstract. Melioidosis is predominantly a disease of the tropical climate especially in

Southeast Asia and Northern Australia where it is endemic. Melioidosis was diagnosed
routinely at the Serology Unit in the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh, Malaysia
by using complement fixation test. In 2009, a total of 906 cases (33,088 serum samples)
were received from goat and sheep species for diagnosis. The number of cases increased
to 1,071 cases (48,512 serum samples) in 2010. In sheep, the reactor rates for samples
submitted to VRI from all states in Malaysia was 6.31% (5,029 samples) for 2009 whereas
in 2010, 2.65% (7,463 samples). The same trend was observed in goat cases which was
higher in 2009, 2.83% (28,059 samples) positive cases compared to cases in 2010, 1.34%
(41,049 samples). Results showed that the highest positive melioidosis samples diagnosed
for sheep in 2009 was from Pahang with reactor rate 2.71% (575 samples) followed by
Johor 1.21% (1,564 samples) and Terrengganu 1.09% (1,576 samples). In 2010, Pahang also
had the highest positive melioidosis 0.93% (479 samples) followed by Negeri Sembilan
0.79% (646 samples) and Terengganu 0.78% (945 samples). For goat cases, the highest
positive melioidosis cases in 2009 were from Sabah 8.39% (8,600 samples) followed by
Perak 2.07% (3,559 samples) and Negeri Sembilan 1.90% (6,943 samples). In 2010, the
highest was from Sabah 6.14% (4,125 samples) followed by Perak 4.17% (2,288 samples)
and Terengganu 1.63 % (945 samples). Generally the highest number of positive cases
was in February for 2009 and October for 2010. Burkholderia pseudomallei infection
is important as it has economic and zoonotic implications. Thus, it is recommended
that farmers should regularly monitor the health and welfare of their animals, including
management practices and personal hygiene to avoid and minimise the spread of infection
in the country.
Keywords: melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, sheep, goat, complement fixation test

SURVEILLANCE OF RABIES BY THE VETERINARY

RESEARCH INSTITUTE (VRI) FROM 2006-2010
NINY FARIZA J.1,SHAFARIN M.S., AZIZAH D., MASRIN A., ASNIZA S. and
RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author: ninyfariza@dvs.gov.my
Abstract. Rabies is one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. All warm-
blooded animals are susceptible to infection by the virus. It is a fatal viral encephalitis
and results from infection with viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus. Animal Rabies
Surveillance Programme in Malaysia was initiated by Department of Veterinary Services
(DVS) under OIE guidelines in 1998. The main objective for the Rabies Surveillance
Programme is for Malaysia to gain a rabies-free status. A total of 3,088 brain samples
were collected and tested using the routine tests – fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and
histopathology (for biting case), carried out at VRI, Ipoh. However for the year 2006-2010,
no positive cases were detected.
Keywords: rabies, fluoresent antibody test (FAT), surveillance

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON THE SEROPREVALENCE

OF THREE RE-EMERGING INFECTIONS AMONG
FARMERS AND VETERINARY TECHNICAL STAFF IN
SELANGOR AND NEGERI SEMBILAN, MALAYSIA
BAMAIYI P.H.1, HASSAN L.1,7, KHAIRANI-BEJO S.1, KRISHNAN N. 3 , ADZHAR A. 3 ,
RAMLAN M. 2 , HAMIDAH N.H.M. 5 , ABDULLAH N. 4 , MAIZURA H.6 , KHEBIR B.V.6 and
NORSUHANNA M.M. 3
1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra,
Malaysia, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia,
2 Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak Malaysia,
3 Department of Veterinary Services Headquarters Putrajaya, Malaysia,
4 Department of Veterinary Services Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
5 Department of Veterinary Services Selangor, Malaysia
6 Zoonosis Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
7 Corresponding author: latiffah@vet.upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT. The seroprevalence of three bacterial re-emerging diseases namely

brucellosis, leptospirosis and melioidosis was investigated in farmers and technical staff
of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. The study found that the highest seroprevalence for
both Selangor and Negeri Sembilan was among the farmers with seroprevalence of 5.05%
± 2.15 and 5.88% ± 3.7 respectively. Among the technical staff, the highest seroprevalence
for the disease was observed among the staff in Negeri Sembilan. Antibodies against
Leptospira spp. was the most commonly detected among the three pathogens. Knowledge
of the mode of transmission of zoonotic infections may have been an advantage for the
technical staff in preventing exposure to these pathogens.
Keywords: seroprevalence, Brucella, Leptospira, Bulkhoderia pseudomallei, re-emerging

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE OF Salmonella

typhimurium ISOLATES FROM MEAT SAMPLES
SUBMITTED TO VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
IN 2009
ROSELIZA R.1, MASWATI M.A., HASNAH Y. AND RAMLAN M.
Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Veterinary Services, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh Perak.
1 Corresponding author: edlysza@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT. This study reports the antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of Salmonella
Typhimurium from various meat samples submitted for diagnosis to the Veterinary Research
Institute. A total of 32 Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from various meat samples from
January to December 2009 were tested for resistance against 13 different antimicrobial
agents according to CSLI (Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute) standard by using disc
diffusion method. Twenty-five, (80%) of all Salmonella Typhimurium isolates displayed
multidrug resistance. The most common profile of multiple antimicrobial resistance
was to ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid. Among the
strains, 15.6% showed no resistance to all antimicrobials tested and only 6.3% Salmonella
Typhimurium strains were resistant to only one antimicrobial agent. In this study, pork
isolates showed greater resistance compared to poultry meat and beef. Results of the
present study indicated that the potential importance of meat- and food-producing animals
as a source of multiple antimicrobial resistant S. Typhimurium in human infections. More
prudent use of antimicrobial agents in food animals and effective disease prevention on
farms are necessary to reduce the dissemination of multidrug resistant strain of Salmonella.
Keywords: Salmonella Typhimurium, antimicrobial resistant, meat

STUDY ON THE SURVIVABILITY OF Burkholderia

pseudomallei IN SOIL FROM LUBUK YU
SHAFARIN M.S.1, HASHIM M.S. 2 , MASWATI M.A.1, ROSELIZA R.1, NINY-FARIZA J.1,
KHOO L.L.1, ROSNAH Y.1, ROSTAN M.A.Z.1 AND RAMLAN M.1
1 Veterinary Research Institute, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak
2 Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL)
ABSTRACT. Three different types of soil samples were collected from Lubuk Yu
recreational park which was reported with suspected cases of positive melioidosis causing
death in humans. Three types of soils selected were sandy, clay and peaty soils. The
samples were collected at different depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, and 30 cm
from the soil surface. The survivability of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil from Lubuk
Yu were studied based on pH, temperatue and depth in soil. As a result, the optimum
temperature and pH for growth of B. pseudomallei isolated from all soil samples in Lubuk
Yu was 37°C and pH 6.5. Its survivability in soil was found to be until 30 cm in depth.
These findings were essential to be compared in a similar aspect with another type of
soil in Malaysia temperament, thus can be used for control measures for meilioidosis in
livestock.
Keywords: survivability, B. pseudomallei, soil, pH, temperature, depth in soil

SERODIAGNOSIS OF Leptospira INFECTIONS IN

ANIMALS BY VRI IN 2010
NOOR SUHAILA SAMSI1, AZILA ZAINOL, AZIZAH DARUS, ZAMILA ZAINUN,
CHIN SAW WANG, ZAINAB ZAINAL, MOHD AZWAN HASHIM and
RAMLAN MOHAMED1
Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jln Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak
1 Corresponding author: suhaila@jphvri.gov.my
ABSTRACT. A total of 2,629 serum samples from various animal species were tested
using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to determine the frequency of the leptospiral
serovar in animal. The sera were screened for antibodies against 14 serovars of Leptospira
interogans. Altogether, 362 (13.77%) of the tested serum samples were found to be positive
serologically. Tested sera reacted to all 14 serovars used in this study. The most predominant
serovar in cattle and sheep is Hardjo (39.60% and 66.67%). However, in goat, buffalo and
horse, the most frequent serovar detected is Hebdomadis (30.00%, 32.58% and 57.14%). In
dog, the most predominant serovar is Bataviae (19.23%). There were no positive samples
from swine, shrew and cat. Domestic animals, rodents and pets can infect the environment
or transmit the disease to human or other animals. Information from this report will
enable control measures to be formulated.
Keywords: Leptospira interrogans, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), serovars,

zoonosis

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS IN

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
ANKA M.S.1, HASSAN L.1,4 , KHAIRANI-BEJO S.1, RAMLAN M. 2 , ADZHAR A. 3 and
RACHMAT R.F.N. 3
1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra
Malaysia, Serdang Selangor Malaysia
2 Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh Perak, Malaysia
3 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Putrajaya Malaysia.
4 corresponding author: latiffah@vet.upm.edu.my
Abstract. Geographical information system (GIS) is increasingly being used as

a tool in spatial epidemiological research. However, application of spatial analysis in
epidemiology and surveillance of disease is rarely considered in veterinary practice.
The present paper geo-visualised the distribution of bovine brucellosis in Peninsular
Malaysia based on spatial analysis. It also attempted to associate the cattle population
with increase infection rate through the use of overlaying map of spatial distribution and
cattle population distribution. The finding suggests that high seropositive cases lie within
high cattle population area. Our finding suggests the importance of population density and
the need to intensify priority to densely populated areas towards the control of brucellosis
in Peninsular Malaysia.
Keywords: spatial distribution, bovine brucellosis, Peninsular Malaysia

ESTIMATION OF SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY REFERENCE

VALUES FOR SWISS ALBINO MICE BRED IN VRI IPOH
NORAZURA A.H.1,3 , NORLINDAWATI A.P.1, MOHD BOHARI J.1, NAJAMUDDIN M.Y.1,
LILY ROZITA M.H.1 and NOOR AISHAH S. 2
2 International Islamic University, Kuantan, Pahang
3 Corresponding author: norazura@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. In an attempt to standardise the determination of biological reference

values, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) has published a series of
recommendations on developing reference intervals. Serum biochemistry reference values
were determined for 30 clinically healthy Swiss albino mice eight weeks age. All thirty
mice were bred in the Animal House Veterinary Research Institute. The samples were
collected between January to February 2010. The influence of sex, age and environment
were removed since they were from the same batch.
Keywords: serum biochemistry, Swiss albino mice, reference values

MOLECULAR DETECTION OF H1N2 INFLUENZA A IN

PIGS
AINANI A.1,3 , HASSUZANA K.1, SYAMSIAH AINI S.1, AZRI A. 2 , ROSHASLINDA D.1,
NORHAFIZA H.1, ZURAIDAH O.1, NORHANIDA S.1 and RAMLAN M.1
2 Epidemiology and Surveillance Section, Department of Veterinary Services, 62630 Putrajaya
3 Corresponding author: ainani@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. A total of 1,230 pooled nasal swab samples were tested for detection of swine
influenza-A by RT-PCR assay. One sample was detected positive for swine influenza-A and
identified as H1N2 type. This sample was further tested by cDNA sequencing technique
for confirmatory diagnosis. These results showed the usefulness of molecular detection
and sub-typing techniques as a rapid method for diagnosing swine influenza.
Keywords: nasal swab, swine influenza-A, RT-PCR assay, subtype H1N2

EFFICACY OF ORGACIDSTM IN THE CONTROL OF

Salmonella IN MEAT AND BONE MEAL
CHANDRASEKARAN S. AND KOK P.C.
Sunzen Lifesciences Sdn Bhd, 16 Jalan Anggerik Mokara, Kota Kemuning, 40460 Shah Alam
ABSTRACT. The efficacy of OrgacidsTM to kill/eliminate Salmonella Typhimurium

from meat and bone meal (MBM) to be used in poultry farms, was assessed. A sample
of MBM was obtained from a commercial farm. Different concentrations of OrgacidsTM,
viz., 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0% were incorporated with 25 g of MBM. The required periods
of incubation using the recommended broth medium isolation work was carried out using
the XLT agar. Salmonella Typhimurium grew without any inhibition in the control and at
0.25% concentration of OrgacidsTM. The organism was killed at concentrations of 0.5%
and above. Therefore, OrgacidsTM is effective in killing Salmonella Typhimurium in
contaminated MBM.
Keywords: OrgacidsTM, Salmonella, meat and bone meal

ANALYSIS OF cyromazine in POULTRY feed and

MUSCLES USING liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry
FARIDAH I.1 AND SUHAIMI D.
Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Services, Jln Nilai-Banting,
Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
1 Corresponding author: faridahf@dvs.gov.my
Abstract. Cyromazine is a registered pesticide for controlling flies in poultry-

caged layers. The compound is added in feed and passed through the chicken, leaving
a residue in the manure that controls the growth of the fly larvae developing in the area.
Concentration of cyromazine were determined in poultry feed and muscle using a liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with electrospray ionisation. The
procedure was optimised for simultaneous identification and quantitation of cyromazine
and its metabolite, melamine in feed and poultry muscles. The compounds were extracted
using QuEChERS method followed by dSPE C18 clean-up. LC separation was achieved
using Atlantis HILIC silica column. Selective ion reaction (SIR) was used for selective
detection of cyromazine and melamine. The calibration curves were linear in the 0, 10,
25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/kg range, with typical (R2) values higher than 0.99 for cyromazine
and 0.98 for melamine. The LOD and LOQ were lower than the MRL for cyromazine
which is 50 µg/kg. This method was successfully applied to real samples for the analysis
of cyromazine in poultry feed and muscles.
Keywords: cyromazine, melamine, poultry, tissue, feed, LC-MS

SEROPREVALENCE OF MELIOIDOSIS AMONG

LIVESTOCK IN MALAYSIA 2000-2009
MUSA H.I.1, HASSAN L.1,4 , RACHMAT R.F.N. 2 , CHANDRAWATHANI P. 3 , ZUNITA Z.1
and SALEHA A.A.1
43400 Serdang, Selangor,
2 Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani, Podium Block, Precinct 4, 62630 Putrajaya and
3 Veterinary Research Institute, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
4 Corresponding Author, Email: latiffah@vet.upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT. Melioidosis usually results in chronic debilities that reduce the productivity
of animals and condemnation of carcasses in abattoirs. Melioidosis is re-emerging among
animals and humans, and anecdotal reports suggested an increase in disease observation.
This study described the seroprevalence of melioidosis in livestock based on the data
obtained from the Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya and the Veterinary
Research Institute, Ipoh. The data were summarised according to animal species, state,
and year. The seroprevalence was 13.2, 48.2, 18.3, 13.6 and 3.6% in cattle, buffaloes, goats,
sheep and pigs respectively. The seroprevalence of the disease according to state varies
from 1.6 to 17.2%. For all species, the seroprevalence vary between 3.3% and 12.0%. The
seroprevalence over the years increased from 4.2% in 2000 to 12.0% in 2003 after which it
fluctuates between the period 2004-2007 and apparently declined between 2007 and 2009.
Keywords: seroprevalence, melioidosis, livestock, Malaysia

HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS DIAGNOSED SEROLOGICALLY

AT THE VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FROM
2001 to 2010
AZIZAH DARUS1, ZAMILA Z., NOOR SUHAILA S., AZILA Z., CHIN S.W., MAZLAN L.,
SURAYANI A.R. AZWAN H. and Ramlan M.
1 Corresponding author: azizah@jphvri.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. in ruminants,

is diagnosed in the Serology Unit of the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh,
Malaysia. Detection of human brucellosis is also routinely conducted, using all or one of
the following tests: the complement fixation test (CFT-B. abortus), serum agglutionation
test (SAT) and Coomb’s test. From year 2001 to 2010, a total number of 111 cases consisting
of 3,127 human sera were received and tested for Brucellosis. These samples were
either from patients from local hospitals or staff of the Department of Veterinary Services
(DVS). A total of, 24% of the cases comprising 68 patients were found to be positive for
Brucellosis. The majority of the positive reactors were staff of DVS and farm owners/
workers associated with cattle. However, none were reported to have clinical symptoms.
Continuous screening of humans involved in the livestock industry is advocated to ensure
early detection and diagnosis.
Keywords: human brucellosis, zoonosis, serology tests.

PREVALENCE STUDY OF BRUCELLOSIS CAUSED BY

Brucella abortus: VRI DIAGNOSTIC CASES FROM
2006-2010
MOHAMMAD BOHARI, CHIN J., ZAINAB S.W., MAZLAN Z., AMINAKHADARIAH L.,
SURAYANI A.R., AZMALIZA A., NOR ASHIKIN, VIJAAN G. AND RAMLAN M.
ABSTRACT. Brucellosis is one of the most important diseases affecting livestock,

causing mortality and morbidity. It is especially severe in the swine and ruminant industry
and is also significant to humans as it is zoonotic. As such, the Department of Veterinary
Services has taken concerted efforts to monitor and control the disease through a systematic
surveillance programme to detect the disease using existing tests. This retrospective study
reported Brucellosis (caused by Brucella abortus) cases diagnosed in various animals
from serum samples submitted to the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh from
2006-2010. The test done was the complement fixation test (CFT), which is an OIE
recommended and prescribed test for international trade. It was noted that farms with
samples testing positive for brucellosis were considered as infected farms. From 2006-
2010 VRI received 9,040 cases consisting of 240,428 samples of various species such as
goat, pig, dog, cat, rabbit, deer and buffalo. The prevalence of Brucella abortus infection
is high (21.34 to 25.45%) over the 5-year period. The highest prevalence was in cattle
which is well known as the specific host of this bacteria. As this is a zoonotic disease, data
obtained would be vital for further research and formulation of effective control activities.
Keywords: brucellosis, Brucella abortus, diagnostic case, VRI, CFT

SEROLOGICAL MONITORING OF Brucella melintensis

IN GOATS AND SHEEP IN MALAYSIA
CHIN S.W., ZAINAB Z., MAZLAN L., AMINAH KADARIAH A.L. , SURAYANI A.R.,
VIJAAN G., AZMALIZA A.A., NOR ASHIKIN S.S., NORASIAH B. HAMIDUN, MOHD
FAIRUS M.N., RAMLAN M. and CHANDRAWATHANI P.
Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh Perak.
ABSTRACT. The seroprevalence of Brucella mellintensis samples from caprine and

ovine species was monitored from 1994 to 2010 in Malaysia using the complement fixation
test. The highest prevalence for Malaysia recorded was 16.84% (1994) and dropped to
1.09% (1996). As the years progressed (1997-2010), it was under control at a rate of less
than 1.5%. In 2010, Perak had the highest prevalence rate at 3.52 % whereas Labuan,
Kuala Lumpur and Sarawak recorded 0%. Brucella mellintensis infection is important as
it has zoonotic implications, thus sytematic diagnosis and control of the disease is crucial.
Keyword: Brucella mellintensis, seroprevalence, goats, sheep, Malaysia

DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE

RESIDUES IN CHICKEN TISSUE USING QuEChERS
METHOD
KHAIRUNNISAK M.1, FARIDAH I. AND IZWAN I.
Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Nilai-Banting,
Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, 43900, Sepang, Selangor
1 Corresponding author. E-mail: khairunnisak@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. A rapid multi-residue procedure with gas chromatography mass

spectrometry (GC-MS) detection was developed to screen for the presence of organochlorine
pesticide residues in chicken tissue. The method used a new sample preparation procedure
based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) methodology. An
extraction procedure consisting of a liquid extraction of the chicken tissue with acetonitrile,
centrifuged and purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). The procedure was
optimised for simultaneous screening of 20 compounds: α-lindane, β-lindane, δ-lindane,
heptachlor epoxide, γ-chlordane, α-chlordane, endosulfan (I), DDE, DDD, endosulfan (II),
endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor, endrin ketone, lindane, heptachlor,
aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and DDT. Six of the latter compounds were quantified for routine
monitoring, with the calibration curves were linear in the range of 25-150 μg/kg and R2
values higher than 0.98. The LOD and LOQ were lower than the respective maximum
residue limits (MRLs). The mean recoveries for lindane was 88%, heptachlor 94%, aldrin
99%, dieldrin 97%, endrin 103% and DDT 79%.
Keywords : organochlorine pesticides, QuEChERS, chicken tissue, GC-MS

ELISA – A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR MONITORING OF

NIPAH VIRUS IN PIGS, DOGS, CATS AND HORSES
IN THE VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (VRI),
IPOH, MALAYSIA
FAIZUL FIKRI MY1, CHE KU MARDIANTY, LECTHUMI S. and RAMLAN M.
Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Veterinary Services, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh Perak.
1 Corresponding author: faizul@jphvri.gov.my
ABSTRACT. The outbreak of Nipah viral encephalitis in 1999 caused fatalities in both
humans and pigs. The outbreak caused mass culling of nearly one million pigs to control
the outbreak. A national surveillance programme was scheduled by the Department of
Veterinary Services (DVS) to screen all pig farms in Malaysia and animals to be exported
against Nipah virus antibodies. For speed and safety, an indirect ELISA was developed to
screen those animals. ELISA serology can be conducted safely and quickly without access
to PC4 facilities, and can be a most useful diagnostic tool. The ELISA plates used in the
test were coated with inactivated Nipah virus antigen. The specificity and sensitivity of
the ELISA was calculated to be 97.5% and 80% respectively comparable to the serum
neutralisation test (SNT). Total of 4,751 serum samples were tested to study the efficacy of
the in-house kit. (White et al., 2000).
Keywords: ELISA, Nipah virus

GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE IN RELATION TO

DEVELOPMENT OF VETERINARY DRUGS AND FEEDS
JAHANGIR KAMALDIN1,4 , HASENAH ALI 2 AND FARIZA WAN ABDULLAH 3
1 Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
2 Centre for Investigational New Product, National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau, Ministry of Health Malaysia,
Lot 36, Jalan Universiti, 46200 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
3 Standards Malaysia, Century Square, Block 2300, Jalan Usahawan, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
4 Corresponding author: jahangir@amdi.usm.edu.my
Abstract. Veterinary scientists lead an important role of discovering knowledge to

understand zoonotic diseases, subsequently developing diagnostic tools and therapeutic
solutions to protect animal health. Introduction of new veterinary diagnostics or drugs
is subjected to thorough evaluation of scientific data of three phases namely non-clinical
studies (NCS), animal field trials (AFT) and post-market surveillance that are regulated
by national regulatory authorities. Studies conducted under the NCS and AFT phases
require establishment of quality systems commonly known as “GLP” that actually
refers to Principles of Good Laboratory Practice enacted by Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The GLP was first published by OECD
in 1981 and a recent revision was in 1998. Compliance of NCS and AFT studies to GLP
quality system reflects data validity of trustworthy for submission to regulatory authorities.
Compliance Monitoring Authority (CMA) is the national monitoring body who oversees
test facilities compliance to GLP in respective countries. The CMAs in Malaysia are
National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau and Standards Malaysia which monitor test
facilities conducting studies on potential veterinary drugs and feeds, respectively. It is
a national interest to disseminate the establishment of GLP CMAs to fellow scientist in
Malaysia, to assure that NCT and AFT study reports produced in Malaysia are acceptable
by national and international regulatory authorities.

M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch OTHERS
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LABORATORY ANIMALS

IN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (VRI) FROM
YEAR 2005 TO 2010
LILY ROZITA M.H.1, CHANDRAWATHANI P. AND RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author: lilyrozita@gmail.com
Abstract. This paper reports the laboratory animal population in the Laboratory
Animal Unit, Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh from 2005 to 2010. Laboratory
Animal Unit is a complementary unit which serves to supply laboratory animals to all
diagnostic and research units in VRI. The objective of this unit is to breed and produce
laboratory animals such as rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs and hamsters for research
projects as well as diagnostic and biological activities. The unit also supplies laboratory
animals to private agencies, universities and schools. There are 6 species of laboratory
animals namely rabbit (New Zealand Breed), guinea pig (Hartlay Strain), hamster
(Golden Syrian), white mice (Swiss albino), Balb C mice and Sprague Dawley rat. Animal
management includes breeding, fertility, production and disease monitoring which can
effect the laboratory animal population. Generally, white mice breed well with a high
population from 2005 to 2010 compared to the other laboratory animals as mice have a
short gestation period and large litter size. With the current demand for laboratory animals,
the productivity of the unit is expected to increase.
Keyword: laboratory animal, population, production

OTHERS M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch
SURVIVAL OF VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT
ENTEROCOCCI ISOLATES ON DRY SURFACES AND
POSSIBLE INACTIVATION BY COMMONLY USED
BIOCIDES
YERIMA A.A., HASSAN L.1 AND ZAKARIA Z.
Fakulti Perubatan Veterinar, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor
1 Corresponding author: latiffah@vet.upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are well-known ascendant

nosocomial pathogens. The recent detection of epidemiologic strain carrying vanA gene
in the community of people working with animals and in chickens has brought to the
forefront the potential public health danger posed by these organism. Environmental
contamination has been implicated in many hospitals outbreaks and is one of the major
sources of contamination in livestock farms. The ability of these organisms to survive
for a long time on dry inanimate surfaces and objects has been the major reasons for
most outbreaks. Two experiments were carried out: survival test to test the survival of
the VRE isolates on dry condition and surface test to evaluate the inactivation of the
isolates by in-use concentration of commonly used biocides. In the first study, a known
concentration of the bacterial suspension in sterile distilled water (clean condition) and in
5% BSA (soiled condition) were inoculated onto 25 cm2 wooden chips, dried and stored at
30°C ± 2°C and 80% ± 10% relative humidity for up to 16 weeks. All the isolates survived
for at least 4 weeks in colony counts of (1.00 × 103 - 3.86 × 103 CFU/ml) under clean
condition and (1.00 × 103 - 2.02 × 104) for soiled condition. Those that are suspended in
5% BSA solution to mimic organic matter load as obtainable on farms survived for at least
8 weeks at (1.54 × 102 - 1.34 × 103 CFU/ml). Three of the isolates survived for the whole
duration of the experiment. The second experiment was conducted to test the inactivation
of VRE isolates by in-use concentration of Lindores®, Omnicide® and Ecos Timsen® on
the basis of European surface test (EST) method. All the tested biocides are equally active
against the VRE isolates on both the standard test surface (stainless steel) and our test
surface (wooden). The results shows microbiocidal effects (ME) for test biocides, i.e. the
log10 CFU of micro-organisms compared between test biocide and control treated with
distilled water, after 7 min of exposure as follows; Lindores® active on both surfaces 5.24
and 3.17, Ecos Timsen® active significantly on steel 4.90 than wood 2.98 and Omnicide®
significantly less active on stainless steel 2.40 than on wood 3.50.
Keywords: VRE, biocides, chickens, microbiocidal effect, survival

INTESTINAL PARASITE OF CATFISH Synodontis

clarias and Melapterurus electricus IN RIMA RIVER,
SOKOTO, NIGERIA
ABUBAKAR S.D. AND ABUBAKAR I.A.1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
1 Corresponding author: anka_one@yahoo.co.uk
ABSTRACT. Intestinal parasites of catfish Synodontis clarias and Melapterurus electricus

(electric fish) of Rima River, Sokoto, Nigeria were investigated. The water body was
randomly sampled for fish using fish hooks and nets between April and May 2007. Of the
50 fish examined, 30 (60%) where infested where S. clarias had the highest prevalence
rate of 74.3% than M. electricus with 26.7%. The parasites encountered in the infected
fish were Spirocamillam spp. (nematode), Oxyuridae (nematode), Ligulas spp. (cestode)
and coccidian oocysts. Although the sex predilection generally skewed toward the males
(62.5.8%) but significant difference was not observed. In S. clarias the prevalence was
higher for females (75.6%) but lower in M. electricus females (11.1%). Those with high
body sizes are more resistant than the smaller once. The results indicated that intestinal
parasitism could be high in S. clariae and M. electricus in the study area. Viable preventive
measures against fish parasite in Nigerian freshwater bodies are highly recommended.
Keywords: catfish, intestine, parasites, Rima River, Sokoto

GILL PARASITE INFESTATION OF CATFISH IN RIMA

RIVER, SOKOTO, NIGERIA
ALIYU Z. AND ABUBAKAR I.A.1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
1 Corresponding author: anka_one@yahoo.co.uk
ABSTRACT. Gill parasites infestation of 84 catfish sampled from Rima River, Sokoto,
Nigeria was investigated. Catfish were caught between April and May 2007. Fish gills
were examined microscopically for gill parasites. The parasites were enumerated
and morphologically identified. Three genera of gill parasites were found with overall
prevalence of 32% fish gill infestation. Catfish genera sampled include Bagrus spp.,
Clarias spp., Malapterurus spp. and Syanodontis spp. were infested with at least two
gill parasites, Dactylogyrus spp. and Ergasilus spp. The highest gill parasites infestation
caused by Dactylogyrus spp. (66%) and Ergasilus spp. (55.6%) was found in Bagrus
spp. Syanodontis spp. was the least and equally infested fish with Dactylogyrus spp. and
Ergasilus spp. (6.5%). In addition Lernaea spp. infestation was detected in one Bagrus
spp. (5.6%). Overall infestation status of the fish revealed that 57 (68%), 12 (14%), 14
(17%), and 1 (1%) were infested with none, single, dual and triple parasites respectively.
When their weight was compared, no significant difference was found (P>0.05) between
parasitised and unparasitised fish. In general, male fish had higher gill infestation (61.4%)
than females (38.6%). It was concluded that there was high prevalence of gill parasite
infestation among catfish in Rima River.
Keywords: prevalence, gill parasites, catfish, Rima River, Nigeria

LEAPFROGGING THE VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC

SERVICES FROM 1931 TO 2010
RAMLAN M.
Email: Ramlan_Mohamed@yahoo.co.uk
ABSTRACT. The Veterinary Research Institute has been providing diagnostic services
to the veterinary clientele since 1931 according to historical records. Although the location
has changed from the Tanjong Rambutan Psychiatric Hospital to Falim, Ipoh and thence
to the present location in Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, Ipoh, research and diagnoses of animal
diseases has been carried out systematically to overcome these diseases and provide a
sustainable avenue for farmers to solve their problems. Diseases that have been diagnosed
and attended to include trypanosomiasis, piroplasmosis, FMD, haemorrhagic septicaemia
in cattle, leucocytozoonosis, coccidiosis, ND and salmonellosis in poultry and several
others. Many of these diseases are still prevalent now and research in the these areas
has made available faster, cheaper and more accurate diagnoses, which in turn improves
productivity and profits for farmers. Today VRI, is among the forerunners in veterinary
research for diagnostic tools as well as innovative biological products that are cheap and
efficient.

Capsicum frutescens FARMING USING EFFECTIVE

MICROORANISMS ACTIVATED SOLUTION (EMAS)
TREATED QUAIL MANURE
SUMMAH K.1, AHMAD P.1, NORAINI Z.1, ISKANDAR S.1, FARRAH A.1, NOOR AZMAN
H.1 and JOHARI A.B. 2
1 Poultry Technology Institute (ITU), Km. 34 Jalan Ramuan China Besar, 78300 Masjid Tanah, Melaka, Malaysia
2 Institut Veterinar Malaysia, Km 13 Jln Batu Pahat, Beg Berkunci 520, 86009 Kluang, Johor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT. Performance and productivity of Capsicum frutescens plants planted on

effective microorganisms (EM) treated and non-EM treated soil groups. Eight Capsicum
frutescens plants were used in this study. 4 plants were fertilised using commercial effective
microorganism activated solution (EMAS) treated quail manure (Group 2), whereas
the other 4 plants were using non–EM treated quail manure (Group 1). Experimental
parameters monitored were number of stems, branches, texture and morphology of the
leaves and rate of flower and fruit productions. The highest height for the plant was from
Group 2, at a height of 47 cm at 47 days post-planting. As for Group 1, all plants showed
the fastest rate of fruit growth at 47 days post-planting. For the flowering process, Group
2 showed that the plants had the same rate of flowering process and production of fruits.
Furthermore, the highest number of branches that branched out from the experimental
plants were also from Group 1 and followed by Group 2 (47 dpp).
Keywords: quail manure, Capsicum frustescens, effective microorganism activated

solution (EMAS)

SPECIFIC PATHOGEN FREE (SPF) MANAGEMENT IN

VRI FROM 1988-2010
PETER MANGALAM1 AND RAMLAN MOHAMED
1 Corresponding author: peter@jphvri.gov.my
ABSTRACT. The specific pathogen free (SPF) unit for chicken eggs and chicks is a
Division of VRI which started operating in September 1988 with the aid of Japanese
expertise and a supply of 400 SPF eggs from Nippon Institute of Biological Science,
Japan. Consequently, 68 females and 20 males were selected as parent stock to produce
10,000 eggs/year. Several modifications and changes have taken place over the past
22-year period to accommodate a higher demand of SPF eggs up to 50,000 eggs and
maintenance of quality control. This report traced the development of the SPF unit in
terms of management and productivity over the years.
Keywords: SPF eggs (specific pathogen free of disease), poultry

EFFICACY OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFECTIOUS

BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS VACCINE USING LOCAL
ISOLATE IN SPF CHICKEN
SHAJARUTULWARDAH M.Y.1, AZIZAH D., SOHAYATI A.R., NOOR SUHAILA S.,
SHAFARIN M.S., KHAIRUL M.A., AHMAD TERJUDIN G., NORMAH M., GOON S.C.,
ONG G.H., SHUKOR A., ANIZA S., ZAMILA Z., NOR AZILA Z., ROSLINA H. and
RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author : shajarutulwardah@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of an attenuated live strain
IBD vaccine Malaysian isolate via drinking water or oral routes in SPF chickens. Results
showed that both routes of vaccinations were able to induce protective immunity and
gave 100% protection against pathogenic field strains of IBDV. Results showed that both
routes of vaccination were able to induce protective immunity and gave 100% protection
against pathogenic field strains of IBDV. Based on protective efficacy parameters such
as body weight, bursa to body weight, and histopathological changes, there was no
significant difference between Group A (drinking route) and Group B (oral route). It was
concluded that an attenuated live strain IBD vaccine using the Malaysian isolate shows
100% protection against pathogenic field strains of IBDV and using drinking water route
administration as well as oral route.
Keywords: IBD vaccine, drinking route, oral route, AGPT, ELISA

CAMEL URINE AND MILK IN ARAB HERITAGE (FOLK

MEDICINE)
BAKHSH A.1,3 , EL-DEEB W.1, Al-GUDAIBI A. 2
1 Department of Clinical Studies, Section of Medicine and Therapeutics, College of Veterinary Medicine and
Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Eastern Province, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
2 College of Science for Girls, Department of Microbiology, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
3 Corresponding author: abakhsh@kfu.edu.sa
ABSTRACT. There have been strong beneficial relations and is strongly-loved since old
ages and considered as source of power, fortune and delightness which reported by Arabic
historian called Al-Jahiz who described him as a complete animal for human-beings life
(Baesmel 2004/Al-Ani 2004). Beside milk, meat and wool, camel urine has attracted
special significance in terms of folk medicine for people in the deserts (Al-Awadi, Al-
Qatan and Al-Sahibani 2004).
Keywords: camel, milk, urine, medicine.

CONTROL OF HELICOPTER GRASS (Cyperus

aromaticus) AMONGST PASTURE IN LADANG
INFOTERNAK, PERAK – A PRELIMINARY STUDY
THEIVANAI J.1, QUAZA NIZAMUDDIN H.N.1, SABRINA M.P.1, MOHD NIZAM T.1,
MANOHER S.1, HALINA Y.1 AND CHANDRAWATHANI P. 2
1 Department of Veterinary Services Perak, Ipoh,Perak
2 Veterinary Research Institute Ipoh, Perak
3 Corresponding author: drtheva@jpvpk.gov.my
Abstract. Helicopter grass is known as Cyperus aromaticus. They are annual or

perennial plants, mostly aquatic and growing in still or slow moving water up to 0.5 m
deep. The grass is considered as weed and thrives when animals are overstocked in a
paddock. Various attempts using different chemicals were made to destroy the weeds
but failed. Hence a study was conducted in Ladang Infoternak to overcome the weeds.
Several types of chemicals were used in this trial. It was found that MCPA iso-octylester
(JARING®) + 2.4. D sodium salt was the most effective chemical. Further trial is being
conducted on larger paddocks to verify the preliminary study.
Keywords: helicopter grass (Cyperus aromaticus), Ladang Infoternak, MCPA iso-

octylester, 2.4. D sodium salt

COMMON DISEASES DIAGNOSED IN LIVESTOCK IN

THE VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (VRI) FROM
2006-2010
MASRIN A.1, AZWAN H., CHANDRAWATHANI P. and RAMLAN M.
1 Corresponding author: masrin@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Animal diseases are diagnosed routinely in the Veterinary Research

Institute. The information obtained each year resulting from almost 400,000 samples
tested for various diseases from zoonotic to exotic diseases highlights the importance of
a rapid and efficient diagnostic service for the country and region. This paper reports the
common diseases diagnosed in various animal species, from samples submitted for various
purposes such as surveillance programmes for herd basis, disease diagnosis for individual
animals and monitoring of flocks for zoonotic, emerging and zoonotic diseases. Yearly
outbreaks of several key disease profiles are also noted. This information is important to
plan and enforce regulatory measures to control disease spread thereby reducing mobidity
and mortality to aid farmers. Between 2006 and 2010, a total of 1.7 million samples were
tested with the most common disease in bovine being bacterial diseases such as brucellosis
and melioidosis, in caprine and ovine being contagious lymphadenitis and melioidosis,
and in poultry Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis.
Keywords: animal diseases, zoonotic, diagnostic

CASES OF E. coli INFECTION SUBMITTED TO VRI IN

2009
MASWATI M.A., KHOO L.L., HASNAH Y., SAIFU NAZRI R. and AZWAN H.
Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak.
ABSTRACT. A total of 140 cases were positive for E. coli isolation from various animal
species. The highest samples isolated were organs (81%) while goat was the most common
animal with E. coli infection (61%). Untypable E. coli was the common serotype isolated
(91%) and highly suggestive to play a role in the infection. Significantly, most cases of E.
coli infection involved the adult animals (66%) (χ2= 19.009, p=0.000) which was believed
to be associated with severe stressful condition they were subjected to.
Keywords: E. coli, serotyping, pathogenic E. coli, untypable E. coli, adult animals.

GENOTYPING OF Pasteurella multocida LOCAL

ISOLATES USING A DEVELOPED MULTIPLEX
CAPSULAR PCR TYPING SYSTEM
YEOH N.N. 2,3 , NURUL AZLYN A.1, RAMLAN M. 2 , KHOO L.L. 2 AND ROSNAH Y. 2
1 Universiti Institute Teknologi Mara
2 Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh.
3 Corresponding author: yeohnona@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT. The most common method to classify Pasteurella multocida into five
capsular serogroups A, B, D, E and F is serotyping. In the Veterinary Research Institute
Ipoh, an effort to establish genotyping of Pasteurella multocida local isolates using a
developed multiplex capsular PCR typing system is being conducted. The established
serogroup-specific primer was designed based on the capsular biosynthesis loci of each
capsular serogroup. A total number of 121 P. multocida isolates from seven different animal
species, which were positive by bacteriology and biochemical test, were characterised
using multiplex capsular PCR genotyping system. The results showed that the capsular
multiplex PCR assay was highly serogroup specific which can be used as an alternative
rapid test to serological and non-serological methods. Having produced this new method
of genotyping, the assay is faster and cheaper because it is not dependent on specific
antisera.
Keywords: Pasteurella multocida, serotyping method, capsular multiplex PCR genotyping

system

PATHOLOGICAL AND HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL

CHANGES DUE TO EXPERIMENTAL ZINC DEFICIENCY
ON VARIOUS ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN ALBINO RATS
DADHICH H.1, MATHUR M., SINGH A.P. AND SHARMA T.
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Bikaner- 334001 India
1 Corresponding author: hdadhich@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT. The zinc is one of the major trace mineral essentially required for the
normal growth of various body tissues especially of epithelium of various organs of
digestive tract in animals. In clinical observations, zinc deficiency has also been found
to result in an increased susceptibility to a variety of infectious disorders as well as
decreased cell mediated immunity causing significant impairment of cellular and humoral
immune response. The various factors causing clinical or sub-clinical deficiencies of this
mineral in various animal species hinders performance by affecting a number of body
functions including retardation of growth, inappetance, alopecia, impaired development
and functions of different organs. The present study was carried out to delineate the
effect of experimental zinc deficiency on haematobiochemical and pathological changes
on endocrine glands of albino rats. The present investigation was conducted on 48 male
weanling albino rats divided into two groups offered zinc deficient and zinc adequate
purified diets, respectively. Blood samples of each rat were collected on 0, 7, 14, 21 and
28th day of experiment for haematological and biochemical examinations. On 28th day of
experiment, all survived animals in different groups were sacrificed and portions of organs
were collected in 10 per cent formal saline for histopathological examination. Differential
leucocyte count indicated that the mean per cent values of lymphocytes showed a significant
decrease due to deficiency of zinc in the diet. Respectively, an increase in neutrophil count
and decrease in lymphocytes count were observed due to effect of period. Regarding
sub-treatments given to both the dietary groups, a significant increase in neutrophils and
decrease in lymphocytes count due to S. aureus infection. Histopathological observations
of various endocrine glands were observed. In the sections of pancreas there were areas
of acinar necrosis. Most of the pancreatic islets were atrophied and there was hydropic
degeneration of the islet cells. There were proliferation of intralobular pancreatic ducts
and epithelium of these ducts becomes hypertrophied showing cytoplasmic vacuolar
degeneration. Thyroid follicles appeared smaller in size and were lined with flattened
epithelial cells. Some of the follicles showed degenerative and necrotic changes. Sections
of thymus exhibited depletion of lymphocytes and growth retardation of lymphoid tissue
along with increase in the number of macrophages. Adrenal gland of zinc deficient animals

revealed atrophy of zona glomerulosa and the cells of atrophied zona glomerulosa were
smaller due to shrinkage of both cytoplasm and nucleus and there was disruption in the
normal nest like arrangement of the cells.
Keywords: zinc, deficiency, endocrines, rats

PATHOLOGICAL AND PARASITOLOGICAL STUDY IN A

STRANDED BRYDE’S WHALE
GUNALAN S.1,2 , ROZITA A.R.1, KAMALIAH G.1, FATIAH M.A.1, WAN S.1, AZIZUL M.O.1
AND AZMAN S.1
1 Regional Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Kuantan, Jalan Sri Kemunting 2, (DVS) Kuantan, Pahang
2 Corresponding author: gunalan@dvs.gov.my
ABSTRACT. Detailed parasitogical and pathological investigations were carried out on

young male Bryde’s whale Balaenoptera brydei, a cetacean of the suborder Mysticetes
that group as baleen whale and has a large wide geographical distribution. A stranded
young male whale weighing approximately 3.5 metric tons, found beached along the
Pekan Nenasi River, Pahang in East Coast of Malaysia facing South China Sea, enabled a
pathological and parasitological investigation. Thousands of Digenea were found in both
the caecum and the colon. Morphological identification was carried out on these parasites
which were identified as Ogmogaster spesies. As co-parasite, the acanthocephalan worms
Falsifilicollis spesies were also detected in the large intestine. This parasite was not further
categorised to the spesies level due to limitations of expertise, samples preserved (immature
stage of worms) and imperfect condition of worms. Although this is the first reported
discussion on the Ogmogaster spesies in Bryde’s whale stranded in East Coast Malaysia,
the spesies level not been identified but the pathological lesion has been well studied.
In gross pathology, there was very severe hemorrhagic gastritis that was most probably
due to foreign material (indigestible) components found compacted in the multichambers
stomach, severe congestion in the various vital organs due to toxemia, and severe
parasites burden (endoparasite) in the intestine. Histological examination indicated severe
bronchointerstitial embolic pneumonia, chronic interstitial hemorrhages, intra-alveolar
septa thickening in lung tissue; chronic hepatic interstitial hemorrhage, hepatocellular and
centrilobular degeneration on the liver tissue; renal tubular and glomerular necrosis in
kidney tissue; splenic necrosis and hemorrhages; intestinal mucosal layer necrosis and
severe intestinal villi necrosis. Consequently, no opportunity should be lost to examine
available specimens if even a study of the helminthes occurring in whales is to be made
especially if the whales stranded. However, it is impossible to determine the significance
of these findings in this single stranding whale to mortality factors with presence of
parasites infestations. In this paper, the cause of death, and the pathology and parasitology
were well studied.
Keywords: Bryde’s whale, postmortem, Digenean parasites, acanthocephalan worms,

enteritis, hemorrhagic gastritis

Studies on the Protoscoleces and Hooklets

of Echinococcus granulosus from Libya by
Scanning Electron Microscope
Layla O. Elmajdoub, Wahab A. Rahman, Mustafa Fadzil and
Siti Azizah Mohd Nor
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang
ABSTRACT. Protoscolex and hooklet morphology had been used to identify different
strains of Echinococcus granulosus. In the present study, protoscoleces were isolated
from infected organs such as liver, lung and spleen from slaughtered animals in several
abattoirs in the selected study areas in Libya. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was
used to describe the outer surface of the brood capsules, protoscoleces and the hooklets.
The TM3000 Microscope was used to estimate the percentages of the some elements found
in crystal substances in the hydatid sand. SEM pictures showed different morphological
characters of the outer surface for the different parts of the same protoscolex. Also, the
buds on the outer surface of brood capsules showed some differences between the large
and small hooklets depending on the infected organ. The TM3000 microscopy revealed
different percentages of calcium, sodium and phosphorus. The total percentage of calcium
is higher than other elements in sheep hydatid cyst, but for phosphorus, it is higher than
that of the others in cattle hydatid cysts. However, the total percentage of sodium was
similar in all infected hydatid cysts. In conclusion, TM3000 microscopy is a reliable
system to estimate calcium, sodium and phosphorus contents from the crystal substances
of untreated hydatid sand.

STATUS OF MINERALS IN SOME FEEDS AND FODDER

OF THE BIKANER DISTRICT
TRIBHUWAN SHARMA1, SINGH A.P. AND DADHICH H.
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India
1 Corresponding author: tribhuwan6761@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT. Blood samples were collected from 317 cattle classified under organised
(n=64) and unorganised (n=253) farms. From these samples, estimations of haemoglobin,
PCV, serum Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn were studied. Further, 16 feed samples were also
collected and analysed for these minerals and correlation was carried out. Among
haematological parameters, a positive correlation between haemoglobin and packed cell
volume was recorded. From the studies made to assess the correlation between the mineral
status of feeds and fodders and serum as such no correlation could be recorded between
the status of various minerals in feed and fodder and serum minerals.
Keywords: cattle, feed, fodder, minerals

Enhancing Government – Private Linkages:

Establishing Programmes for the
Registration and Accreditation of Private
Veterinarians
Y.H. Dato’ Dr. Mohamad Azmie bin Zakaria
Department of Veterinary Services Malaysia, Wisma Tani, Level 5,
Podium Block 1A, Lot 4G1, Precinct 4, 62630, Putrajaya
Abstract. The numerous initiatives undertaken by the Malaysian Government to

rapidly transform Malaysia into a high income economy by the year 2020 have resulted in
the active and rapid development of various sectors of the economy including livestock.
With rapid development comes the need to establish standards that comply with overseas
requirements for export and the responsibility of regulatory to ensure that animal produce
and their by-products are safe and wholesome for human consumption, do not pollute the
environment and animal welfare principles are upheld. In order to address these matters, the
government can longer operate in singleton, more so in the wake of government’s move to
down size its manpower resources. In view of this, the Department of Veterinary Services
(DVS) has taken positive initiatives which include the registration and accreditation of
private veterinarians with the hope of bringing in expertise and professionals from amongst
the private sectors in the animal industry to lend their hands in providing various veterinary
services of which the DVS is finding it difficult to cope with the increasing demands by
the industry. The accreditation of private veterinarians by the Director-General of DVS
would allow the private veterinarian to jointly deliver the various services to the industry
required of the Department and which constitutes one of the Department’s efforts to weld
together skills and professionalism of the Department’s veterinarians with those from the
private sector, in the provision of services to the Department’s clients who consist of
farmers, processors, manufacturers, importers, exporters, pets owners and equestrians.
In the programme, six services have been identified which are Farm Veterinarian
Service, Meat Inspection of Abattoirs and Processing Plants Inspection Services, Animal
Quarantine Veterinary Service, Management of Biologic and Veterinary Drug, and
Animal Registration and Management of Animal Health. The objectives of the programme
are: 1) to fulfill the global need as stipulated in OIE requirement for a good veterinary
performance by enhancing linkages of government and private veterinarians, 2) to help
enhance livestock production with greater private sector participation, 3) to provide
opportunities to the private veterinarians to serve the industry with additional value, and
4) to provide the industry with world class veterinary services.
Interested private veterinarians who are registered with the Malaysian Veterinary Council
and have a valid Annual Practice Certificate with experience in related fields can forward
their application to the department. These interested applicants will have to undergo some
relevant training, successfully completing which they then can be accredited and registered
as accredited private veterinarians. These private veterinarians will have the opportunity
to jointly provide services to the industry on behalf of the Department. And the service
given by the accredited veterinarians will be duly remunerated by the industry. The
department would like to encourage private veterinarians in participating this programme
towards providing a sustainable improvement of Malaysia’s Veterinary Services.

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M alaysian J ournal of V eterinary R esearch

Editorial i Effect of strenuous sub-maximal race on 10

Motility and membrane integrity after 6 Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma columborale 18

Comparison of calving difficulty, stillbirth, 8 Effects of an organic acid blend in the 20

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress v

A case report: molecular detection of 23 Epidemiological status of calcium, 36

vi Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

Bacterial contamination of beef in Kota 50 ZOONOSES AND PUBLIC HEALTH

SMALL ANIMALS Melioidosis in sheep and goat: diagnostic 64

Human brucellosis diagnosed serologically 76 Efficacy of live attenuated infectious 89

Determination of organochlorine pesticide 79 Common diseases diagnosed in livestock 92

Survival of vancomycin-resistant 83 Studies on the protoscoleces and hooklets 98

Leapfrogging the veterinary diagnostic 86

Capsicum frutescens farming using 87

Specific pathogen free (spf) management 88

CURRENT TRENDS IN EMERGING DISEASES IN

Keywords: arbovirus, henipavirus, equine, neuropathology, epidemiology

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 1

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT OOCYTE ACTIVATION

2 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

GESTATION PERIODS IN ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATED

Keywords: artificial insemination, selembu, gestation periods

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 3

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SELEMBU CALVES

ABSTRACT. Animal breeding in cattle livestock industry was recently undertaking

Keywords: selembu, growth performance, artificial insemination

4 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

LAMBING PERFORMANCE OF DORPER SHEEP UNDER

Keywords: intensive, semi intensive, lambing performance

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 5

MOTILITY AND MEMBRANE INTEGRITY AFTER

Keywords: sperm separation, Percoll gradient, motility, membrane integrity.

6 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

SURVIVAL RATE OF SELEMBU CALVES PRODUCED

ABSTRACT. Interspecific hybridisation has been reported in wide variety of animal.

Keywords: gaur, selembu, survival rate

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 7

COMPARISON OF CALVING DIFFICULTY, STILLBIRTH,

ABSTRACT. Normande-Sahiwal/Friesian (Normande crosses), Holstein-Sahiwal/

Keywords : Birth weight, Yearling weight, crossbreeding, calving difficulty, stillbirth,

8 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF

ABSTRACT. Optimal conditioning increases fitness and performance level of horses.

Keywords: endurance, conditioning regime, exercise test, performance level

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 9

EFFECT OF STRENUOUS SUB-MAXIMAL RACE ON

Keywords: endurance, heart rate, race category, performance.

10 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

SEROPREVALANCE OF EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS

ABSTRACT. An Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Equine Viral

Keywords: ELISA, Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA), seroprevalence

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 11

SURVEILLANCE OF STRANGLES IN PENINSULAR

ABSTRACT. Strangles is an extremely contagious bacterial infection specific to equine

Keywords: submandibular abscess, strangles, Streptococcus equi

12 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress

PREVALENCE OF LAMENESS AND METABOLIC

Keywords: endurance, horse, metabolic disorders and lameness

Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress 13

MANAGING AN OUTBREAK OF STRANGLES IN RACE

Keywords: strangles, race horses, sampling, control measures

14 Volume 2 Supplement 1. September 2011 • 23rd Veterinary Association Malaysia Congress