Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

Topic Title: Technology and Public Administration

Introduction

Public administration is one of the important parts of the government with which it provide all the required facility
and implement policy for the citizens of the country. Public administration is the one which provide all kinds of
services whether it is security to the citizens or other kinds of services like information related to policies or
implementation of policies for the benefit of the peoples. The Information Communication Technology (ICT) plays
an important role in every field of the government working whether to make a policy or implement it successfully it
requires the use of ICT technology. In the present time public administration also requires to use the information
communication technology (ICT) to provide the citizen’s services in a time bound manner and to effectively
implement the policy for which ICT plays an important role in simplifying the work of the public administration.

Topics

INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

Information communication technology (ICT) as the term indicates those technologies which are used through
telecommunications whether it is the use of media, internet, wireless networks, cell phones and other
communication systems. ICT plays an important role in everybody life in today’s time. With the help of the ICT
technologies peoples are getting all the services by sitting directly at their home whether it is shopping or paying any
kind of bill only by using the telecommunications networks. ICT provide easy access to all the necessary
information easy and affordable even the access to education has improved by the use of ICT.
ICT technologies has made the world a global village as people sitting in one country can interact with other person
which is far from him in other country by just using the information communication technology. The ICT
technologies have made the life of the people very easy in every field of the life. But as there are benefits of the ICT
technology there are some negative impact are also there like cyber security is one of the measure negative effect of
the ICT which people are facing these days, other are reduced personal interaction etc.

ICT APPLICATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The ICT technology plays an important role in every field of the government form which public administration is
one among them. ICT technologies are requirement of present time, public administration uses the ICT technology
in every field whether to provide services to the citizens or providing them with the necessary information. ICT
plays an important role in three field of the administration these are:

1. Internal Administration
2. Planning and Decision Making
3. Service Delivery

1. INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION

ICT brought up a change in the internal administration by the use of electronic transformation in the
traditional functioning of administration and made it more accountable and transparent in functioning.

 Difference between Traditional and Electronic Administration

TRADITIONAL ADMINISTRATION ELECTRONIC ADMINISTRATION
1 Unwieldy paper files Computer based files
2 Hierarchical authority Networked power
3 Wielding power through hiding Information empowerment by sharing information

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

4 Expenditure orientation individualistic Performance orientation Organizational

5 Batch processing Online processing
6 Delayed access Instant access
7 Delayed response Prompt response
8 Manual data entry Electronic data entry
9 More time for routine repetitive work More time for creative work
1 Fear of unknown IT savvy
0
1 Status quo Continuous improvement
1

These are measure difference which the use of ICT technology has made in the traditional administration which has
increased the transparency and made the administration more citizens centric.

2. PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING

Planning and decision is the measure work done by the administration the country in which the ICT technology
plays an important role whether in providing accurate knowledge or getting information related to anything is done
with the help of the communication technologies.

 Information system: ICT act as the information system to gather any information from the internet to store
any new information related to anything is done with the help the ICT technologies.
 GIS and MIS: Geographical Information System and Management Information system both plays an
important role in making a policy for the people. Both the GIS and MIS is helpful in locating geographically
and effectively helping the government officials in planning effectively and properly. GIS and MIS is also one
of the uses ICT in administration.
 Computerization: Computerization of all the departments of the government is also helpful in maintaining all
the record easy and made the decision making easy and effective. By the use of the computers departments has
made the system efficient in policy making and policy implementation. It has been made easy for everyone at
the local level offices to access data more conveniently for day to day administration.
 Connectivity: Connectivity between the government departments is necessary for sharing of files without any
problem and time lag for which LAN and WAN network are used in the public administration by which files
are transferred smoothly on time.

3. SERVICE DELIVERY

Public administration uses ICT technology in providing public services to the citizens in effective and efficient
manner. ICT technology enabled the administration in providing services to the people like:

 Utility bill payments like electricity, water and telephone bill payment.
 Police services like FIRs registration.
 Taxation and IT return.
 Rural services like maintaining of land record can easily be accessed now days.
 Railways ticket and other services like train timing can be checked without moving to the station.
 Any other information related to new scheme for people can be accessed easily.
 Single window clearance for problems and other files is there etc.

ICT IN THE PHILIPPINES

ICT has made a profound impact on the Philippines in recent years. It has helped to improve access to education,
healthcare, and government services. It has also boosted economic growth and created new jobs. In 2022, the ICT
sector contributed 7.5 percent to the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Here are some of the ways that ICT is
transforming the country:

Education

ICT is revolutionizing education in the Philippines. Online learning platforms are making it possible for students to
learn from anywhere in the country, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status. ICT is also being used to
provide personalized learning experiences and to assess student progress.

Healthcare

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

ICT is improving access to healthcare in the Philippines. Telemedicine is connecting patients with doctors in real
time, even in remote areas. Mobile health apps are providing people with access to health information and resources.
And electronic health records are making it easier for doctors to track patient care.

Governance

ICT is making government more efficient and accessible. Online government services are making it possible for
citizens to do things like pay taxes, renew licenses, and file complaints without having to go to a government office.
ICT is also being used to improve transparency and accountability in government.

Business

ICT is driving economic growth in the Philippines. Businesses are using ICT to improve their operations, reach new
markets, and create new products and services. The ICT sector is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the Philippine
economy.

As we look to the future, it is clear that ICT will continue to play a vital role in the Philippines. By investing in ICT
infrastructure and human capital, we can build a more digital future for the country that will benefit all Filipinos.

Connecting our communities

ICT can connect communities in a number of ways. For example, online forums and social media platforms can be
used to connect people with shared interests, regardless of their location. ICT can also be used to deliver educational
and training programs to people in remote areas. This can help to bridge the digital divide and improve the quality of
life for people in these areas.

Enrichment

ICT can also enrich lives in a number of ways. For example, online gaming and entertainment platforms can provide
people with a way to relax and unwind. ICT can also be used to access educational and training programs, which can
help people to develop new skills and improve their job prospects.

E-GOVERNANCE

What is e-governance?

E-governance (Electronic governance) is the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve
the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of government processes, services, and communication with citizens.
E-governance enables governments to provide services to citizens through digital means, which can help to reduce
corruption, increase citizen participation, and improve overall governance.

E-governance encompasses a wide range of technologies, including internet-based applications, mobile devices,
social media, and other digital tools. Examples of e-governance initiatives include online portals for accessing
government services, digital voting systems, and electronic tax filing systems. Additionally, e-governance can also
involve the use of big data analytics and artificial intelligence to help governments make more informed decisions
and provide better services to citizens.

What are the challenges facing e-governance initiatives?

While e-governance initiatives have the potential to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of
government services, there are several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their success. Some of the
challenges include:

Infrastructure and connectivity - E-governance initiatives require a reliable internet connection and appropriate
technology infrastructure, which can be a challenge in some regions, particularly in rural or remote areas.

Digital literacy and accessibility - Many citizens may lack the digital literacy skills or access to technology to take
advantage of e-governance initiatives. This can result in a digital divide, where some citizens are excluded from
accessing government services online. Additionally, e-governance initiatives must be designed to be accessible to
people with disabilities.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

Cyber security and data privacy - E-governance initiatives involve the collection and storage of sensitive personal
data, such as social security numbers, tax information, and health records. This data must be protected against cyber
threats, such as hacking or data breaches, and must be stored securely to protect citizens' privacy.

Resistance to change - E-governance initiatives may face resistance from citizens or government officials who are
resistant to change or who prefer traditional methods of service delivery. This resistance can slow down or even
derail e-governance initiatives.

Cost - E-governance initiatives can be expensive to implement, and may require significant investment in
technology infrastructure, cybersecurity measures, and personnel. Governments may need to prioritize spending on
e-governance initiatives over other competing priorities.

Addressing these challenges will be key to the success of e-governance initiatives, and will require a commitment
from governments, civil society, and other stakeholders.

What are some of the good practices related to e-governance?

There are several good practices that can help ensure the success of e-governance initiatives. Here are some
examples:

1. User-centric design:
E-governance initiatives should be designed with the needs and preferences of citizens in mind. This means
involving citizens in the design process, conducting user research to understand their needs and preferences, and
designing user interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use.

2. Accessibility:
E-governance initiatives should be designed to be accessible to all citizens, including people with disabilities. This
means ensuring that online services are compatible with assistive technologies, and providing alternative formats for
people who may have difficulty accessing online content.

3. Interoperability:
E-governance initiatives should be designed to be interoperable, so that different systems can work together
seamlessly. This means using open standards and open data, and ensuring that different systems can communicate
with each other.

4. Security and privacy:

E-governance initiatives should be designed with security and privacy in mind. This means implementing
appropriate cybersecurity measures to protect against threats, and ensuring that citizens' personal data is stored
securely and is only accessible to authorized personnel.

5. Capacity building:
E-governance initiatives require skilled personnel to design, implement, and manage them. Governments should
invest in training and capacity building programs to ensure that there are enough skilled personnel to support e-
governance initiatives.

6. Evaluation and feedback:

F-governance initiatives should be evaluated regularly to determine their effectiveness and identify areas for
improvement. Governments should solicit feedback from citizens to understand their experiences with online
services, and use this feedback to make improvements to e-governance initiatives.

4 KINDS OF E-GOVERNANCE

1. G2C (Government to Citizens)

 This enables citizens to benefit from the efficient delivery of a large range of public services.
 Expands the accessibility and availability of government services and also improves the quality of
services
 The primary aim is to make the government citizen-friendly.
Examples:
 Voter’s Registration
 Police clearance processing
 National ID registration

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

 Driver’s license renewal/application

2. G2B (Government to Business)

 It enables the business community to interact with the government by using e-governance tools.
 The objective is to cut red-tapism which will save time and reduce operational costs. This will also create
a more transparent business environment when dealing with the government.
 The G2B initiatives help in services such as licensing, procurement, permits and revenue collection.
Examples:
 Online business permits and registration
 Real estate tax payment
 DTI Online Registration
 Philippine Government Electronic Procurement System (PhilGEPS)

3. G2E (Government to Employees)

 This kind of interaction is between the government and its employees.
 ICT tools help in making these interactions fast and efficient and thus increases the satisfaction levels of
employees.
Examples:
 Online timing-in and checking of attendance
 Remote data uploads and downloads
 Reports via google drive

4. G2G (Government to Government)

 Enables seamless interaction between various government entities.
 This kind of interaction can be between various departments and agencies within government or between
two governments like the union and state governments or between state governments.
 The primary aim is to increase efficiency, performance and output.
Examples:
 Teleconferences
 Information systems used by inter-agencies
- Department of Budget Management
- Information Systems of DOH

BIG DATA IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Big data is a contemporary phenomenon. Properly utilized it brings astonishingly positive outcomes for public
administration in terms of its efficacy, efficiency, and overall client satisfaction. These benefits are a result of
significant increase in the accuracy of decision-making, a significant acceleration of performance of internal the
‘information task’ and a significant reduction in operating costs related to the decision-making process. This is
possible thanks to the digitization of human life and IT developments applied in a specific way for public
administration – the way of big data methods where huge amounts of data are processed in a form of reasoning by
powerful IT technology to present information that helps public administration to better perform its task.

Big data methods may be used in three approaches:

1. Historical – where data show the state of affairs at a given time in the past. In this model, a public body gains
knowledge and makes decisions on the basis of information from the past.
Example: In health, from the patients record the doctors can decide which medicines is appropriate for the patient
based on their kept record of that patient.

2. Real-time – where data show the present state of affairs (this model includes situations where data show the state
of affairs as they currently are or with a delay of minutes or a few hours). In this model, a public body gains
knowledge and makes decisions based on current information.
Example: In Disaster Department, the news of where the earthquake is located can be easily send help if there is
major damage in the properties. With real-time data, help is easily disperse.

3. Predictive – where data show what will happen in the future, and a public body makes decisions based on future
projections (Pretty, 2013).
Example: Still in Disaster Department, since we have past data of emergencies eg.typhoon - which barangays has
the history of flooding, in the upcoming typhoons, the department can easily predict that the same barangays will be
hit by any typhoon. They can make plans before the typhoon hit the same barangays.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

BIG DATA AND PUBLIC POLICY

When considering the possibility of applying big data in the public sector, the following systematics of
administrative functions may be defined:

1. Public supervision – identifying irregularities (e.g. legal in compliance) and taking responsive action.
The first field in which big data methods may bring significant value is in detecting irregularities, which is part of a
public supervision function. A public authority monitors a specific area, detects irregularities in behaviour and, if
irregularities are found, takes supervisory action. This is an area where the benefits of big data may
be seen clearly.

Using big data for this purpose is based on the following ‘mechanics’:
1. Preparing the widest possible sets of data resource to provide the basis for analysis and reasoning.
2. Preparing digital models of irregularities.
3. Applying the models to the big data sets, which means that the computer filters the data using the models
of irregularities.

2. Public regulation – situational awareness and feedback

Big data methods allow public bodies to monitor the status of an administered area in real-time or with a short delay
of minutes or a few hours. This gives the authority a broad information base for decision-making purposes, which
enables it to better achieve regulatory objectives.

The ‘mechanics’ of using big data in this way is based on gathering as much relevant information as possible and as
quickly as possible. The next step is to present the information in a way that is useful for regulatory purposes (e.g.
Piovano et al., 2014). Using this process, the regulatory authority can understand how the area of its regulatory
responsibility works and may make appropriate regulatory decisions.

3. Public service delivery – providing certain services or products

For the public bodies that provide public services, big data methods also bring significant benefits leading to better
delivery of better services. Similarly, this is the result of better information input about the ‘customers’, their needs,
their behaviour and the result of better feedback.

CYBERSECURITY AND CYBER THREATS

What is cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These cyberattacks
are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users via
ransomware; or interrupting normal business processes.

Cybersecurity is a concept that is as dynamic as the innovation itself. In a world that is becoming more digitally
interconnected, cybersecurity is one of the most paramount aspects of any technological advancement. It safeguards
private and sensitive information, actively protects against malicious cyberattacks, and provides a safe environment
for everyday digital activities.

Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is particularly challenging today because there are more devices than
people, and attackers are becoming more innovative.

Why is cybersecurity important?

Even though there is a prominent increase in digitalization in the country, some organizations still underestimate the
probability of cyberattacks happening to them– until it does. Simply responding to cyberattacks as they happen is no
longer an option. Enterprises should stay ahead of the attacks, continuously observing their system for any potential
cyberattack. At an individual level, a cybersecurity attack can result in everything from identity theft, to extortion
attempts, to the loss of important data like family photos. Everyone relies on critical infrastructure like power plants,
hospitals, and financial service companies. Securing these and other organizations is essential to keeping our society
functioning.

Types of cyber security threats

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

1. Phishing is the practice of sending fraudulent emails that resemble emails from reputable sources. The aim is to
steal sensitive data like credit card numbers and login information. It’s the most common type of cyber attack. You
can help protect yourself through education or a technology solution that filters malicious emails.

2. Social engineering is a tactic that adversaries use to trick you into revealing sensitive information. They can
solicit a monetary payment or gain access to your confidential data. Social engineering can be combined with any of
the threats listed above to make you more likely to click on links, download malware, or trust a malicious source.

3. Ransomware is a type of malicious software. It is designed to extort money by blocking access to files or the
computer system until the ransom is paid. Paying the ransom does not guarantee that the files will be recovered or
the system restored.

4. Malware is a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access or to cause damage to a computer.

CYBER CRIME IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the "Comelec leak" of February 2016, the largest cyberattack in the country's history, hackers defaced the
Commission on Elections website, revealing the theft of personal data from 55 million Filipino voters. The data
appeared on a Russian-hosted website with unrestricted access a month later.

Cyber attackers defaced and temporarily disabled the website of the Philippines House of Representatives, the lower
house of the country’s congress, on October 13. The Department of Science and Technology and the Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA) were also recently hit, resulting in data leaks.

Hackers leaked a substantial amount of personal data from the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)
servers on October 3, after the insurer reportedly refused to pay a C$410,000 ransom. Thirteen million people were
affected by the data breach, including overseas Filipino workers.

The PSA admitted to a data breach impacting its Community-Based Monitoring System — a digitized data
collection and processing system for implementing poverty-alleviation programs. The PSA stated that personal
information such as national ID numbers and birth certificates were not impacted by the data breach.

In April 2023, a massive data breach exposed the personal information of millions of Filipinos, including data from
critical institutions such as the Philippine National Police, the National Bureau of Investigation, and the Bureau of
Internal Revenue. Stolen data logs from compromised Philippine government subdomains later appeared on the
Russian black market.

ANTI-CYBER CRIME LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES

[ Republic Act No. 10173]

Also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (DPA), aims to protect personal data in information and
communications systems both in the government and the private sector.

[ Republic Act No. 10175 ]

This Act shall be known as the “Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”. An Act defining cybercrime offences,
providing for the prevention, investigation, suppression and the imposition of penalties therefor and for other
purposes.

[Republic Act No. 9995]

Also known as the Anti-Photo and video voyeurism Act of 2009, the unlawful of taking photo or video coverage of
a person or group of persons performing sexual act or any similar activity.

[ Republic Act No. 9775]

Also known as the Anti‐Child Pornography Act of 2009, the unlawful hiring, employ, use, persuade, induce or
coerce a child to perform in the creation or production of any form of child pornography

[ Republic Act No. 4200]

Also known as the Anti-wire tapping law, it shall be unlawful for any person, not being authorized by all the parties
to any private communication or spoken word, to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other device or arrangement,
to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1124
E-mail Address: cabeihm.gs@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management

REFERRENCES:

ICT Application in Public Administration:

Laxmikant, M. (2011). “Public Administration”, Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi, pp. 2-5.

Fadia, B. L. and Fadia, Kuldeep (2018). “public administration: Administrative Theories And Concepts”, Sahitya
Bhawan, Agra, pp. 2-8.

https://pia.gov.ph/features/2023/06/07/national-ict-month-2023-celebrating-technologys-power-to-change-lives

E-governance: https://www.gdrc.org/u-gov/egov-03.html

Big Data in Public Administration:

Maciejewski, M. (2017). To do more, better, faster and more cheaply: using big data in public administration.
International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(1_suppl), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316640058

Cybersecurity and Cyber threats:

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/what-is-cybersecurity.html#~types-of-threats

https://www.globe.com.ph/business/enterprise/blog/cybersecurity-in-the-philippines-assessing-the-threats#gref

https://www.statista.com/topics/11332/cybersecurity-and-crime-in-the-philippines/#topicOverview

https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/data-breaches-plague-philippines-country-scrambles-bolster#:~:text=In
%20the%20%22Comelec%20leak%22%20of,unrestricted%20access%20a%20month%20later.

https://cybercrime.doj.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10175-cybercrime-prevention-act-of-2012/

https://www.bulsu.edu.ph/dataprivacy/#:~:text=BACKGROUND,tasked%20to%20monitor%20its
%20implementation.

https://www.doj.gov.ph/files/2012/Primer_on_Cybercrime.pdf

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation