ee Tes m alt) 4 es Prep.1 Second Term Unit One - Lesson One Chemical Combination Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547- The number of the well known elements up till now is 118 elements. - These elements can be classified according to their properties and electronic structure into: First Second Third Metals Nonmetals Noble (inert) gases eae = Ee HE | They are elements which contain 1 or 2 or 3 electrons in thefoutermost | energy level. SSS ee > Properties of metals: @ @) They are elements which contain less thamd electrons ; . (1 or 2 or 3 electrons) in the outermost energyleyvel Na oMg Sodium ‘tom They are solids except mercury (Mg) which is the only liquid metallic element. 3 They have metalliofuSter. GS 4 They aré good ¢onductors of heat and electricity. 5 They are malleable and ductile. 2 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547[The behavior of atoms of metals during the chem > During the chemical reaction, atoms of metals tend to give their outermost electrons to other atoms (G.R) To complete their outermost energy level with ) — @) ) electrons. ite fg The atom becomes a positive ion when it loses an electron or more (G.R) Because the number of positive protons becomes more than the number of negative electrons. SS Temggitiar NG postive dio | ( oT ‘on ‘one (ene i cotatlee | 11 cont Itis an atom of a metallic element that loses an electron or | f oe ite more during the chemical reaction. yy = IN iessensranaiciarcsteroeretenatonet Sarena Sm Uae LY From the previous explanation we conclude that jon Represent the No. 7 The number of protons’in its of fest electons nucleus is greater than the/number of electrons revolving around it. - The number of energy levels around its nucleus is less Symbol of a positivesodium ion ~— than the gumber of energy levels in the atom. - Carries.a humber of positive charges equals to the number of lost electrons from the neutral atom. The positi Nat* ‘Symbol of element Duringthe chemical reaction, the magnesium atom (\V\g) loses two electrons and changes into a positive ion (Vig '*), which carries two positive charges. i KLM K L ++ Loses two. x @) )) =e” 1@))| 28 6_ L Zé) Neutral magnesium atom (Mg) Positive magnesium ion (Mg*?) It contains : It contains : |2 electrons 12 protons 10 electrons 12 protons 12 neutrons 3 energy levels 12 neutrons 2 energy levels 3 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547Second: Nonmetals| | They are the elements which contain 5 or 6 or 7 electrons in the outermost > Properties of nonmetals: They are elements which contain more than 4 >) ) [@re 1 electrons (5 or 6 or 7 electrons) in the outermost at ." energy level. Oper Chine Some of them are solids and others are gases except 2 bromine (Br) which is the only liquid nonmetallic element. & They have no luster. They are bad conductors of heat and electricity except graphite (carbon) which is agood conductor of electricity. - a They are not malleable orductile(brittle). QE EO EURO SUEUR BURL Re Cr Barco > During the chemicalreaction, atoms of KL nonmetals,tend to gain electrons from other \ Gains three atoms\to Complete their outermost energy level witheléctrons. / electrons > The'atom becomes a negative ion when it gains an electron or more because the number of electrons becomes more than the number of protons. (EE ion} Itis an atom of a nonmetallic element that gains an electron —_ | or more during the chemical reaction the chemical reaction. 4 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547Examples of atoms of nonmetals and their behaviour during the chemical reaction : During the chemical reaction, the chlorine atom (<\) gains one electron | and changes into a negative ion (CI), which carries one negative charge. electron LM % Gains one ) a ‘ ‘Neutral chlorine atom (Cl) Negative chlorine ion (CI-) It contains : 17 protons. [8 electrons 17 protons 5 18 neutrons, 3 energy levels 18 neutrons » energy levels oT — —_ gf! 4 During the chemical reaction, the oxygen atom (0) gains tWo electfORs, (@ 98 and changes into a negative ion (0-2), which carries two fiegativé charges. \@ == KL K ig) a) \ | Gains two. \ @))| 2> Neutral oxygen atom (0) (Negative oxygen ion (0~) It contains : Abcokitainis : | B) clcotrom = 7S rofead Pyqecirom, 8 protons | 8 neutrons, 2 energy levels Syseutrons 2 energy levels | (ma RR ----- | Itis It is the atom of an element that loses or gains an electron | or more during the chemical reaction. ZUR LCOS EL The atom The ion ‘N [fiselectrically neutral in its ordinary state 1. It is positive or negative electric charge The number of electrons equals the he number of electrons is more or less number of protons. than the number of protons 3. Its outermost energy level is not 3, Its outermost energy level is completely completely filled with electrons except filled with electrons. atoms of noble gases. 5 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547omparison between metals and nonmetals: POC Metals Nonmetals They are solids except mercury They are solids and gases except 1. Physical state : “ i sa Vit geet ict (Hg) which is a [liquid] bromine (Br) which is a [liquid] 2. Metallic luster : | They have metallic luster ‘They have no luster. 3. Malleable & : They are malleable and ductile. | They are not malleable or ductiles ductile : l They are bad conductorsg@fheat 4. Heat & electric | They are good conductors of heat and electricity [except gtapliffe conduction: | and electricity which is a good coftgr of electricity]g 5.No. of electrons | They have less than (4) electrons | They, hav@.mire thin (4) electrons in outer shell: in the outermost energy level. inthe Yutermosugnergy level 6.Behayiour of During the chemical reaction t Dugfftg the Bhemical reaction, atoms during their atoms tend to lose an Wicir aygAfs tend to gain an the chemical electron or more and chanf@into_ele¥if6n or more and change into reaction : positive ions, negative ions Positive ion *, Negative ion = si leg ho 1. Itis an atom of a fei#fi@lement that 1. It is an atom of a nonmetallic element loses an electron or make dufing the that gains an electron or more during chemical reastion® the chemical reaction 2. It carries a numb€r of positive charges _2. It carries a number of negative charges number of the lost electrons. equals to the number of the gained electrons. equals 16 th 3. The Mimbe of its electrons is less than 3. The number of its electrons is more than the umber of protons. the number of protons. 4. "the number of its energy levels is less 4. The number of its energy levels is equal than that of its atom. to that of its atom: G Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547Noble (inert) gases} They are elements in which the outermost electron shells are completely filled with 8 electrons (except helium which has 2 electrons in its outermost electron shell). Helium_ He * They don't participate in any chemical reaction in ordinary Neof nie conditions. a RPBon “wer + Their molecules consist of one single atom (monoatomic). Megypton aeKF * They don't form positive or negative ions in the ordinary enon 54Xe| conditions. Radon xR" (1 | They are elements which don't participate inaany chemical reaction in | ordinary conditions due to the completenessoftheir outermost energy | | levels with electrons. ) The following table shows the atomic Structure and the electronic configuration of some atomsof noble gases : The atom of Electronic No. of electrons in the inert gas @onfiguration the outermost shell K @) ° ( : rea KL 7 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547EY - Atoms combine with each other forming molecules through "Chemical bonds”. We will study two types of bonds, which are First Second Tonic bond Covalent bond First: Ionic bond| It is a type of chemical bonds that is formed as a result of combination between a positive ih {for an atom ofa metallic element and a negative ion for an atom of a nonntetallicelement to form a molecule of an ionic compound. (1 It is a chemical bond resulted from the electric attyaction between a | [ positive ion and a negative ion. | ee a 2 ee Ex. 1 Formation ofa sodium chloride (table salt) molecitle [NaCl]: Formation ofa sodium chloride molecul ad Kum Kum Ney 2 “ ‘ A sodium Par Pa chloride ¥ ‘molecle Ne Nw a Sodium atom Chlorine atoms Sodium ion (Fnigg eon (metal) atom Na) loses | 2 RlggiteaaHfreta) atom (3c) electron and changes ito a positive ggmlkains ARglectron (which is lost by ion (Na ‘W&aaium fiom) and changes into a neve ion (CI). Ais forma@bguge MgteciMBattraction berween a positive sodium ative chloridjon (CI-Mgeming an ionic molecule of sodium © A strong ionic bor ion (Na*) and chloride (NaC. Ex. 2 Formation of, magnesium oxide molecule [MgO]: Formation of @@hagnesi “ ew ey |” KL)? gto => |@))| Rut a4 if oxide s ” molecule Magnesiggn atom — Oxy Magnesium ion Oxygen ion al) ators ('40) > A magnesium (metal) atom (i loses 2 electrons and changes into ains «positive ion (Mg? magnesium atom) and chang ative ion (0°) © Anoxygen Jeetrons (which ate lost by 2 A strong ionic bond is formed due to the electric attraction between a positive ‘magnesium ion (Mg*?) and a negative oxygen ion (0) forming an ionic molecule ‘of magnesium oxide (MgO), 8 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547Second: Covalent bond Covalent bond often occurs between nonmetal atoms to form elements molecules or compounds molecules. ( 7 | It is a chemical bond originated between the atoms of nonmetals through | sharing (participation) of each atom with a number of electrons to complete the outer electron shell of each atom. J SS — Types of covalent bonds 1 PY} AS ngle Double Triple covalent bond. covalent bond. 4 ) covalent bond. WEBER LCS UCe| (sos Gaon nt) ay It is a chemical bond which arises betweén twoynonmetal atoms by sharing of one | pair of electrons, where each atom shares the,other atom with one electron. J - Itis represented by one line(-)joifing the two atoms. Formation of a hydrog a sjulPes wit one eleetrom to complet Ws outermost shell Barsraty Megssrd between oneatomtoronestementand OD aiaai Ny on brotnr clement Racenatl ofa water molecule (i 9 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547PT eevee ein (om covalent bond] | It is a chemical bond which arises between two nonmetal atoms by sharing of two | pairs of electrons, where each atom shares the other atom with two electrons. J as ance cnn enee etme ane ann none fnnneeun ee ue ene ecm anne econ eee - It is represented by two lines (=) joining the two atoms. Example : Formation of an oxygen molecule (02) : e @ J— ((@)}#(@)} —. Oxygen atom Oxygen atom Oxygen molefe (go) ($0) (0 =0) {ON © Each oxygen atom shares with two electrons to compléte its qutétmost shell with 8 electrons and becomes more stable. (| CE tay (a ROE LCL!) | Itis a chemical bond which arises betyech two nonmetal atoms by sharing of three | Pairs of electrons, where each tO shares the other atomwith three electrons. J ee SE ee ee eS Example : Formation of a nitrogen molecule (\\.): @ @ Ny ym = a ‘ RNagoren atom Nitrogen atom Nitrogen molecule (Nn) (gn) (NEN) or (Np) _[ © Each nitrogen atom shares with three el 8 electrons and becomes more s trons to complete its outermost shell with le 10 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547