VVOVOORDOODURDVUUUUUBUETUUEUCEPPCCECEEE Infectious disease pate: Chapter 12 sup. Trfectious discase » Ore caused by organism known as pathogens. = Cause arm to. health of host — Con be passed From one. arganism. 4a another: hansmissable. vie, divect contact, exchange of Tluid Conlaminalion, oir borne , vector. Pathogens -» parasitic ( ci) disease Causing microorganisms. —> Can be prokaryote / eukaryotes. > 6g. backria, Virus, profoctists, fangil ge) (Py Cea) (eu) othe way which & pathogen passes from. one Person. to another 1. Called. the transmission Cycle. 2 Diseases that are always in. population ove described. @3 endemic. oan endemic Occurs when.there is.an increase in the muvnber oF Cases a (oy + the rate of death From diFberent cisceses ic relerred to c1 morlality throughout a Continent ar across. the world. Viruses 2 non-Cellalar Stractare. 2.0 plasma membrane, Oytoplasm, ribosomes. ° Only é 1) DNA or RNA 2) Protein coat = Capsid > protective Cont may hove one or tito Coet. 3) many viruses may else have lipid envelope. U4) Some proteins may be present. eg haemagglutinin, Newramindase. Elipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: eall parasitic. *Can only reproduce by in feching living cehs suse protein synthesising machinary of gel to repli Cecte. host Bacteria what all backria do nothave? what au bacteria. have? 2 no. membrane - oud. Oganeles. 2 plasma membrone- «no nucleus © Cylopiasm Dwa ties free in cytoplasm © peptidoglycan cell wall In the nuclesid region. > made..chains... crossed. linked. by Amina. acids. 2 70s ribosames. » Cirewlar, DIVA 2 PVA is naked -» nat associated Types of pathogens (histore)eévith proteins. Disease typeof Causative agent. name of Causotive agent. Cholera Bacteria Vibrio cholerae Malaria Protoctist Plasmodium fetciparum/ P. malariae HIV/AIDS (Retvo) Virus hamen.immunadeficienty Virus Tebercelosis Backria mycobacterium. tubercelosis 114. bovis Smottpox Virus Variola.. Virus. eo Endemic = a disease that exists permanently in a particular region. or pepalation —» Malaria is Constant warry in parts of APrico. Elipon * Scanned with CamScanner QTARERADCAARAAAAAATA oO AA AA AM aaaVYOVIUOUYSSOUSOROEUUDUCHTUCEWCECRKCCCLEEE Date: Sub: « Epidemic = an dutbreak of diseases that. adfecks. many. peoples of about the same bime and may spread Hirowgh one or. Several Conmunilies a SARS. epidemic. in malaysia. + Pandemic= iuhen an epidemic... spreads thoughout the world. Covid 19 was..a. world wide Pandertic. Cholera. 4 2 Causilive organism : Vibrio. cholera. -.abacleria. «Comma shaped « has. flagella, motile Se (ty transmission: e lage numbers of vibrio. cholera Bund in faeces ( Gi) oF infected peop. © infected people's faeces /sewage contaminates food and water. o hausePlies land on faeas and contaminate food and water. o aninbeckd person tat Contaminated Prod and. tye.ter. hrod-borne (lerhe s27 Faecol- oral route Sw» Be po wate. borne Fe ee Symptoms and. effects : 4) if bacteria is not killed by Stomach cteid, bacteria reaches the smal intestine Cou) 2) Backria Secrefes Chaleragen toxin. 3) toxin binds 2 complementary receptor on intestinat epithelial Cell and enkrs Via. endocytosis Elipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: ‘Sub: 4 Distrupts fonction of intestine epitheliam lining ow ef a ad, pit b ary CY Cer Tae 5) loss of Chloride ions and Sodivm.ions. From epitherial Cats . 6) walker potential decrase , Waly meves Out from bloods, down woer pottaliol gradient by osmosis though parhally permesble membrane. rae WY Guuse Severe diarrhoea + dehydration Geers A Stet More Symptoms: « Diarrhoew «loss of watey and Sals- low blood pressure * Dehydration weakness and fatigue. + weight loss - . Vomitting Diagnosis: 5 microscopical analysis of faeces. Treatment : + Oral rehydration therapy. + ase oral rehydration solution (ORS) that has glucose | salts. « Ensare thet flaid intake = fluid loss in urine 2 fa7cace. = maintain osmotic balance af blood and tissue Muids. _> almost all treated patient are survive. Prevention 2 proper sewage treatment to break dransmission eycie. eChlarinate weer to Kin bacteria be lore drinking. 2 Drink bolted water. Elipon Scanned with CamScanner PRPRFTFREFRKEFTCTFRUARCADUAAADARAAARAATAVORVYdDVDOOROHOUUYUHGTHUHUVLOHUUE EE Date: Sub: es yaccinalion only offers short-term protection (no.tonger recommended) Malaria. Causitive organisms Plasmodium a Protoctist (eukaryote), parasite 2 in human, malaria is Caused by + Plasmodium Fatciparam (752).4.P- malariae « P.Ovele« P. vivax C207) e its appearance changes depends. on.tife cycle. stages. © Vector / transmission: G 2 Vector = Organism that Carries adisease from a person to. another / fom animal. to. humen. © Insect vectors Female. anopheles. mosquitoes. > only Female take blood meals bo supply eggs with nastrents «alse thmugh bleed transhsion,use of unskente. needles, and Can pass acess. placenta from mother. mos takes blood meal fom inkected person and then. takes a blood meal From uninfected person. Life cycle of Plasmodium: 1 prasmodium’s gametes fuse, multiples in and fre infective... stages in mosquitoes. 2. when mos takes a blood meal, parasite enters hast with mas’s Gakicoagulant and. Saliva & inkective Stages of parasite enters bioodsheam and then liver Cells 4. parasite mature mln Cll, then enkrs KBCs Elipon 4 Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: © 5. parasites mattiply ia RBCs, Causing RECs to lpe 6. parasites are released and infect other RBCs F. parasites picked up by another mos in a blood meal. protocite _plasmodiam Vector > the Femaie anapheles mosquilves. Malaria Sites of actions fiver. red [blood Cell, brain The life of piasmodium ¢ RATCAAADARAAAADAEAE mosquito takes 2H W_ male and fealty gamedles iz infected blood meal oF parasite fuse in mos’ stomach days 4 t mmacureslioh and. production oP parasites’ Gali division. produces mate and] female (gametes) thousands of immature @ | 4-42 maleriot, parasites € Parosites ‘ieave liver cells ? @ A and enix RBCs infective stages of parasite imede @& 1 masqueites Salivary. glands e infected siages of parasites J @ enkey blood sheom and then liver <= inected mosquito takes blood meal @ els 7 ce G Symptoms : © Headache «Fever» muscular pain and fatigue @ e Back pain «Skin chins and Sweating » Dry Cough G + enlarged Spleen + Nausea + Vomiting» Anaemia a dee es oF we ° a Elipon Scanned with CamScannerVVPVYSVVOSOUUSORBUUELDEYUHVECMTCECEEEE Date: Sub: Diagnosis : + microscopical analysis of blood + Dip stick tes! Sr malaria antigens ie’ blood Treatment : «anti. malarial drags 2 @.g: Quinine, Choloroquine« arlemisin 2 Chlorequine . inhibits protein synthesis and prevent parasite fom spreading within the body. ¢ Proguanin. inhibits sexual reproduction oF the mos. 2 Combination therapy = where maltiple drugs are used af the Same time — used to. prevent diug- resistance. Prevention: eno vocene fer. malaria 1) use prophy lactic / preventive drags (@g. Chloroquine) 2) Reduce. of mosquitves 3) prevention of being bitten by infected mosquitoes. athe vector, the napheles masquibes survives ond breeds in hot and hamid. areas Elipon 4 Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: HIV / AIDS Causitive organism: humman immunodefieney virus CHEV). aviras o ibis a RNA Virus. / retrovirus * Contain single- Stranded RUA as genetic material + Has protein Cant / Capsid made of capsomeres. = Has Outer Viral envelope made of a. lipid. bilayer and proteins Cmesty delivered. from host) ¢ Has. viral gigco proteins on the Ovber. envelope o Has 2 enzymes i) Reverse transcriptase —, uses RWA as femplake + produce wa in host Cell. 2) Protease ~» cleave ¢2ul% / process new viral proteins. The life cycle of HIV S 4. the viral RNA ond reverse transcriptase (RT) enters T helper Iym phocytes 2. RT Converts RNA to Ona, 3. The viral ONA is incorporaked into the! hos t DAA 4. the Cells’ mochinary is Used to expiess Viral proteins (though transcription and transletion) 5, Viral proteins are assembled info many Viruses. Elipon Scanned with CamScanner PDOPROAHDARSFARARAAARADAARAAAAAAETC oadVPVVVSYVSKROSOUULUEYUGTYUECUHCCECLEEE Dote: ‘Sub: Transmission + through direct exchange oF laody. Fluids. oyirus is unable to survive oatoF human. body: Semen. Vaginal Fluids during Sexual intercourse. + Blood transmission vie infecled bleod 2 mother fo baby transmission across placenta / breast milk. e having maltiple sex parfners allows . virus 4o spread more widely. « @nal intercourse increases risk of transmission. Symptoms and. effects: 2 Slow. infection Virus Con stay .dormant Fer. years. + Changes surface protein to bide. from. immune. system. o HIV infects. cells oF the immune system, Caled. helper T Cells © this deshoys helper T Cells and reduce their proportion. 2 Body is unable te defend ifset against infection. Symptoms of HIV infection: o Flu. like symptoms and then. Symptomless Gsince virus Can stay dormant for years) © Opportunistic infer ction Con Occur as result oF a compromised immune sys hen « Collection of opportuniotic diseases associated with immunodehency Gaused by HIV = AIDS Elipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: ‘Sub: Tabercutosis iw Causitive organism: mycobaclriam tubercubsis, M- bovis ~ bacteria © Mycobacterium tuberewbsis > Causes TB in human. o my cobetctericam bovis a in Cows haman,.and other mammals “Transmission ¢ Mycobacterium tuber Cubsir + + By aerosol infection. «Pathogens isin airbarne droplets. + infected person Coughs | Sneezes. + Uninfecled person breathes in droplets. Mycobacterium bovis: ofiom inkeckd Cows (Cattle - eat undercooked Contaminated meot + Drink anpastearised milk Containing bacteria. Site of infection: « primary = lungs + Secondary = in lymph nodes, bones, and gut Elipon Scanned with CamScanner OPPDOTFARTBATAAAAAAAAARAES 200 92VVVOSYSOREEBLEUEEVIU EASY ULLEE Date: ‘Sub: Antibiotics e-anhbiotics ave drags used. 2 Usuatty delivered Fam miicroorganisms. ote kill /inhbit. growth of bacteria. » whitoat harming. the infected organism. o Bacteriocidal. antibiotics — kill bacleria 2 Bacteriostatic. antibiotics. - inhibit bacterial growth. «prevent speed of bacteria twithin body. oe harmless to human Cels- o Have No a hect on viruses. How do antibiotics work ? o inhibit bacterial Cell cual. synthesis « inhibit. activily of specihc membrone protein / glyco protein -» biock binding 40 celts 2 Block specitic enzyme action, a Inhibit piotiin synthesis and nackic acid synthesis target encyme that bacteria have, but humans. dont + many, different antibiotics each have. different mechanisms alpen Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: Penicillin © inthe absence of penicillin «Bacleiat cell walt is made of peptidoglycans. + When bacteria Cell grou, it Secretes autolysins » autolysins makes tiny holes to allow the Cell wall to stretch. 2 New peptidoglycans. formed. + peptidase enzyme. Form cross-links between peptidoglycans chains. + to Perm Celt veut. 2 in the presence of penicilin = ¢ Peniviliin inhibits pepidase eneyme. 2 stop formation oP Gross. links between peplidagly cans Paty mrs in the Cell evatl. 2» autolysins make tiny holes. to allow the Cell wall to Stretch o new pepdoglycans Grmed but cannot link ue: » the cell wall is weaker: + Cell walls Gnable to withstand turgor pressure. zwhen wel moves in by osmosis, bacteria lyees and dies. a Different antibiotics ae eFPective againt diferent backrie- Elipon Scanned with CamScanner PPHOHRHRFFFPASHKTKTRETCAARAADARAAAUTAAAVROVOOOVRBORBEUBYLEUDYEUVHVECWCCCCEKESE Date: ‘Sub: AnWibiolic dies Can be placed in pelri dish with grocsing bacteria. The diameke of the zone of inhibition shoes how eflechive the antibioti is : Why antibiotics do not affect viruses? e viruses dont have peplidegiycan Cell evel, instead have protein Coct) + Viruses dont have their awn metabolism ,rely on host Cells e Viruses have no cell. Strackore / very Few Organelies - very fers siles for antibiotic te act an. @ Viruses five inside host cel Out oP reach of onlibiolics. ° Antivivats exist usiaty target viral glyco pisteins on viral enveiape. Antibiotic Resistance when alibiotics are nolonger efFective against baclevie. «if Con be spread. from. backeria te. bactevia. €.g. many bacteria have pericillis”emeynes which can break it down. « Become resistance to Penicctn » Caused by: + Spontoneous / random mutection in bacleria, » malolion couse change in Prokein/ prockchion oF new.prottin thet Can not be targeted by antibiotics. Elipon 4 Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: © Neural selechon enables resistance genes te be spread. + Antibiotics is the selection Pressure. © antibiaties only Kills bacteria thed are not- resistance. = resistance bactria Survie and reproduce. e antibiotic resistance gene is spread to the nextgen and another bac. © they are (genes) usually found in plasmids. Bacteria Can spread Gntibiotic resistance genes Using <> Vertical transmission» pass plasmids down to. deaghter ces by binary fission. ~5 Horizontal. transmission —» Poss plasmids to other bacteria by Conjugodion. TEVUCAAUDAVDAACACAATAF Antibistic Resistance Couse: 2 Due to patient not Completing Course oF antibiotics given» trectment Ge may not be Completed 50 Some Susceptible. backeria. servites. > Bacteria veplicales and have Increased Chence of mutedion | becomig Ga resistant. Consequences: A) bacteria con Carry several esti biotic resistence genes @) Develop multiple resistance #) Become a Super bug. exg- methicillin- resistant Staphylococeus aveus CAARSA) > Wounds dont heal and ae Continaally inkected with bacteria, EiPON 4 Can not be killed Jinhibited by Common antibiotics. Scanned with CamScannerPHSSVEVERVYERDEVUEYEUHH ECC CLES Date: ‘Sub: Gas Vertical transmission Horizontal. Trans mission sistant Coll non-resistant Bacterial vests Call. Chromosomes 0 resistont ‘and Parent Plasmid cell 1 replicate | Cent i A fon) Conjuag ating bacteria. Duaghter Cells each recie a copy of the plasmid and ave A single DA strand of the plasmid resistor is transferred. Eeach. bacteriam then Synthesises a Complementary Strand. Both Cells are now resistant Elion, Z Scanned with CamScanner