POVVUDODODEDUYUEVESIEITESVELCCEE chapty& Date: sub: Transport in mammals. the Cardayascalar system 2 aka circulatory syste «includes blood vessels, bleod, lymph, ond. heurl. needed for: 1. transport of nolvient and Oxygen ound the body 2. Disposat of waste malerials (e.g. Carbon dioxide, urea) 3. transport oP hormones 4. Cirewlale Ws aad RBEs in body. Closed , doable Circolalory. system. Closed : » Bioad is Contained in Blood Vesele Gyx > aluags inlheart Greries; Veins! or _capillayies” ae Pe Za Double «Blood pases though the lheavt Aisa} in one complete Circuit, lungs ; aes mona 1 Girenit = 2 Cieenledion ee 1) Pulmonary Cirewledion Giredolion through the lungs end heavt 2) Systemic Circwlafion Cireclodion trough other paws of the hedy and heart exept the lunges Systemic Circulator” bats Elipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: “Sub: ather Crowlary systhens. fo) an open. Cirerlary Sys hom cb) a closed Civelary sysken e fread ia I qr cs hemolymph in > Sinuses. Soneunding ongans Btosd vessels Dy BS PRPBPATAVUBAUDAIUVUVIVAVRVAUAVAAAAAA Small braach Vessels in cosh orgoa Veins + Cary. Oxggenated eed. (excepl for (pilinanary artery) Capillaries &_4» + exchange vessels, Bring blasd-ciose te tissues( oer) + link arferies and Veins) Veins 2 Camy daaxiggenated: Bioad: (except for pulmonary vein) Arteries a shorter distance from hear» Blood frovels ob /highllpeavare lin avberies- Appearance: otusenlzidelinedwovalishape 2 Thick wall + We €lipon Scanned with CamScannertind Ad Tall VPVVUHOROORVEYVEYUUUINYN arteries in different ports af? body. very ia their Date: Sub: tunica tanica Inkinun, ce ? J Arterial wall. has 3 layers? Basevient Tesnice intima: / endothelium ce + Squamous: epithelial cet» Flattened cel i 7 thiccest OF pe ol Guy a, ieee 3 components: Gllagen fibres, glashic bres; ond Smgoth- muscle 3)Tanica extend irs labor 2 components: callagen Abs ond (elastic Libres. ‘ ica tunica media. tunica externa: structure. Wale farica Media, as shown here. in the. other parts of the. body the tunics media Conteins less clastic Rbves and more Smooth muscle, Capillary 1) Colagen libres —p withstand. high pressure and prevent rupture af vestel well made of > endothetiaen rales oF each component = ri 2) Elostic Mibres > qilaws vessel to Stretch to. withstand. high. pressure. When blood enters at lower pressure, it recoils to give bload a small push to increase blood pressure» Smooths out Pulsatile flow maintoin blood pressure. 3) Smooth muscle — many layers. .maintain blood pressare * Contract / relax io change volume of biox! delivered + Keep baload moving Porwwards © cuhen muscles relay: > arlerisles became Wide (vasodilation) increase. blood fa shen _owscles Contract: -» arferiotes becume neriow (vasoconstriction) reduce blood or Mt yack: : ben Elipon 4 Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: "ietiske ——aaries + loser ortheoneait) » elastic Ripres Can. Stretch /recoil fo. withstand ..high pressure. and. Smooth out Palsatite Flow : 2. Mugealar arteries’ /arteriates » Father Prom theort = Smooth can Contract/ relax 4o.controt volume. of blood. flows become nanower. si blood Flow slows down. Capillaries = Vesel diameter = Fin « made of endothelial / squamous epithetieliol Celts. adopted far Function - 4) One- Celi thick’ -» short diffusion distance. TAUDUVAUCAAUCAAAAAL 2) has pores) gaps between endothelial celts) allows some Smalier Componcah 2P blood to pay through ar exompie, evater, Jans, glucose. e ie zx 5 aliows Remation of tissue Fluid. meh ele p SS ojo) 3) Smal lame diameler5 slowdown oF biood > bring REC close fe body tisee: Qa = bied prerare in Capiliarics are lower uy high surkrce area » —> network oF Gapitaries Rom « Capihary red > Alices mare exchange rPrereneaera Elipon Scanned with CamScannerVVVVBDOVDYVUWHNOUNUNWYHVDUUECRECEAHESEE Date: Sub: Veins {unica media. : Cveeg thi a-refarn blood to.the.heart len g thie) erkenc low. blood pressure mostly collags Smooth me tonlen appearance : large lumen inking. sinregular | Mlattened avod shape + Wide lamer in yelakon 40. thickness oF sual # Thin tunica media —» less Clastic tissue and. ley Smooth muscles + tunica. intima | endothelium Not wavy. Fecchures 1) presence of valves , Prvnos sto prevent backPlav of blood —» ensure blod Flows toward heot > Valves Close pathway when blaad travels opposite direction. 2) Surronded by Sktelal muscles ‘ACV dwhen skelefel muscle conltasts, f i\ } pushes. blood towards. heart CANN) | ANY (hr Conlrackd — Yeloyed Lumen diameky ~, Veins Parkes) Capillaries Areas Capillaries > veins , arteries x thickest tall > avery Velocity > aclevics dveins) Capillaries & thickest diameter» Vessels Pressure a arteries Capillaries > veins oe ; : + arlercle hr tr» the watts of them is likly to arferies hower the probrtion oF Srroeth meveseles are greater, Elipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: ‘Sub: oe a Plasma proteins ~> remains in blood all time — Biosd Consent osmotic presse e Leaked plasma ~S Tissue Hud. € High biosd pressure. arkery. evalis Stretch fo reduce blood pressux (wider) lay blood pressure —> arkery walls become narrower do Increase. blood pressure - : Y 7 te tae eed gp & We Ul— + I: Constant osmosic. pressure a pete aly ss . Se Cee i eae 0 ‘ “3 oe wt wh ape le bon piyyst pe derev A * Blood Plasma vy Tissue Fluid ‘water (qeod solvent, nigh especilic: cepncity ——— | Tons TLVAVAAVAN —> Plasma 557. Proteins ie Platelets Nutrients (glucose, amine acids, lipid) epee White blood Cell | wastes’ ¢ urea) > 44, Red blood Cell Gases ( Co, 0.) \ inbracellalar Fluid: Tissue Auid 2 Aka. interestitial Fuid —¢1 intercdibion Fluid. + bathes Celis. « medum For exchange of makrols betieen Celts and biosd. a formed fom blood. plasma. » returned to blood eventialy. o Duc to differences in blood pressure at arterial and venous ends( lormation of tissue Fluid fiom Plasma) PRPRRRKKAIIIATA Elipon. Scanned with CamScannerVDVVVOVDOVODODVUYDYUUEHT IIPS LEECEE Date: Sub: soe ¢ Blood pressure in arterioles is higher than blood pressure in Venues. + Blosd plasma Flow oud into tissue spaces—r through endothelial pores of Copallivies. sBat gaps are smait So Fillration Occurs larger plasma proteins Cannot pass though » RBCs Cannot pass through Compesilian of tssie Maid, .Similer t plasma. Composit it Contains z » wseder, gases, glucose ,fatly acids, urea, ions. » Smailer. protans (e.g. anti bodies) 5 Overall. tower prokin. rc. than plasma. Same WBCs (eg. phagocytes con leave eventho large ) slower 0, conc. than. plasma. = No plateles. 0 NI. large ona o.N0 RBCs « Blood. presseave at venous end is tower than at arterial. end OD GI + Soluke Conc. is higher in the blood Plasma oF Capillary due b & disselved prokei © Posid lug to large , dlisselved prokins Net movement oF water wet movement of wate: |, $0, ab the venous end, some. tissue Maid reburas to the bload- + only 921. ts retuerd to bloody though endo thehial gaps +10. moves into lymphatic vessels and becomes lymph —» lymph is rebel fe bleed via the Subclavian veins nee heavt. lipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: WBC». and RBCs «Both made in the bone marrow from Same type oF slem cels- While blood. celts LaBCs. / + Aka lencocyies made in bone marrw(c/2) -Fanchion: fighting diseases 24ypes oF wae - 1) phagocytes 2) Lym pho cytes 7) Phagocytes » produced throughood tile Function + Pabrol in blood , tissues and organs + rermove dead cells and Pothogens by phagocytosis « inwlved in non-specific delense » responds to many different non-sel® antigens. appearonce? elobed nuclei» Granular eylopiasin due to meny vesicks- Neutrophils emulti_ lobed nucleur « short. lived (Pew h/dey) + have receptor pioteins on ils membrane > to identify Phatogens as non-sell RPRPKKRKLTTKTLRACAUVVAAUAAARARLE ztwhen there is an inkeclion, lovge Members ave releared trem bone-marren) —>_accumulale at sie of inReien. lm gg E1025 Fer digesting phalegen —» Dead nawhephils pas 70 PP Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: Monocytes > Macrophage. + lobed nucleus / Kidney - bean shaped @ larger than neuchephils a have receptor profdin’ on its membrone > to idenbily phatogens os Mond 2 monocytes = Circulate in blood > mature into maco phage chen it leoves bleed and enkr organs. + long lived cells ae + Macrophages found. in organs Sach as. liver, langs, Spleen, kidney, \ymph nodes.( ub) 2) Lymphocgles » produced in bane marrocs be lore birth. « Function» involved. in specific immune responses» responds to Only Specific non-selF antigens + mature lymphocytes. circulate in the Litt cyloplasm + Produce anhbodies. “y 2)T- [ymphocykes (Tees) Both work together to deFend «motte in thymas the immune System. + Dees not produce anlibedies. VPVOUOVEORVDEOLERRBUEUUUEVUEUUHTCECECCEECEEHW Elipon Z Scanned with CamScannerDate: sub: Red bload celts C erythrocytes) 2 RBCs are short lived (12a days) + Fuaction: Honsport O to bady lisserey Feechuves: 1) Smait and Flexible —> diameler around 6-2 fom -> able to Squeeze through Capiiories - > reduce diffusion distance. 2) Biconcave Disc! ny increases swlace once. GBD > tor diffusion of O, to Ceus 2 3) No nucleus, no mitochondria ,no ER’ a» more roo for haemoglobin Gidsplesnic — <2 maximise the number ak O, ed Carried by RBC Haemoglobin o Found in large quantities in RBCs f+ 2 globular protein Wor s made 2F 2 alpha. gicbin choins and 2 bele.gisbin chan ~y wy Qualernary Siruchore. » each chain Contain. 4 haem group thet has. Fe", binds { moleck of 0, each. : “Hb binds with Oxygen to frm Oxyhacmogiobin in lungs. = Wb HO, > Hb gy - Hby WT Haemogiobiaic aci¢ Ate Co, 28, Carbomino haemaglo bin, gibiicos Carkoxy haemoglabint & Kia PRTKTFTITTLRAIVAVAVVUUAUAAAVAAAT Elipon Scanned with CamScannerPRVOOVEODOLLEORBELYUUYDYUEUEVDEPUVECEEESE Date: Sub: YL. The Haemagiobin Dissocion Curve ital gine as Partial pressor af oxygen CpO,) increases, Percentage Saturation af haemoglobin with Oxygen. increares. 1 seloration af hoemoglobin At Capillaries in lungs = bag Pd, 5 oO, Supply high > so ! ), 15 high ae Hb Is highly Saturated with O, Hel 0 AL respiring Hisswes? Core Q, demand high fer aerobic. respiration > So pO, 5. lov Polio Pressure Hb release 0, Hb is les Saturated with O, oF onsen why 's the Curee S-shaped. ? haemegiobin exhibits Coaperative binding { allosteric eflech, as Oxygen binding inacoses the ablinity oF haemoglobin Rr mare Oxygen Ab high pO, Clangs) at lungs: Go 2 «all haem groups ae fay Occupied. = * Hb Fety Saturated . + Curve levels off. SES At..inereasing p2,2 oes + binding of 2nd and 3rd O, is casier than ts of respiring tissues: + Small increase in pO, reseltr in levge increase in 7. Sataration AL tow. pO, (respiring tissues) 2 21st 0, Combine with haem group —» Hb Change shape. Note: + 0, in lungs ave higher © 7, in respirang Missues are lower P% g) a 7% ry, Elipon 4 Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: As biaod travel form Copillaries in langs to fisswe t 2° Small decrease in partial pressure leads to a large decrease in 1. Sotuvadion > allow more Oxygen to be released. / dissociate From Hb. ~y Alfinity oF Hb onggen decreases al low. pd, ed APPinity of Hb to O, + pO,— high po, Increases aFFiniby of Hb toO,. + pC, — high partial. pressure decreases. affinity of Hb t 0, _s result in the Bohr ePFect / Bohr shit <> Where the Curve shilis to the. right. “Te amount of Oxygen the haemoglobin carries is alfecked not only by the partial. pressure of oxygen bat alo by the parlial pressure. oF Carben dioxide. CO, + Heo = FeO Carbenic.acid WY Hela ae Hts Heo, hydrogen Carior3? ton 257. hydregen Carbonate Co, Carrier S17. plasma (01. Carbamin ahemoglobn Carkohic: enzymes found in Cyloplasm of red blood Celts. anhydrase Elipon Scanned with CamScanner PPPHRRKTRATKKFRCRLACAUADAUCAAAAATEEDate: ‘Sub: Carbon dioxide transporH 0) Th Blood Plasma As \Hdregencarbonale. ions. One product of dissociation OP dissalved carbon dioxide 1s hytrogencarben ions , Neo, . These are Grmed in the cytoplasm of the red biasd Cal, Most of the hydrogencar berale ions the diffuse out of the red blosd Celi into the bleed plasma - «About 251, of the Carbon dioxide tansperked by this wa. byJn. Bld plsma. as. dsc Carbon did motels Some CO, remains. a& Carbon dioxide: molecules and Some oF these Simply dissolve.in; the bleed plasma. About 5/. oP the total is Carried in this berm. : C).As.Carbominohaemogiobin other Carbon diaxide. molecules diFfuse to the red. blecd celts as they Combine dlrecHy with the termine! amine groups (- NH) of some of VPULETTUCTICTCCEE haemoglobin moleclesas farmed @arlominohaemagibin + Abot 0], of the Carbon diaxide Cawied by this we. From respiring II to alveolar « Cells air co, tissue Plaid 51. oF €0, PRVVVEVEVGLLSG CO,¢ Hb in Solution CO, + waker {| Caibmie anthydra ~ H.C, ay : H+ HCO, 254 hydagen Corbonake. Blieon Scanned with CamScannerDate: sub: Difkerence between while bicod Cele and red blood Cells © WBCs all contin nucleus. (with diFlerent shaped o most of W8Cs are larger then RECs although Iympheeghes may be Slightly smalien > WBcs ave either spherical OF irregalar. in shope , never looking like a bicen.Curve.disk. —> neutrophils Phagocyles wéc Morocstes _,, Lymphocytes Heart athe humen heart has & man Palmenary vein ef Be0g andis roughly the ‘nib: a . Bicuspi Size of a closed Tricuspid gag TAITTTITAVCATVAVAVAVATAST Vaive Fisk Aorbie. athe heartis a hollow, Vena he Cow mustvley organ located in the chest Cowiky Pulnronary z Valve ait Js protected by the pevicerdiom (2h) a tough and Gbras Sac jin ic and the rom tra, Venlricles. pbs. » Both sides of the heart are separated Rom each other by a wai of masculor tissue, Called geptam, The porlion of sepham that divide right and lelt aia is inratial septum and the other interventricular septum ushich separate sight and (2Pt vertictes Elipon Scanned with CamScanner the Mead is divided inte 4 Chambers. The two top chempers ave aria ggg rerarnreVPVOVUVODOESORUEUEHUEDUEUOUCEPECECEEEE Date: ‘Sub: , >The seplom is highly significant for ensuring bled doesnt mix belive, tye let and. right side oF. the. heart. Valves in heat gees Open when the pressure aP blood behind them.is greeter than the pressure in Front of them. ° eihen the pressare..oP bicod jin hant.of them is. greaber Man the pressore of in font of them. x Nalves ave very imporlant for keeping bled. forward in the right direchos and stopping it Flowing backwards. they are. alse so importont Por rain lining the Correct pressure inthe Chambers. of the heavt. Tricuspid. Valve ~» the right alvian and fight ventricle ave separated whithin _ atrioventricular valve which is otherwise Krown as triewspid valve, x Palmenary Valve ny Separates the right ventricle and Pulmenary arber * Bicuspid Valve v> Separates the tefh abrium and left venlrick. x Aortic Valve ws Separates the left vealricle and aarka, a there are tivo blood vessels. bringing blood 40 the heart ¢ the Vena cava and palmonayy vein. 0 there are Jue bleed vessels taking blood away Fram. hearts. the. pulmonary arkyy and. aorta. 2 the mascle. of which the heart is made ig Cardiac muscle Gime’ Zit is made of interconnecting Cells sith Cell surface membranes very Lightly joined together. Elipon Scanned with CamScannerBranches trom the aarta,deliver oxygenated blood to Date: Sub: the walls oF the heart itself” Faas dln the heat receives blood though arteries onits oun surkace » Called PTIITTTTITVDUVUIVVALAUVAAAAALE Coremary arkories which supply its Qu blood fe aerobic vespivation. ai Ss. importont that these arteries lemain Clear of plagues, as this Could lead fo angina or a heort attock (myocardial inhraction ) The Cardiac cycle se normal heart rate is 75 beals per min (bpm) the Cardice cycle is the series oF etents. that foke place in One heart bees, including muscle Cerhaction and relaxation. Contraction a Systoterpunping «‘relaxcdion <> diastoler Bi s average lengh oF one cardiac cycle is OBS Cardiac cyde: g Uy 1), Atrial. systole > 2) Ventricular 3) Diastole Atrial systole (0.15) Alriel Volume ¥ othe watts of. tre mamta A, Ariat .presseire @ the pressure inthe alvia rises above that in the venlvicles, Farcing the atrioventricular CAV) valves ‘open > Blood is forced info. ventricles. a there is a slight increase In Venticular pressure and Chamber volume as the ventricles recite the blood tom the alria. + the wantricleswavemretaxed at this Peint, venlicular diastole Coincide eth uy atrial systole. o Blood ; Alia Any Ventricles a @a €lipon Valves that are Closed ? Vena Cava« Pulmonary veins Scanned with CamScannerVPVOVYSOOOEBULULUYUUGLEUUUCDMIECLEEESE Date: ‘Sub: Venticular Systole. Co. 3S) othe watts of mean Veaticular volume. Ms Venlicatar pressure T athe pressure inthe ventricles rises above thet in the abia,-ev hich. force the (AMVANSIIBTEE, preventing back. Flow oP bud. + the pressure in the ventricles rises above that in the aorla and pulmonary. arfery ,cohich force. the\{ Sémilundie(SL)) Wales" (Open so blood is Breed. into arleries and out.oF the heart. + During this. period, the arFiawarentelaxing., arlial diastole coincide. with Ventvicatar systole ny the bioad Plow to the heart Continues, S0 the relaxed atria begin to Gi aiith blood agein. Bld? Venbricles ~» Aorta, plinerny vaives that ave. closed: Atrioventicularvalves ( Prduce «lubn Saad) - a_Bp Diastole (0.45) » the Venbricles ond atria both ave relaxed. sdhe_ pressure_in the ventricles drops below that inthe Gorka and Pulmenery “orloy , Hrcing the ethe alvia Continue ta Fill with blose! > Vie Vena Cave. andl. palmoncr p Vein « pressure in the arbia rises abete.thak inthe Vvenlrices, lerciag the + Bicod Flows passively into the ventvices without need of atyiot -sgslok. Blood. Vena Cava. and pulmonary veins —> atria and. trickles inte Vertecles Walves that are Closed: Semilanar veins (produce » dub» saund') (Prtmonery reins) Elipon 4 Scanned with CamScannerDate: Sub: Muscles dele ventricle > right ventricle. > Atrio. x Conlaction of the popillory muscles, attached + the valve by tendons, prevents the otrioventricalar valre fom being tirced inside Ovt. Changes..in Blood pressure in Atria, venbvicles, ard. arleries- 2 Changes with Stage oF Cardiac cycle. # exactly measure the pressare on the tele side oF heark» teh atrium, left ventricies, aorfa «Due to higher, premure and. larger dikF in pressere compewed. to the right. side. o Atrial pressure is relatively tow because it has thinner walls and exert tess Bree. 2 Arial pressure increases olirng atrial systole. o Venlicular pressure increases during venhi cular. syst/e « Aortic pressure increases during venlicular systole. ft. abiol Contraction begins 2. Blood enters ventricles 3B, Veninieular systole begins; AV valves Close 4. Venticwlar Contract S.ssemitanaryalres. open; Blood flow. into G. Semilunay vatve Closes % ventncles emply and relax 3. AV valves open! Blood start to fil atria _ 9, Blood trickles ints ventricles 3% Pressure Slightly increases cshen Valves Close Elipon Scanned with CamScanner DRRBDBRPARRACATAUAAAAAAAEE bu é DRAM D DPVPVUODVESOOEBELLUYUTEEEVCI ECE ECLEE valve close Cate: Sub: 1 Atrial | Venticulor | Diastole ‘Syste | Systle | Semitunar | \ Aortic pressure ! oe | avis Heart. Sound 1 Daba ' ' open ‘im Pid | open open. Arihroventiowar valves Closed | open |. Closed 1 cased. Aorlic and. pulmonary, valtes Change. in. pressure. in Blood vessels » Pulsates due to venticular contraction. « Systolic. pressure= the maximum biged pressure in. the arteries. 2 Diastolic. pressure =the mirimum blood pressure in the arleries. + Haman flood is usually between 30-120 mmHg Control of Heart Beat © Cardise. muscles ove myogenic. emyoyenc = Conkraction initiaked by muscle itsell, aot by nervous. impulses Krom Qubside. Elipon Scanned with CamScannerDate: ‘Sub: wave of excitation /etechicol impalse. is hazed through the- 1) Sinoatriet node (SAN) 2) Atrioventi cular node CAVN) 3) Pa kyne Tissue 1) Sinoatrial.. node. CSAN) i pid + Determine rhythm of heart 2 also..Called pacemaker, «found of the woll of right atriam. 1. SAN sends out waves of excittion | elechical impulses aes 2. Impulses Spreads actos. atria» Both atria Gonhact Simaltaneous!y > result in atrial systole + But non- Conducting issues. prevents Impules fom reaching the venhrides. > So atria and ventrides do rot contact at the same time. «wove oP excitation passed to AVN. 2) Atrioventricular inode. (AVN) Se ames ra - AVN js found between. the atria «prevents advia and ventricles from Conlraching at the same time. Acts os. relay station 3. There is a time delay of x o.1.0-2 seconds » allow alia to emply > > and ventricles to fill. Elipon Scanned with CamScanner PPEDHRRRTTTTRRATGVDARVUAAAAVTACEVPRVVUPODOOERDUOUUYUYUUHUCEWCMHCCEEEE Date: Sub: 4. AWN. sends wove of exicatahon to ventricles —aluave of excitation passed to Purkyne tissue, SAnode 3. Far keyre Tissue “Avil Tiny bundles of connecting Pres »Faund at base of venhicles. 5. Parkyne tissue conducts excitation to base of Seplam /venticles. G6. Electrical impulses spreads upwards. in ventricles walls. Refactory period. e period of insensitivity to any. stimulation 2 00.4 Second « Atyial and ventiycular muscles relax + Diastole Electrocardiography (ECG) oused to measure heart rate and regularity. «record wove of electrical activity. nor ls 9139 ats = P= atrial systole Aral Veionler ye +QRS= Venticular systole Sysble Syctote z -T=Diastole Rk Ps the wave of excitotia over atrial walls Q $ QRS» the eave of excitection in Vertricles walls Ty the secovery of the venbicle tall Elipon 4 Scanned with CamScanner