5 Forces and matter find out: ieecaa “¢that forces change the shape and sie ofa body Re tow to carryout experiments to produce entension-oad graphs © + how to interpret extension-load graphs {© + about Hooke law and how to apply t ‘> _what factors affect pressure how to caleulate pressure 5.1 Forces acting on solids Pedescan lang the sie and shape an bet. They roreach wun bend or wit ft Figure shows “Ia fect pend for these erent ways of deforming ~ sie | endtoced) _toettrcen_* igre s1_Focescan change the sn nd tape oa sald cbs Fe ae show lou dere ys ot fein 9 oe an objec. You could imagine holding cylinder of fos tubber whichis easy to deform, and changing shay in cach ofthese ways. roam rubber is good for investigating how things eform, because, when te forces are removed it Springs bac o its original shape, Here are wo more ‘amples of materials that deform inthis way hen a football iskicked, tis compressed for a Short while (se Figure 5.2). Then it springs back torts original shape ast pushes itself ofthe oot: the player who has kicked it.The same is tru for tennis ball when struck by a racket.‘Bunge jumpers ely on the springiness ofthe rubber rope, which break thei fll when they jump from a height. Ith rope became Permanently stretched, they would stop suddenly atthe bottom oftheir fl rather than bouncing up and down and gradually coming toahak Some materials ae less springy. They become permanently deformed when forces act on them, ‘© When to cas collide the metal panels of their bodywork are bent. Ina serious crash, the sold metal sections ofthe cars chasis are also bent, ‘Gold and stver are metal that canbe deformed bby hammering them (see Figure 53) People have known for thousands of years how to shape rings and other ornaments from these precious metas 5.2 Stretching springs Toinvestigate ow object deform, itis simplest to start with spring Sping ae designed to steich a long wey ven a small frei applied, 0 easy to measure ho ther length changes. Figure 5.4 shows how to cary out an investigation con streching sprig. Te sping sung frm aig clamp, otha stop end i ied Weights hung on the endo the sping these are refered toasthe Toad. As the oad is increased, the spring steches and ts, length increas. Figure 53. A Thea steith mating awit ban Sheri ‘lately sot meal at oor terpataure scan Be hammer Ino shepe witout te need for Resting. Figure 5.5 shows the pattern observed as the load Isincreased in egula steps. The length ofthe spring Increases (alo in regular steps). At this stage the spring will return ois original length i the load is removed. However, ifthe load is increased too fa, the spring becomes permanently stretched and wil not Figure 54. ives the etching of stg Figue 55. Srotcinga sping nthe ing deems ee, "il taro gl eg wen the aa ered vet howei ead so ret fe png damage. (pte 5 sanavit pil return to its original length Ita been inelastically deformed: Extension of a spring asthe force stretching the sping increases. it gets Tonge. tis important to consider the increase in Tength ofthe spring. This quantity is known asthe extension. length of stretched spring original length + extension ‘able 5.1 shows how to usea table with three Columns to record the results of an experiment 10 Steetch a spring Te third column is usd to record the vale ofthe extension calulated by subtracting the orginal length from the value inthe second colar, To sec how the estension depend onthe load we raw an extension-load graph (Figure 5.6). You can see thatthe graph isin two pacts te at first the graph slopes up steadily. This shows that the extension increases n equ steps asthe load increases ‘6 Then the graph bends. This happens when the load isso great that the spring has become permanently damaged. It wil not return to its ‘original length (You can see the same features in Table 51. Lookat the third column. A first, the numbers go up in equal steps “Thelast two stepsare bigger) ooo 00 240 00 10) ne 06 20 252 12 30 258 is rm 26 2A 50 270 30 mn m8 36 7 236 46 a0 2s 35 ble 51 Reser anexperent find ot how Taping svetches athe ladon since Nem = [ceteris igure 36. An eerion-lod grap or sping based o he fan able 5 Activity 5.1 Investigating springs ‘Skis 11 Dense leg fh te we ‘smates 103.4 oe eat experimental bsetons snd ‘Use weights to stretch a spring. and then plot a raph o show the pattern of your results 1 Select spring. 2 Fixthe upper end ofthe spring gin lamp, 3 Position a ruler next othe spring so that you can measure the complete length ofthe spring, asshown in Figure 4 “4 Measure the unextended length ofthe spring '5Prepaea tabi for your resus, sir to Table 51 Record your rests in your table s you go along 16 Attach a weight hanger to the lower end ofthe spring. Measureitsnew length. 7 Carell ad weights tothe hanger one atime, ‘nesaring the length ofthe sping each ime. 8 Once you havea complete set of results, calelate the values ofthe extension ofthe spring 9 Plot a graph of extension (y-2is) agains load (Geaxis) and comment on its shape See—— @ Questions along When ts 5. A piece of elastic cords 80 es ode. What sretched its length ineras 5.2 The table shows tostretch an east “Re table, and draw a graph 0 6 data tne results ofan experiment vord Copy and complete present th pea 5.3 Hooke’s law 5 thematic ptr ofthe etching SPOTS ® Te eseribed by the English scientist Robs Hooke. freed ht hence load othe SPN weds the extension ao double. TBs ST the ‘i gave hve tines the extension and This toad eather mips 57. Te PDS shows enon depends on telond A Boe aight ine leading wp fom he Oi onal tothe graph is ast That the extension is proport ‘hisshows tl load. a a centin pointe graph bends tn DO apap moe seep Tis pint 6S imitof Fey Ths pot also nen se di Pree springs srtced beyond this PO ifthe fad is semove’ ve be permanently dames “pop wl notre alte wa 0 orginal tindeormed Tenth. se esiooud ahora ana been ere Stone gat be ee te ite pep acomes 9 TU Se eta reer ae Tape engin ig noone ‘Sheol te expeiner rignes7 M0 -tetenaturef the spring srepeteted agaphot Figure 5:74 andre P17 Hook's law 1s proportional tothe load ‘Toeestension ofa 5778} Jimitof proportionality applied tot, provided the not ve can als write Hooks law as an equation Fs ke isthe load force) stretching DE ant ofthe prin extension of the tn this equation “Spring isthe spring const Trpecrue ofits stiess) and x1 the spring conus womens1 you double the load thats stretching spring. the spring will not become twice a long. tis the ‘extension that I doubled. ‘Worked example 5.1 [A spring has a spring constant = 20N/em. ‘What load is needed to produce an extension oft.sem? ite down what you know and what you ‘want to find out load F=? : spring constant k= 20cm cextenslon =2.5em ‘step 2: Wete down the equation linking these quantities, substitute values and calculate the result. F20x25=50N So. load of 30N wil stretch the spring by 2 Sem. How rubber behaves ‘Arubber band canbe stretched in a similar way toa spring. As with asprin, the bigger the lod, the bigger the extension. However, ifthe weights are added with great care and then removed one by one without feleasing the tension inthe rubber, the following can be observed: te The graph obtained ls nt astraght ine Rather t hha slightly S-shaped curve. This shows thatthe extension is not exally proportional to the load Rubber doesnot obey Hooke la 4 Eventually increasing the load n longer produces any extension, The ruber feels very sf. When the load is removed, the graph does not come back exactly t0 200 WEED oo ‘stills 1031 Denese co we ted pps and materia Bc ‘aig sue tiers where apruri) 103.3 Make md raeaedesertons, mesures 8 ‘stints 03.4 were oe lite experimental sents nds Carryout an investigation into the stretching ‘of rubberband, This isa good test of your ‘experimental sil, You will need to work carefully Ifyou are to sce the effects described above. 1 Manga rabberband from clamp, Atach 2 wright hanger atthe lower nds thatthe band fang sag dow. 2. Campa rue nex totbeband so tht yo can measure the length ofthe rubber be 2 Prepare a table for your ress 4 Oneby on, add weights ote hanger: Resor the length ofthe band each ime Ad the seit carflly 0 that you donot allow the tanto contract ona them, 5, Neat emeve the weights oneby oe Reco the length of the bad each ine Remove he sights carl 0 hat you donot steich the Teneo allow ko contact 0 mich 6 Cale the extension coresponding (each eit 7 Plt your rests ona singe graph. Can yousee heeft shown in Figure 5.70” Hooke and springs ‘Whiy was Robert Hooke so interested in springst Hooke ‘was sientist, but he was also a great inventor. He was interested in aprings for two reasons ‘Springs ae useful in making weighing machines ‘and Hooke wanted to make a weighing machine that was both very sensitiv (to weigh very ight ‘bjecs) and very accurate (to measure very precise ~ quantitiesproportional to the force producing t. You can see Hooke’ straight-line graph in Figure 58. 98 @ Questions —_—_——_ 5.3 A spring equires a load of 25N to increase its length by 4.0cm. The spring obeys Hooke lw. ‘What load will gveit an extension of 12cm? 54 Aspringhasan unsretched length of 12cm. Is | spring constant kis 8ON/om, Whatlad is needed | tostrtch the pring to length of 15cm? 5.5 The results ofan experiment to stretch a spring are shown in table, Use the results to plot an ‘extension-losd graph. On your graph, mark the limit of proportionality and tate the value of the load at that point. n 00 0800 20 ois 40 0830 0 oss igure 58 Rober Hook's diegams of springs fie 0.3860 100) 880 ‘+ He lso realised that a spiral spring could be used to 10) 0905 control a clock or even a wristwatch Figure 58 shows set of dlageams drawn by Hooke, including long spring and spiral spring, complete with pans for carrying weights. You can also see some ot 5.4 Pressure his graphs. Ifyou dive into a swimming poo, you wil experience For scientists it isimportant to publish resus so the pressure ofthe water on you. I provides the that other scientists can make use of them. Hooke was upthraston you, which pushes you back to the surface. very scrctive about some ofhis findings, because he Te deeper you go, the greater the pressure acting Aid not want other people to use them in their own on you. Deep-sea divers have to take account of thi inventions. Fr this reston, he published some of "They wear protective suits, which will stop them being his findings in code. For example, in ead of writing crushed by the presure, Submarines and marine his of pring a given above. he wrote thi exploring vehicles (Figure 5:9) must be designed t0 elmo, Later, when he fl that it was safe to withstand very great pressures. They have curved Publish his leas, he revealed that this was an anagram surfaces, which are les likely to buckle under pressure, of sentence in Latin. Decoded, it sad: Utteniose and they are made of thick metal vis. ln English this is the extension increases, “This pressure comes about because any object 0 does the force! In other words, the extension is under water i being pressed down on by the one cen