INTRODUCTION TO

NUMERICAL
METHODS
ENGR. CAESAR RICO S. ACANTO
REVISED BY ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA (2ND SEM AY 2021-2022)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the student will be able
to:
a. Discuss the purpose of Numerical Methods
b. Identify applications of Numerical Methods
 NUMERICAL
METHODS/ANALYSIS
It is the development & study of
procedures or algorithm for solving
problems with a computing
instrument or computer.
WHY USE NUMERICAL METHODS?
To solve problems that cannot be
solved exactly.
x u2
1 

2 

e 2
du
WHY USE NUMERICAL METHODS?

To solve problems that are intractable.

Intractable Problem: a problem that cannot be
solved by a polynomial-time algorithm. The
lower bound is exponential.
by Puzzle guy
By Abdul Bari
∗ Towers of Hanoi: we can prove that any
algorithm that solves this problem must have a
worst-case running time that is at least 2n − 1.

∗ List all permutations (all possible orderings) of

n numbers.
ALGORITHM
 It is used for a systematic procedure
that solves a problem or a number of
problems.
 Its efficiency may be measured by the
number of steps in the algorithm, the
computer time, and the amount of
memory (of the computing instrument)
that is required.
NOTE AND UNDERSTAND
 The major advantage of numerical analysis is
that a numerical value can be obtained even
when the problem has no “analytical” solution.
 The mathematical operations required
(generally) are essentially addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division plus
making comparisons.
NOTE AND UNDERSTAND
 It
is important to realize that a numerical
analysis solution is always numerical.
 Analytical methods, on the other hand,
usually give a result in terms of
mathematical functions that can then be
evaluated for specific instances.
NOTE AND UNDERSTAND
 Numerical analysis is an approximation,
but results can be made as accurately as
desired.
 Toachieve high accuracy, numerous
separate operations must be carried out,
but current computers do them so rapidly
without ever making mistakes.
 SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO
1. Solve for the roots of a non-linear equation.
2. Solve for large systems of equations.
3. Get the solutions of a set of non-linear
equations.
4. Interpolate to find the intermediate values
within a table of data.
 SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO
5. Find efficient & effective approximations of
functions.
6. Approximate derivatives of any order for
functions even when the function is known
only as a table of values.
7. Integrate any function even when it is
known only as a table of values.
 SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO

8. Solve ordinary differential equations when

given initial values or conditions for the
variables.
 These can be of any order &/or complexity.
9. Solve boundary-value problems &
determine eigenvalues & eigenvectors.
 SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO

10. Obtain numerical solutions of all types of

partial differential equations.
11. Fit curves to data by a variety of methods.
NONLINEAR EQUATIONS
 How much of the floating ball is under water?

Diameter=0.11m
Specific Gravity=0.6

4
x  0.165x  3.993  10  0
3 2
DIFFERENTIATION
 What is the acceleration at t=7 seconds?

 16  104  dv
v(t)  2200 ln   9.8t
 16  10  5000t 
4 a
dt
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
 Find the velocity profile, given

Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600

v(t )  at 2  bt  c, 5  t  12
Three simultaneous linear equations
25a  5b  c  106
64a  8b  c  177
144a  12b  c  600
INTERPOLATION
 What is the velocity of the rocket at t=7 seconds?

Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600
REGRESSION

Thermal expansion coefficient data for cast steel

INTEGRATION
 Finding the diametric contraction in a steel shaft when dipped
in liquid nitrogen.

T fluid

D  D   dT
Troom
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
How long does it take a trunnion to cool down?


d  (0)   room
mc  hA(   a ),
dt