GONZALES, DEXTER O.
BSCE -1C
COMPUTER – A programmable electronic device that
performs processes, calculations, and operations based on
instructions provided by a software or hardware program.
COMPUTER HISTORY
2500 B.C. – ABACUS
The first known machine used for counting and
calculations. It is typically made of wood with beads
and rods. It is mainly used for the basic arithmatics
operations.
876 A.D. – Zero
This mysterious symbol is first recorded to be used in
India. This symbol represents empty, or the lack of
something.
1617 – Napier’s Bones
Invented by John Napier from Scotland. This simplified
the complex multiplication and other math processes such
as long division and square roots.
1642 – Pascal’s Calculator
Invented by Blaise Pascal, a french scientist. This is a
mechanical machine that uses dials to rotate the numbers
with the help of the gears inside it. This machine is
designed to add or subtract two numbers directly.
1673 – Leibniz Calculator
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a German
mathematician expanded on Pascal’s ideas and did
multiplication by repeated addition and shifting. He called
this machine the Step Reckoner.
1801 – Jacquard’s Loom
Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a machine that could
weave fabrics with a pattern that is automatically read
from a punched wooden cards held together in a long row
by rope.
1822 – Difference Engine
Charles Babbage proposed a steam driven calculating
machine the size of a room which would be able to
compute tables of numbers such as logarithm tables.
1823 – Analytic Engine
Charles Babbage then continued to have another proposal
powered by 6 steam engines and would have a size of a
house. This machine would be more general purpose in
nature because it would be programmable thanks to the
punch card created by Jacquard.
CFP – REVEIWER
Birth of memory?
● Babbage realized that punched paper could be
employed a s a storage mechanism, holding
computed numbers for future reference.
● With respect to Jacquard’s loom, Babbage called
the two main parts of his Analytic Engine the
“Store” and the “Mill” as these terms are used in
the weaving industry.
● Store is where the numbers are held and Mill is
where the numbers were “woven” as an output.
The first programmer
Babbage befriended Ada Byron. At that time, she was 19
and was fascinated by Babbage’s ideas. Through letters
and meetings with Babbage, she learned enough about the
design of the Analytic Engine and started to build an ideas
around the still unbuild machine.
Babbage refused to publish his knowledge for another 30
years, but it was found out that Ada had “Notes” written
wherein she detailed sequences of instruction she had
prepared for the Analytic Engine.
Ada also invented the subroutine and was the first to
recognize the importance of looping.
1847 – Boolean
George Boole publishes his thoughts on symbolic logic,
which decades later will form the basis of computer
science.
Boolean algebra was introduced by him in his first book
“The Mathematical Analysis of Logic” in 1847, and set
forth more fully in his “An Investigation of the Laws of
Thought” (1854)
Boolean algebra has been fundamental in the
development of digital electronics, and is provided for in
all modern programming languages.
1876 – Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell, 27 years old at that time, filed
a patent for the telephone.
1890 – Hollerith Desk
Herman Hollerith designed a punch card system called
Hollerith Desk to calculate the 1880 census,
accomplishing the taks in just three years and saved the
US government around 5 million dollars.
This machine consisted of a card reader which sensed the
holes in the cards, a gear driven mechanism using Pascal’s
1

machine, and large wall of dial indicators to display the
results of the count.
1890 – IBM
Herman Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine
Company, one of the three companies that will later merge
and become known as International Business Machine
(IBM).
1897 – CRT
Karl Braun build the first cathode-ray tube (CRT) and
CRT oscilloscope.
This became the cornerstone in developing fully
electronic television.
1937 - Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming. It
is a glass tube with its gas removed, creating a vacuum. It
contain electrodes for controlling electron flow and can
act as a switch or an amplifier. With this function, These
were used as the basic component for memory and CPU
of the early computers.
1946 – First Generation
With vacuum tube invention, the first generation of
computer were developed. Thousands of vacuum tubes
were used and it consumed lots of power. It also generated
high amount of heat and its size was very large. Input and
output data of the computer used punched cards, and it
used punched paper tapes for storage.
1946 – ENIAC
ENIAC Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer was designed by John Mauchly along with a
team of engineers and other experts. This is considered as
the world’s first programmable computer. It is capable of
doing 5000 additions per second.
1947 – Transistors
William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain
successfully created the first working transistor at Bell
Laboratories, a research arm of American Telephone and
Telegraph (AT&T). It is smaller and faster than vacuum
tubes, and also has better energy efficiency, however it
still generated a lot of heat.
1956 – Second Generation
This is the turning point that gave birth to the second
generation of computers, replacing the vacuum tubes
with transistors. Second generation of computers still
used punched cards but with the addition to magnetic tape.
Magnetic tapes also serves as the storage of this computer.
GONZALES, DEXTER O.
BSCE -1C
CFP – REVEIWER
1958 – Integrated Circuits
Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) that will
later revolutionize the electronic industry.
IC is a piece of circuit composed of multiple transistors
allowing for building compact devices.
This meant that IC replaced transistor and created the
third generation of computer.
1971 – Microprocessor
Intel developed and released the Intel 4004 which is the
very first microprocessor. With the VLSI technology,
circuit density increased allowing for thousands of
transistors to fit in a small area.
This is the fourth generation of the computer.
1982 – Artificial Intelligence
Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry
began the development of the fifth generation of computer
technology.
Artificial intelligence software is paired with ever
evolving computer hardware to perform tasks with a
much higher efficiency.
A programmable electronic device that performs
processes, calculations, and operations based on
instructions provided by a software or hardware program.
HARDWARE
Input devices, Output devices, Processor, storage devices,
etc.
• The physical component of the computer system
• The five major component of a computer system:
1. Input Unit – Devices that take inputs
from the user and convert it into machine
language that the computer understands.
2. Output Unit – Devices that provides
output from machine language to
something a human can understand.
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) – The
“brain” of the computer. It fetches
instructions from memory or input
device, interprets the instructions then
executes the instruction.
4. Main Memory – A storage area where
data and instructions are temporarily held
for processing
5. Storage Device – Used to store data
persistently, even when the computer is
powered off.
2

SOFTWARE
A set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
• Consist of both programs and data
• A collection of instruction, programming or
coding, which we can only see, feel or can
imagine about its logic.
• There are two main types of software:
1. Application Software – Software which
increase the functionality of the system.
(Eg. MS Office, Google Chrome, CAD,
etc.)
2. System Software – Predefined software
which are not meant for user
manipulation. This help in the smooth
functioning of the system. Also provides
a surface for application software to
work. (eg. Operating system such as
Windows)
PEOPLEWARE
A person who uses the computer for any purpose such as
work, business or entertainment.
PARTS OF A COMPUTER
• Power Supply – Converts AC to low-voltage
regulated DC power for the internal components
of a computer.
• Motherboard – The main circuit board inside a
computer the connects the different parts
together.
• Microprocessor – Also known as the CPU or the
brain of the computer. Performs all the arithmetic,
logic, and computing actions.
• Memory – Holds the instructions and data in use
by the operating system and software applications
before and after they pass to the CPU
• Storage – Saves all the data even if there is no
power. Data stored on these devices will remain
unchanged until physically changed or the data is
deleted.
• Video Card – Also known as the GPU. It is an
card which generates a feed of output images to a
display.
• Input Devices – Any device that a user use to
give instruction to the computer.
• Output Devices – Any device that converts
machine language into something a human can
understand.
MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocess is an integrated circuit that contains
millions of transistors interconnected. Its processing
GONZALES, DEXTER O.
BSCE -1C
CFP – REVEIWER
capabilities control and direct the activities of the PC by
interacting with the other electronic components on the
motherboard, such as the main memory, bus structures,
cache memory, and device interfaces. It has three main
components:
a) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) –
this performs the mathematical
calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division
and takes logical decision that involves
the comparison of two data items to see
which is larger or smaller.
b) Control Unit – Coordinates and controls
the data flow in and out of the CPU. It
also controls all of the operations of
ALU, memory registers and input/output
units. It is also responsible for carrying
out all the instructions stored in a
program.
c) Memory Registers – A register is a
temporary unit of memory in the CPU.
These are used to store the data, which is
directly used by the processor. Registers
can be of different sizes (16 bit, 32 bit, 64
bit, etc.). Each register inside the CPU
has specific function such as storing data,
storing instruction, storing address of a
location in the memory, etc.
• Clock – in a computer, clock speed refers to the
number of pulses per second that sets the tempo
for the processor.
• Cache – A small but fast memory area. It is used
to reduce the average time to access memory.
• Core – This is where the data is processed and
turned into command directed at the rest of the
computer
• Heat sink – a passive heat exchanger that cools a
device by dissipating heat into the surrounding
medium. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool
central processing units or graphics processors.
MAIN MEMORY
• Random Access Memory (RAM) – Holds the
instructions and data in use by the operating
system and software applications before and after
they pass to the CPU.
• RAM is volatile, meaning that it requires a steady
power source to hold its content. In any case the
power stream is broken, anything stored in the
RAM is erased.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM) – Non-volatile and
retains its contents regardless of power.
3

STORAGE
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – is an electro-
mechanical data storage device that stores and
retrieves digital data using magnetic storage with
one or more rigid rapidly rotating
platters coated with magnetic material.
• Solid State Drive (SSD) – storage device that
uses integrated circuit assemblies to
store data persistently, typically using flash
memory, and functioning as secondary
storage in the hierarchy of computer storage.
• Flash Memory – Flash memory is widely used to
store data and code used in
embedded systems. It is a non-volatile storage
medium, meaning that it can retain
data without a power supply. Flash memory can
be electrically erased and
reprogrammed and it erases data in units called
blocks and rewrites data at the byte
level. Flash memory is often used in systems that
frequently rewrite data, such as
USB flash devices or SD cards.
VIDEO CARD (GRAPHICS CARD)
Video cards are designed to accelerate the rendering of 3D
graphics. However, in this modern age of computing, they
became more flexible and programmable, enhancing their
capabilities. This allowed graphics programmers to create
more interesting visual effects and realistic scenes with
advanced lighting and shadowing techniques. Other
developers also began to tap the power of GPUs to
dramatically accelerate additional workloads in high
performance computing (HPC), deep learning, and more.
Although they’re best known for their capabilities in
gaming, GPUs are becoming more popular for use in
creative production and artificial intelligence (AI).
INPUT DEVICES
• Keyboard – an input device that allows a person
to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols into
a computer.
• QWERTY Keyboard
• DVORAK Keyboard
• AZERTY Keyboard
• Mouse – a small handheld input device that
controls a computer screen’s cursor or pointer in
conjunction with the way it is moved on a flat
surface.
GONZALES, DEXTER O.
BSCE -1C
CFP – REVEIWER
• Microphone – an input device that translates
sound vibrations into electronic signals that
allows computer to understand.
• Webcam – an input device that captures digital
images.
• Scanner – an electronic device which can capture
images from physical items and convert them into
digital formats.
• Game Controller – an input device used with
video games or entertainment systems to provide
input to a video game (or a submarine).
OUTPUT DEVICES
• Monitor – a piece of computer hardware that
displays the video and graphics information
generated by a connected computer through the
computer's video card.
• Speaker – an output device that uses transducers
that convert electromagnetic waves into sound
waves.
• Printer – an external hardware output device that
takes the electronic data stored on a computer or
other device and generates a hard copy.
CONNECTORS – USB
USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an industry
standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the
cables, connectors and communications protocols used in
a bus for connection, communication, and power supply
between computers and electronic devices.
USB was designed to standardize the connection of
computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing
devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players,
disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers,
both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has
become commonplace on other devices, such as
smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles.
PROGRAMMING SOFWARE
• These are tools used by developers to create all
kinds of software.
• Artificial language which the syntax and
semantics are strictly defined.
• Example: Turbo C, Pascal, Visual Basic,
Assembly Language, PHP, Java, Python
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
• A high-level language is a programming language
designed to simplify computer programming.
• A high-level language has a higher level of
abstraction from the computer, and focuses more
4
 GONZALES, DEXTER O.
BSCE -1C
CFP – REVEIWER

on the programming logic rather than the • Computer is can only calculate using binary
underlying hardware components such as digits, 1 and 0, and with this number system, it
memory addressing and register utilization. cannot get to exactly 1000 bytes. So in order to
• High-level source code contains easy-to-read calculate it efficiently, it took the most natural
syntax that is later converted into a low-level number in binary digit that is closest to 1000,
language, which can be recognized and run by a which is 1024 or 210.
specific CPU. • Meaning, there are 1024 bytes in one kilobyte.
However, this calculation are a thing of the past.
1. C++ Outdated knowledge from veteran tech people.
2. C#
3. COBOL 1 MBps is not equal to 1Mbps
4. FORTRAN • 1 MBps stands for 1 mega BYTE per second.
5. JAVA • Whereas, 1 Mbps stands for 1 mega BIT per
6. JAVASCRIPT second.
7. OBJECTIVE C • And since 1 byte = 8 bits, 1 mega BIT per second,
8. PASCAL divided by 8 will be equal to 0.125 mega BYTEs
9. PERL per second
10. PHP
11. PYTHON So advertisement of these products are scams?
12. SWIFT • Because people are generally confused about the
kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, etc. measurements
LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE because it is tied to the metric decimal system
• are used to write programs that relate to the measurements, there were lawsuits against the
specific architecture and hardware of a particular hard drive makers in the past. However, the suits
type of computer. ended up in settlements and didn’t change
• A low-level language may also be referred to as a anything except for one new measurements.
computer’s native language. • They made it so that 1kilobyte is now officially
• Machine language and Assembly language are 1000 bytes.
popular examples of low-level languages. • The “bibyte” measurement was introduced which
• Assembly Language often abbreviated asm, is a is the binary version of the prefix used. Which
low-level programming language for just means that 1024 byte is now equal to 1
microprocessors and other programmable kibibyte (1KiB).
devices. • This is why when we have 16 GB (Decimal
• An assembly language implements a symbolic Gigabyte) of flash drive, we only see 14.90 “GB”
representation of the machine code needed to in the computer system, because this “GB” is the
program a given CPU architecture. binary gigabyte or 1 Gibibytes (GiB).
• Machine Language the set of symbolic • Therefore, 16 gigabyte (16,000,000,000 bytes) is
instruction codes usually in binary form that is equal to 14.9 GiB.
used to represent operations and data in a machine
(such as a computer) — called also machine code TO SUMMARIZE…
• GB is the traditional, metric style of measurement
Data Representation with 1GB equaling to 1,0003 bytes.
• A binary digit is called a bit and represents either • GiB is the binary method, which is the way
a 0 or 1. computers measure data at 10243 bytes.
• These are the only digits in the binary or base 2,
number system used by computers.
• A string of eight bits used to store one number or
character in a computer system is called a byte
• If there are 8 bits in 1 byte.
• How many bytes are there in one kilobyte (1kB)?
• Most of your will probably say 1000 bytes, and
that is only partially correct.
5
GONZALES, DEXTER O.
BSCE -1C
CFP – REVEIWER