CIVIL ENGINEERING

ORIENTATION
MODULE

By: ENGR. CECILIA A. GERONIMO Ed.D, AER.

Edited by:
MARIANNE B. CALAYAG, PIE, ASEAN ENG.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction ………………………………………………..….. Page 4

Vision, Mission, Goals, and Objectives
Course Syllabus of Civil Engineering Orientation
University/College Rules and Regulations
II. History of Civil Engineering……………………………….. Page 21
Ancient Builders of Structures, Scientists and Mathematician
Famous Civil Engineers and their Works
Famous Filipino Civil Engineers and their Works
III. Civil Engineering and Society and other Professions….Page 38
Well known Civil Engineering Organizations (International and
Philippines) and their major contributions
Republic Act 544/ Republic Act 1582- Civil Engineering Law, Civil
Engineer Code of Ethics
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. (PICE)
PICE March
IV. Current Fields/ Careers of Civil Engineering…………… Page 57
Structural Engineering
Construction Engineering and management
Geotechnical Engineering
V. Current Fields/Careers of Civil Engineering………………Page 63
Water Resources Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Environment and Energy Engineering
VI. Civil Engineering, Sustainability, and the Future………….Page 67
UNESCO 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Involvement of Civil Engineers in attaining the SDGs
Prospects of Future Civil Engineers
VII. Civil Engineering and Environmental Science……………Page 115
Relationship of Civil Engineering to Environmental Science
Importance of Environmental Science in Civil Engineering
VIII. Interview of two Civil Engineers…………………………….Page 119
Gather the following information from the interviewee: personal data;
educational attainment, school attended and year graduated; work
experiences (position, job description/duties and responsibilities with
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corresponding years); starting salary and present salary;
training/seminars/ continuing professional development attended;
awards received; and level of satisfaction/success

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I. INTRODUCTION

Learning objectives
1. To understand, memorize, recite, and write the Vision and Mission of the
University

2. To realize and enumerate the five goals and sub-goals of the University

3. To imbibe and internalize the core values of a true BulSUan “SOAR BulSU”

4. To know the course description of the subject, the program objectives of civil
engineering, and course contents

5. To be familiar with the rules and regulations of the College of Engineering and the
Bulacan State University

I. A VISION, MISSION, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

VISION

Bulacan State University is a progressive knowledge-generating institution globally

recognized for excellent instruction, pioneering research, and responsive community
engagements

MISSION

Bulacan State University exists to produce highly competent, ethical, and service-
oriented professionals that contribute to the sustainable socio-economic growth and
development of the nation

GOAL 1

Provide Relevant Quality and Accessible Education

The university is committed to providing education that is accessible to deserving and

qualified students through internationally-recognized and industry-responsive
programs set in a 21st-century learning environment.

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The university is mandated to promote relevant & quality education by offering
programs at par with international standards & is accessible to all who seek it
particularly to those who may not be able to afford it. One strategy is to put into place
a robust & reliable quality assurance framework that will make material contributions
to the quality & standards of our programs, products & services.

The delivery of relevant programs is built on a network of progression partnerships for

whom the university is the preferred higher education provider by increasing
contribution from larger partnerships and clusters of international collaborations.

We can capitalize on our regional strength to build a national & international brand by
enhancing the quality, reputation, & perception of the university. This aim will be
achieved through blended & franchised delivery models, the development of programs
that are fit for purpose, & the professionalism of our faculty & staff.

Subgoal I: The BulSU Brand

Establish identified programs as models of excellence and resource centers for other
HEIs.

Subgoal II: Quality Assurance

Institutionalize quality assurance systems of programs and operations that qualifies

the university for at least level 4 status in the SUC leveling.

Subgoal III: Competitiveness

Develop BulSU into a notable hub of programs that are internationally-recognized and
industry-responsive.

Subgoal IV: Faculty / Staff Development and Sustainability

Implement an extensive and sustainable faculty and staff development program that
ensures quality instruction and services.

Subgoal V: 21st Century Learning Environment

Provide learners of the 21st century with a technologically-inclined learning

environment.

Subgoal VI: Accessibility

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Broaden access to quality higher education to deserving and marginalized students.

GOAL 2

Innovative and Responsive Research and Public Engagement

The research program and extension program of Bulacan State University are a result
of close collaboration with national agencies and frequent consultation with the
industries, LGUs, and citizenry of the province and the region.

The research program is focused on responding to the immediate needs of the

community. These studies are envisioned for use in academic instruction, extension
projects & bases for policymaking & blueprint for production. Research studies are
conducted in the interest of social justice & sustainable development to attain equity
among a diverse population.

The extension program aims to fully utilize the research outputs for industry assistance
community & social restructuring and efficient delivery of services to the vulnerable
and high-risk groups in a stratified society.

Subgoal I: Establish Relevant Research Programs

To put directly to the efforts to be exerted by the University Research Office, the
threshold will be to identify priorities & thrusts in this area through consultation with
stakeholders, round table discussions, & inventory of completed on-going researches.

Subgoal II: Institutionalize Innovation and Technology Support Office

The Research office eyes to set up a patent service program under the Innovation
&Technology Support Office (ITSO). Copyright has to be done in the light of the
guidelines set by the Intellectual Property Office, facilitate prototype improvement &
extend financial assistance.

Subgoal III: Efficient Research and Knowledge Management

The University will create an enabling environment & opportunities for technology
transfer by facilitating research outputs commercialization through government &
industry cooperation.

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The application of this generated knowledge by the institution & its resources in
addressing the challenges of the communities through collaboration can be termed as
public engagement or extension programs of the University.

Subgoal IV: Responsive Community Engagement

Based on the community engagement thrust of the University, consultation with the
stakeholder will be carried out to streamline its problems and lessen the gap based on
the manpower requirement of the University.

Subgoal V: Ensuring Environment Protection and Management

The community engagement Office envisioned setting up services that will address the
potential hazards to the environment.

As the university engages itself to the community, environmental consideration will also
be given to address the negative impacts of environmental practices.

GOAL 3

BulSU in Regional Development

Playing a greater role in regional development affairs is the logical consequence of the
commitment of the university to expand the productive capacity of the citizenry. Toward
this end, the following imperatives were deemed exigent: actively informing regional
development policies; strengthening public-private partnerships; strengthening
research capability; exposing students to overseas education, and capacitating
external stakeholders.

Subgoal I: Influence Regional Development

From the macro-economic perspective, the university intends to fully participate in the
affairs of the Regional Development Council. This is to ensure that it will significantly
influence its policies and programs.

Subgoal II: Participate in Public-Private Partnerships

BulSU desires that its graduates will find meaningful employment in regional, national,
and international labor (theaters). It will do so by targeting the exposure of at least 5000
students annually in local and overseas training for the next five years.

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Subgoal III: Conduct of Industry and Market-Oriented Research Innovation and
Development

BulSU targets the delivery of training programs on a regional scale. These training
programs are anchored on BulSU's instructive resources in industrial technology,
engineering, information technology, sciences, services as well as from the outputs of
its research and development program.

Subgoal IV: Enable Students to Benefit from Overseas Educational

Opportunities

BulSU intends to provide its students with world-class training experience. The mobile
global worker has to be grounded on global skills requirements including the right
attitude & values. It likewise targets to equip students with competence that will enable
them to be absorbed in national and regional labor markets.

Subgoal V: Dynamic Technical Support Program

Making full use of its vibrant extension program, BulSU intends to provide target
communities with capacity building training in the areas of job readiness and income-
generating ventures.

Conducted regularly in the next five years, these extension programs intend to reach
out to as many beneficiaries as possible.

GOAL 4

Sound Financial Management

Sound financial management ensures sufficient resources for the institution's

programs & projects towards the attainment of its goals. Implementation of an effective
financial management system to include financial planning & forecasting, analysis &
accounting prevents imprudent use of funds & guarantees the University's fiscal health
and growth. In the next five years, the financial requirements of BulSU amount to Php
3.2 billion.

Subgoal I: Prudent Spending

Keeping the right prioritization.

Spending within the means.

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 Observing laws and rules on government expenditures.

Subgoal II: Resource Generation

Improving the current revenue/income collection scheme.

Establishing new income-generating projects.

Engaging in Public-Private Partnership.

Making long term investment.

Promoting Trans-National Education and Twinning Programs.

GOAL 5

Good Governance

The development of highly competent, ethical, and service-oriented graduates

contributing to national development shall serve as the hallmark of excellent academic
programs of Bulacan State University.

Subgoal I: Equity to All Officials and Personnel

Subgoal II: Transparency and Accountability

Subgoal III: Advocated Participative Governance

Core Values: BulSU SOAR!

S - Service to God and Community

O - Order and Peace

A - Assurance of Quality & Accountability

R - Respect and Responsibility

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BULSU HYMN
Bulacan State University
Thy name will always be
You prepare us in life's journey
For the service of God and society
You nurture our minds in diversity
Oh great in thy faculty
BSU your fame and beauty
We'll uphold 'til eternity
Creative thoughts and skillful hands
To us your best gift of time
We will share our best to humanity
For the nation's prosperity
Your vision is now our mission
We shall lead the next generation
The values ingrained in our hearts
We will treasure, we'll impart
Bulacan State University
Forever we'll honor thee!
BULSU MARCH
Alma Mater, a pray'r from the teachers
You enlighten our minds to success
Hear a song from the hearts of the
masters
Of the compass, slide rule, and pen
Alma Mater, your fame
We shall carry it everywhere
We shall strive for the glory of your
name
For your honors, Oh BSU dear
We shall leave traces on the stars
We shall follow your torch to our goal
For our country, we will struggle
Pledge to do our share in life's gain
BSU when we apart
Aware and willing
Your sons in flight of time
We shall hail thee with praises and
cheers
We shall leave traces on the stars
We shall follow your torch to our goal
For our country, we will struggle
Pledge to do our share in life's gain
My BSU dear.
SOURCE: www.bulsu.edu.ph
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 CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

Attributes of Ideal Graduate (AIG) extracted from the university mission:

a. to produce highly competent graduates

b. to produce ethical professional graduates
c. to produce service-oriented graduates
d. to produce graduates that can contribute to the country's sustainable growth and
development.

BSCE Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

UNIVERSITY MISSION
Program Educational Objectives
AIG-
(BSCE) AIG-b AIG-c AIG-d
a

Practice the career as Civil Engineers

including a leading role in Structural
Engineering, Construction Engineering and
✓ ✓ ✓
Management, Water Resources Engineering,
Geotechnical, and Transportation
Engineering.

Provide professional and technical knowledge

and expertise in engineering analysis and
✓ ✓
design to sustain the needs and demands of
the community and the region

Perform supervisory, managerial, and

consultancy roles that adopt the current
✓ ✓ ✓
trends and practices in the civil engineering
fields and industries.

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Program Outcomes

Program Educational

PROGRAM OUTCOMES Objectives

PEO1 PEO2 PEO3

a) apply knowledge of mathematics and science ✓ ✓

to solve civil engineering problems;

b.) design and conduct experiments, as well as to ✓ ✓

analyze and interpret data;

c.) design a system, component, or process to

meet desired needs within realistic constraints, ✓ ✓
following standards

d.) function in multidisciplinary and multi-cultural ✓ ✓

teams;

e.) identify, formulate, and solve complex civil ✓ ✓ ✓

engineering problems;

f.) understand professional and ethical ✓ ✓

responsibility;

g.) communicate effectively civil engineering

activities with the engineering community and ✓ ✓ ✓

with society at large;

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 h.) understand the impact of civil engineering
solutions in a global, economic, ✓ ✓ ✓

environmental, and societal context

i.) recognize the need for, and engage in life- ✓ ✓ ✓

long learning

j.) know contemporary issues; ✓ ✓ ✓

k.) use techniques, skills, and modern

engineering tools necessary for civil ✓ ✓ ✓
engineering practice;

l.) know and understand engineering and

management principles as a member and
✓ ✓ ✓
leader of a team, and to manage projects in a
multidisciplinary environment

m.) understand at least one specialized field of

✓ ✓ ✓
Civil Engineering practice

Course Outcomes/Learning Outcomes (CO/LO) and Relationship to Student

Outcomes

Program Outcomes/Student
Course Outcomes / Learning Outcomes
Outcomes

After completing this course, the student must

a b c d e f g h i j K l m
be able to:

LO1 Know the trend of Civil Engineering

I I I
development

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 LO2 Familiarize with the practices of Civil
Engineers about their interaction with society I I I

LO3 Understand the history of Civil

I I I
Engineering and the profession

LO4 Understand the relationship of Civil

I I I
Engineering to Environmental Science

Note: (I) Introductory Course to an Outcome (E) Enabling Course to an Outcome (D)
Demonstrative Course to an Outcome

Guidelines on the implementation of Flexible Delivery of Student Affairs and

Services during COVID 19 Pandemic

I. Student Welfare Services

*Information and Orientation Services
*Guidance and Counselling Services
*Career and Job Placement Services
*Economic Enterprise Development
*Student Handbook Development
II. Student Development
*Student Organizations and Activities
*Leadership Training
*Student Council Government
*Student Discipline
*Student Publication/Yearbook
III. Institutional Student Programs and Services
*Admission Services
*Scholarship and Financial Assistance
*Food Services
*Health Services
*Safety and Security Services

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 *Student Housing and Residential Services
*Multi-Faith Services
*Foreign/International Student Services
*Services for Specific Students- Marginalized, PWDs, IPs, Solo Parent
*Cultural and Arts Program
*Sports Development Program
*Social and Community Involvement Program

Learning Activity I
1. Enumerate the significant words/phrases stated in the Vision and Mission of Bulacan
State University

2. Explain briefly your role as a student in the five goals and sub-goals of Bulacan State
University

3. Cite example showing that you are a true BulSUan based on the SOAR core values

4. Enumerate the reasons for choosing the Civil Engineering program/ course

5. Write a short paragraph that will manifest you’re being a Bonafide student of Bulacan
State University

II. HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Learning Objectives:

1. To determine the ancient builders, mathematicians, scientists, and structures

who contributed to the history of civil engineering

2. To analyze the facts, measurements, processes involved in the construction

of ancient and famous structures

3. To know the similarities and differences in designing and construction of ancient

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 and famous structures

4. To reflect on the skills and knowledge of the builders of ancient and famous

Structures

II. AN ANCIENT BUILDERS AND STRUCTURES

A. The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt (circa 2560 BC)

The Great Pyramid of Giza from Ancient Egypt was an impressive ancient structure that
was always admired and recognized by the peoples of the world until the present time.
The incredible architectural specimen was built in around 2560 BC and held the record for
the world’s tallest structure for an extraordinary 3,800 years with its then-impressive height
of 481 ft (146.5 m). The Great Pyramid was described as the structure which rises to a
height of around 455 ft (138.72m), being due to soil erosion and the loss of the pyramidion,
which was the uppermost capstone of the structure. Despite of the slight reduction in
dimensions, the monumental giant has a base area of around 570,000 sq ft (equivalent to
almost 10 American football fields) and a gargantuan volume of 88 million cubic ft (or 2.5
million cubic m) that accounts for an extraordinary 5.9 million tons of mass.

This massive edifice was achieved by the use of an extremely large 2.3 million stone
blocks (ranging from 2 to 30 tons) – that comes to an average of 800 tons of stones being
installed each day, with 12 stones being precisely placed every hour. Few of these stones
(especially, the ones used in the inner chambers) weigh more than 50 tons, and yet they
were transported to the site from Aswan, which is over 500 miles away.

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Given such huge scope of the construction process of this exceptional ancient structure,
and that too in a memorable period which was more than 4,500 years ago – one would
be inclined to think that the monument might be a bit thought of with inaccurate
measurements and unscientific geometry. Well, in that case, in terms of construction, the
Great Pyramid of Giza was built on an artificially flattened site that deviates from a
perfectly horizontal plane by just a minimal 2 cm difference. Even the aforementioned
base edges of the structures account for an almost perfect square, thus making the
corners almost absolutely right-angled to each other.

B. The Great Wall of China, China (circa 221 BC)

The Great Wall of China would be the largest and longest man-made structure in the
entire world if its numerous sections were positioned collectively. Going the numerical
route, the sheer volume of the wall structures account for an astronomical 34,423,725,600
cubic ft (or 34.5 billion cubic ft) – by taking the average height and width as 33 ft/ 10.06 m
and 15 ft/ 4.57 m respectively. For comparison’s sake, the ancient Great Pyramid boasts
around 88 million cubic ft of volume, while the modern-day Burj Khalifa accounts for
around 1.1 billion cubic ft., the Great Wall deservedly demands admiration from us.

From the historical perspective, the Chinese people and their different factions had
already attained some levels of expertise in wall-building by 5th century BC. And by the
time Qin Shi Huang united the warring factions in 221 BC, his ambitious aim was to govern
a large yet centralized state that could be defended from external threats, especially the
so-called Xiongnu gypsy from the north.

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Thus, many of China’s internal lines of fortifications (originally built by the warring states)
were destroyed in favor of a collective wall ‘system’ that could defend the big realm from
the north. But the Great Wall of China was not completed during such an endeavor. Later
dynasties, including the Han (until 3rd century AD) and the Sui (until early 7th century AD),
not only repaired but expanded many sections of the wall system.

But the huge ancient structure took its ‘final’ form during the period of the famed Ming
dynasty in the 14th century AD, which is 1,600 years after its original conception.
Instigated by their defeat at the Battle of Tumu, the Ming engineers undertook a massive
project that encompassed the use of stronger bricks and stone blocks instead of earth.
According to some estimates, the Ming were able to construct a whopping 25,000
watchtowers within the fortification system. And by the 16th century, they were further
able to add 1,200 watchtowers – thus bringing their total addition to an impressive 6,259
km (3,889 m) of actual wall sections.

This secret ingredient in question entailed a mixture paste of sticky rice flour and slaked
lime that was so stocky that it even ‘blocked’ the bricks from growing any weeds in
between. This factor of ‘stickiness’ was supposedly derived from an organic component
called amylopectin (water-soluble polysaccharide), which came from the porridge of sticky
rice. As Dr. Zhang, a professor of chemistry at Zhejiang University, made it clear

C. Colosseum, Italy (circa 70 AD)

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When we talk about the Colosseum, we must talk about the huge volume of its spatial
scope. To that end, being elliptical in plan, the Colosseum is 189 m (615 ft) long, and 156
m (510 ft) wide – which accounts for almost 500 m (1,640 ft) in circumference, with a base
area of 6 acres (24,000 sq m). Its enclosed row or level of this structure originally rose to
a height of 55 m (180 ft) – thus taking the total volume of the ancient Roman amphitheater
a massive 1,320,000 cubic m or 47 million cubic ft!

In that regard, it comes as no surprise that during peak events, the Colosseum could hold
up to 60,000 to 80,000 people. And more such a huge scope was constructed from around
100,000 cubic m of terrestrial sedimentary rock and a variety of limestone formed – with
the stone blocks being placed without any mortar. Instead, the Roman engineers opted
for more than 300 tons of iron clamps for internalized reinforcements – a design
consideration that surely worked in favor of the ancient architectural specimen, which has
survived many natural calamities, ranging from earthquakes, fires to even lightning strikes.

But the best architectural innovation of the Colosseum was shown to its internal design
that was by the highest standards in terms of its holding capacity both crowd and animal
control. The seating arrangement of the amphitheater was created in such a manner to
streamline the audience organization based on their occupations (and even societal
background). This allowed the spatial extent of the stadium to easily manage over 50,000
loud, cheering spectators in a clockwork-like manner.

The seating arrangements were further complemented by the subterranean substructure,

with its intricate double-level underground system of cages and tunnels that housed the
animals and gladiators alike. These ‘participants’ were directly brought to the upper
ground level arena via elevators – an effective design scope that had been showcased in
a cinematic fashion in Ridley Scott’s “Gladiator.” The substructure was also used to stretch

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expansive awnings over the open-top of the amphitheater. And, these elaborate systems
of pulleys, canvas, ropes, and sockets were operated by actual sailors who were
specifically recruited for the job.

D. Aqueduct of Segovia 50 A.D.

It's the useful things that tend to be the best-preserved, which is why the crucial Aqueduct
of Segovia in Spain is one of the best surviving examples of an ancient aqueduct. Likely
built around 50 AD, just a few decades before the Colosseum, it was carrying water from
the Frio River to the Spanish town of Segovia into the 1900s. Made of 24,000 granite
blocks—and no mortar, it covers over eight miles of undulating landscape. With 165
arches that reach over 30 feet high, the two-story aqueduct was built with great precision,
which is why it's still around today.

The first section of the aqueduct contains 36 semi-circular arches, rebuilt in the 15th
century to restore a portion destroyed by the Moors in 1072. The line of arches is
organized in two levels, decorated simply, in which simple molds hold the frame and
provide support to the structure. On the upper level, the arches are 5.1 meters (16.1 ft)
wide. Built-in two levels, the top pillars are both shorter and narrower than those on the
lower level. The top of the structure contains the channel through which water travels,
through a U-shaped hollow measuring 0.55 tall by 0.46-meter diameter. The top of each
pillar has a cross-section measuring 1.8 by 2.5 meters (5.9 by 8.2 feet), while the base
cross-section measures 2.4 by 3 meters (7.9 by 9.8 feet).

The aqueduct is built of unmortared, brick-like granite blocks. During the Roman era, each
of the three tallest arches displayed a sign in bronze letters, indicating the name of its

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builder along with the date of construction. Today, two niches are still visible, one on each
side of the aqueduct. One of them is known to have held the image of Hercules, who,
according to legend, was the founder of the city. The niche now contains an image of the
Virgin, and the other one used to hold another one of Saint Stephen, now lost.

II. B. FAMOUS CIVIL ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL & LOCAL (PHILIPPINES)

FILIPINO CIVIL ENGINEERS

1. Engr. Marcial Kasilag

Marcial Kasilag was a 1904 pensionado to the US and a prominent pioneer civil
engineer. He was the first registered civil engineer of the Philippines and the father of
National Artist for Music Lucrecia Kasilag.

The Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) was formed sometime in the late
twenties. It was the country’s first civil engineering organization with the late Engr. Marcial
Kasilag as its first president. Engr. Marcial Kasilag holds the No.1 slot in the PRC Registry
of Civil Engineers. He then occupied a high-ranking position in the government. He was
the commissioner for Mindanao and Sulu.

2. Engr. Ernesto S. de Castro Ph.D.

Founder of ESCA INCORPORATED one of the famous locally owned construction

companies that offers structural design, civil engineering, and project and construction
management services.

The following are the notable projects of ESCA Incorporated:

1. Triumph hotel- architectural & engineering design

2. PSA office bldg. - architectural & engineering design

3. Ayala bridge – structural retrofitting & rehabilitation

4. One Mckinley Place- structural engineering

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3. Felipe F. Cruz, FF Cruz Co. Inc.

The company, which started as a small surveying firm, eventually transformed into
the muscle behind key infrastructure projects within Metro Manila like the C-5 Ortigas
Avenue extension interchange. Cruz, an engineer by profession, was described as a
“superman” by family members and peers even later in his life. He was born in Angat,
Bulacan.
He was a superman. He was among the first breed of contractors who grew along
with the Philippine economy,” Isidro Consunji, a nephew of Cruz, said. Consunji leads
DMCI Holdings, a diversified conglomerate, which also owns D.M. Consunji Inc., one of
the Philippines’ premier construction firms today.
“FF Cruz has been a pillar of the Filipino construction industry from the 50s
onwards,” Consunji recounted. DMCI and FF Cruz were rivals in the construction sector,
but Consunji noted they always found ways to work together when the need arose.
“Yes, we were competitors but we also collaborated,” he said. “He tried very much to
develop the construction industry.”
Cruz bagged in 2007 The Outstanding Filipino Awardee for General Construction
in recognition of his contributions. FF Cruz’s projects included the Grade Separation of
Edsa-Ortigas Intersection, and the Edsa-Kamias-Timog Interchange Project. It also
focused heavily on the maritime infrastructure sector and reclamation, building the
Batangas Port Development Project.
Other projects Cruz was involved in included the San Roque hydroelectric plant in
Pangasinan and geothermal plants in Leyte and Albay.
Cruz was also credited with raising the Philippines for Filipino contractors at a time
when the Philippines was just gaining worldwide recognition, Consunji said. “With several
contractors, Filipinos were gradually recognized by the World Bank, Asian Development
Bank, and JICA [ Japan International Cooperation Agency as capable of doing even larger
and more complex projects locally and abroad,” Consunji said.
Cruz obtained his BS Geodetic Engineering degree from the University of the
Philippines. He received his BS Civil Engineering degree from the National University.

4. David Mendoza Consunji, DMCI

Consunji enrolled at the University of the Philippines in 1939 and took up civil
engineering and graduated in 1946 and passed the board during the same year. After
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graduation, Consunji worked as a teacher in Bataan and later a concrete inspector for
Kuenzle and Streiff. He founded D.M. Consunji, incorporated in 1954, and has become its
chairman since.

In 1995, he established the DMCI Holdings, Incorporated to consolidate the

businesses.

He also served as the president of the Philippine Contractors Association,

International Federation of Asian & Western Pacific Contractors' Association, Philippine
Institute of Civil Engineers, and Vice-President of the Confederation of International
Contractors' Association. Aside from these organizations, he was also the chairman of the
Contractors Association, the Philippine Domestic Construction Board, and the U. P.
Engineering Research and Development Foundation.

He was a former secretary of the Department of Public Works, Transportation and

Communications from 1970 to 1975, during the Marcos administration. In
2014, Forbes listed him as the 6th richest Filipino, with a net worth of US$3.9 billion.

5. Former President Fidel V. Ramos, FVR

Filipinos recognize Fidel V. Ramos, or FVR, as the 12th President of the Philippine
Republic who served from 1992 to 1998. The non-Roman Catholic leader was confronted
with key national issues like the communist insurgencies and the Islamic separatist
movement in Mindanao but managed to forward the rapid economic growth early in his
term. This fell apart later when a financial crisis hit Asia in 1997.

Before he became the country’s commander-in-chief before President Corazon

Aquino, he was the head of the Philippine Constabulary during Ferdinand Marcos’ regime.
He was a key implementer of martial law but later defected from the government during
the 1986 People Power Revolution. FVR led civilian demonstrations putting Marcos into
exile.

That is what is mostly written in history books about him. But there is also one thing
that people should know about FVR which makes him unique among the Philippine
presidents: FVR may not be a lawyer, but he is a licensed civil engineer who was a top
notched.

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 Realizing that he wants to be board-certified about his being a civil engineer, FVR
reviewed for the board examination. At the time, he was working at Camp Aguinaldo (then
Camp Murphy) and had to find all the means to rush to school.

The 25-year-old FVR took the 1953 Civil Engineering Board Examination at the
National University in Sampaloc, Manila, only to place 8th overall.

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL ENGINEERS

1. John Smeaton

In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things
civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer
was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse.

Smeaton is important in the history, rediscovery of, and development of modern

cement, identifying the compositional requirements needed to obtain "hydraulicity" in lime;
work which led ultimately to the invention of Portland cement. Portland cement led to the
re-emergence of concrete as a modern building material, largely due to Smeaton's
influence.

Recommended by the Royal Society, Smeaton designed the third Eddystone

Lighthouse (1755–59).[12] He pioneered the use of 'hydraulic lime' (a form of mortar that
will set underwater) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in
the building of the lighthouse. His lighthouse remained in use until 1877 when the rock
underlying the structure's foundations had begun to erode; it was dismantled and partially
rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeaton's Tower.

2. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel fondly called ‘the magician of iron’ was a French master
engineer and architect. A graduate from ‘École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures’ in
Paris, he joined a company that specialized in the construction of railway bridges. It took
him a couple of years to master the job and soon he was directing bridge construction and
later went on to form his own company ‘Eiffel & Cie’. He was associated with constructing
several bridges including the famous Garabit Viaduct for the railway network of France.
At that time, it was considered the highest bridge in the world. His expertise was not limited
to France only. He made a mark of his excellence in other countries including the United
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States, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Mexico, and Chile among others. He was involved
in the construction and designs of many buildings and structures including ‘Cathedral of
San Pedro de Tacna’, Peru, the ‘Grand Hotel Traian’ in Iaşi, Romania, Konak Pier in İzmir,
Turkey, and ‘Catedral de Santa María’ in Chiclayo, Peru. One of his noted works was
designing of the metallic structure of the ‘Statue of Liberty’ in the United States that fell on
him after the sudden death of its original engineer. The most renowned work that brought
him international fame and cemented his name in history was the ‘Eiffel Tower’ of Paris.
Post-retirement from engineering he devoted the rest of his life in meteorology and
aerodynamics.
3. Thomas Telford

Thomas Telford was a Scottish civil engineer and architect, famously dubbed as the
‘Colossus of Roads’. He was a trained stonemason and a noted builder of roads, bridges,
and canals. He came from a very poor family and went on to become the godfather of civil
engineering. His vision and creativity were the prime factors behind the architecture of
bridges, roads, and canals of the 18th century. His designing supremacy was
unmatchable and he created some of the finest roads and bridges. He introduced the
concept of the suspension bridge and also experimented with cast iron to construct the
bridges. He was one of the key people behind the formation of the Institution of Civil
Engineers and also served as its first President. His constructions established
connections among different people and their cultures. People were able to migrate from
one place to another through roads and bridges to earn a living and lead a better life. He
was a visionary who managed to look ahead of his time. He will always be remembered
for his magnificent expertise and significant contribution to the progress of mankind.

4. Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a great English civil engineer who lived during the 19th
century. He was the man who built the Great Western Railway, the railway company which
linked London with the west part of England.

The company, which pioneered the use of large, more economic wagons, was known
as "God's Wonderful Railway". Brunel was a civil engineer with a highly innovative mind.
He was always open to experimenting with different engineering techniques and ideas to
devise better solutions to the existing problems. Many “firsts” in British civil engineering
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are credited to him. A risk-taker, he was never afraid to move away from traditionally held
notions nor was he reluctant to implement unconventional concepts. He came up with the
idea of building a tunnel under a river and played a pivotal role in the development of the
first propeller-driven iron ship meant to sail on the oceans thus revolutionizing naval
engineering. His brilliant mind could have achieved much more if he had not been a heavy
smoker. He suffered a stroke and died when he was just 53. Named at the second place
in a BBC public poll, ‘100 Greatest Britons’, he was a much-celebrated civil engineer
during his time; several monuments erected in his honor are a testament to the fact that
is revered in today’s times too.

5. Joseph Baermann Strauss

Chief engineer of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California, Strauss
overcame many problems. He had to find funding and support for the bridge from the
citizens and the U.S. military. There were also innovations in the way the bridge was
constructed. It had to span one of the greatest distances ever spanned, reach heights that
hadn't been seen in a bridge, and hold up to the forces of the ocean. He placed a brick
from the demolished McMicken Hall at his alma mater, the University of Cincinnati, in the
south anchorage before the concrete was poured.

II.C. MODERN STRUCTURES

1. BURJ KHALIFA (Dubai, UAE,2010)
● 2,717 FT (828.8 m)
● 163 floors – 163 are habitable, covering a floor area of 3.3 million sq. ft.
● 99 miles/hr. wind speed (160 km/hr.) –strong wind was such an engineering
obstacle that over 40 wind tunnel tests were conducted to determine the wind’s
impact on the building and construction cranes.
● 22,000,000 man-hours – went into building the tower and some of the building was
completed at night – including pumping concrete almost 2000 ft (609.75 m) up to
avoid high daytime temperatures

2. ENGLISH CHANNEL TUNNEL (English Channel straight of Dover,1994)

● 31 miles (50 km) long and 250 ft (76.21m) deep

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● 2nd longest tunnel in the world and contains the longest undersea portion in the
world
● Named one of the 7 wonders of the modern world by the American Society of CE
● Construction lasted for 6 years + 13,000 engineers, technicians, construction
workers + 11 boring tunnel machines
● High-speed trains move so quickly that the valves in the tunnel walls open and
close to vent the pressure then builds up as the trains push air through the channel

3. HOOVER DAM (Colorado River, Arizona,1936)

● 45 ft (13.7 m) thick at its highest point
● 690 ft (210.4 m) thick at its base
● Generates 4 billion kWh/yr. of hydroelectric power, enough to serve 1.3 million
people
● 725 ft (221 .04 m) high
● Named one of the 7 wonders of the modern world and historic civil engineering
landmark by ASCE

4. BROOKLYN BRIDGE (Brooklyn, NY, 1883)

● The first suspension bridge to use steel for its cable wire
● The first to use explosives in a dangerous underwater foundation system called a
caisson
● The longest suspension bridge in the world (3,460ft.) at the time it was built
● 144,000 vehicles pass the bridge every day making it the 2 nd busiest bridge in New
York
5. Philippine Expressway Network
There are 10 expressways in the Philippines that connect Metro Manila to
northern and southern Luzon
*North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) *Subic Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) *Tarlac
Pangasinan La Union Expressway (TPLEX) *South Luzon Expressway (SLEX)
*Manila-Cavite Expressway- Coastal Road and CAVITEX) *Southern Tagalog
Arterial Road (STAR) Tollway- Sto. Tomas to Lipa Batangas *CALABARZON
Expressway *Cavite Laguna Expressway- Imus, Dasmarinas, General Trias
Cavite, Binan, Santa Rosa Laguna (CALEX) *Apolinario Mabini Superhighway
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 ● Longest expressways system in the Philippines

Learning Activity 2

I. Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.

1. The incredible architectural specimen was built around 2560 BC and held the record
for the world’s tallest structure.
a. The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
b. Great Wall of China
c. Colosseum, Italy
d. Aqueduct of Segovia

2. It could hold up to 60,000 to 80,000 people

a. The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt.
b. Great Wall of China
c. Colosseum, Italy.
d. Aqueduct of Segovia

3. It is known as the longest and largest man-made structure in the entire world.
a. The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt.
b. Great Wall of China
c. Colosseum, Italy.
d. Aqueduct of Segovia

4. It was made from 24,000 granite blocks without mortar and covers eight miles of
undulating landscape.
a. The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt.
b. Great Wall of China
c. Colosseum, Italy.
d. Aqueduct of Segovia
5.The first registered Civil Engineer of the Philippines
a. Ernesto S. De Castro.
b. Marcial Kasilag
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 c. Felipe F. Cruz.
d. David Mendoza Consunji

6. Enrolled in Civil Engineering at the University of the Philippines in 1939 and

graduated in 1946.
a. Fidel V. Ramos.
b. Felipe F. Cruz
c. David Mendoza Consunji.
d. Ernesto S. de Castro

7. He was a Bulakeño Civil Engineer and known as Superman among the first breed of
contractors.
a. Ernesto S. De Castro.
b. Felipe F. Cruz
c. Marcial Kasilag.
d. Fidel V. Ramos

8. Founder of ESCA Incorporated and offers structural design, civil engineering, and
construction management services.
a. Felipe F. Cruz.
b. Ernesto S. De Castro
c. Marcial Kasilag.
d. Fidel V. Ramos

9. 8th placer in the Civil Engineering Board Examination and former President of the
Republic of the Philippines.
a. Fidel V. Ramos.
b. Felipe F. Cruz
c. Marcial Kasilag.
d. David Mendoza Consunji

10. He invented Portland cement which led to the re-emergence of concrete as a

modern building material.

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 a. John Smeaton.
b. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
c. Thomas Telford.
d. Isambard Kingdom Brunel

11.An English Civil Engineer who built the Great Western Railway
a. John Smeaton.
b. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
c. Thomas Telford.
d. Isambard Kingdom Brunel

12. He was a Scottish civil engineer and known as a builder of roads, bridges, and
canals.
a. John Smeaton.
b. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
c. Thomas Telford.
d. Joseph Baermann Strauss

13. He was the chief engineer of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco CA
a. Joseph Baermann Strauss
b. John Smeaton
c. Thomas Telford
d. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

14. He was fondly called as the Magician of Iron and a French Master engineer.
a. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
b. John Smeaton
c. Thomas Telford
d. Joseph Baermann Strauss

15. Composed of 163 habitable floors and 828.8 m high

a. Burj Khalifa
b. English Channel Tunnel

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 c. Hoover Dam
d. Brooklyn Bridge

16. The first suspension bridge to use steel for its cable wire
a. Burj Khalifa
b. Brooklyn Bridge
c. Hoover Dam
d. English Channel Tunnel

17. Generates 4 billion kwh/yr. of hydroelectric power

a. Burj Khalifa
b. Brooklyn Bridge
c. Hoover Dam
d. English Channel Tunnel

18. The construction lasted for 6 years, 13,000 engineers, technicians, construction
workers, and 11 tunnel boring machines
a. Burj Khalifa
b. Brooklyn Bridge
c. Hoover Dam
d. English Channel Tunnel

19. The expressways which connect Metro Manila to Northern Luzon

a. North Luzon b. Subic Tarlac Expressway
c. Tarlac Pangasinan La Union Expressway d. All are correct

20. The expressways that connect Metro Manila to Southern Luzon

a. South Luzon Expressway b. Manila -Cavite Expressway
c. CALABARZON Expressway d. All are correct

II. As a future Civil Engineer, what will be your major contributions in the physical
development of your municipality, province, and country? Explain your answers fully.

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III. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY AND OTHER PROFESSIONS
Learning Objectives:

1. To determine the different civil engineering associations for students and professionals.

2. To be aware of the objectives of the civil engineering organizations

3. To know the different international civil engineering organizations

3. To understand the provisions of the Civil Engineering Law

4. To be familiar with the Civil Engineer Code of Ethics

III.A. EVOLUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (PICE)

Late 1920’s – a group of civil engineers from the government sector formed
the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil engineering
organization in the Philippines with Engr. Marcial Kasilag as its first president.

1937 - the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was formed. This time, it
was a group of civil engineers in the private sector with Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes
as its first president.

The objectives of both organizations were similar to each other in which both of them
wants to: "elevate the standards of the profession, encourage research and engineering
knowledge and technology, foster fellowship among members, and promote interrelation
with other technological and scientific societies".

The PACE being the most active than the PSCE led to the transfer of
many PSCE members to PACE.

1950 - Republic Act No. 544 (also known as the "Civil Engineering Law") was passed
through the efforts of PACE President Alberto Guevarra.

1972 - PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara exerted a serious effort in merging the
two organizations. Leaders of PACE and PSCE negotiated and talked about the choice
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of name. Some concerns were raised such as formal accounting and turnover of assets
and liabilities, accreditation of Bonafide members, and election rules for the first officers
which were sooner resolved. These gave birth to the Philippine Institute of Civil
Engineers Inc.

December 11, 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued a registration
certificate to the association.

February 1974 - the first election of officers was held and Engr. Cesar Caliwara became
its first president. To truly unite the civil engineers of the Philippines, provincial chapters
were organized.

August 13, 1975 - the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) recognized

the PICE as the only official organization of civil engineers in the Philippines.

November 5, 2014 - Philippine President Benigno Aquino III issued a declaration by

Proclamation No. 904 signed by Executive Secretary Paquito N. Ochoa Jr. and has
declared the month of November of every year as Civil Engineering Month to bring to the
attention and consciousness of the Filipino people the importance of the civil engineers in
nation-building.

2019 - PICE has more than 90,578 registered civil engineer-members in 105 chapters and
some 12632 civil engineering student-members in 210 student chapters throughout the
country.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) - JSCE was established as an incorporated

association in 1914.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) - is a tax-exempt professional

body founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide.
Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, it is the oldest national engineering society in the
United States. Its constitution was based on the older Boston Society of Civil
Engineers from 1848.

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ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations (AFEO) - is a non-governmental
body. Its members are the national institutions and organizations of engineers of ASEAN
countries. AFEO formed the ASEAN Engineering Register (AER) in 1998. The national
organization of engineers in the Philippines is the Philippine Technological Council (PTC).
Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) - is an independent professional association for civil
engineers and a charitable body in the United Kingdom. Based in London, ICE has over
93,000 members, of whom three-quarters are located in the UK, while the rest are located
in more than 150 other countries.

Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE) - was founded in 1887 as the Canadian
Society of Civil Engineers, renamed in 1918 as the Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC),
and re-established in June 1972 as a member society of the EIC under the slightly different
but current name.

The Institution of Engineers Australia - often shortened to IEAust and/or trading

as Engineers Australia (EA), is a professional body and not-for-profit
organization dedicated to being the national forum for the advancement of
the engineering field within Australia and a member of the Washington Accord. As of
2017, it has around 100,000 members in nine geographic Divisions and five international
chapters from all engineering disciplines, including 41,000 Students, 4,400 Engineering
Technologists, and Engineering Associates, 55,600 Professional Engineers. The
members all belong to one or more of the nine Colleges covering the different fields of
engineering practice. 20,000 members are Chartered Engineers.

III. B CONTRIBUTION OF PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-

Watch this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L32gd9EPXK4&t=67s

III.C REPUBLIC ACT 544 NOW REPUBLIC ACT 1852

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544 - AN ACT TO REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES

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ARTICLE I
Title of the Act and Definition of Terms

Section 1. Title of Act. – This Act shall be known as the "Civil Engineering Law."

Sec. 2. Definition of terms. – (a) The practice of civil engineering within the meaning and
intent of this Act shall embrace services in the form of consultation, design, preparation
of plans, specifications, estimates, erection, installation, and supervision of the
construction of streets, bridges, highways, railroads, airports and hangars, port works,
canals, river and shore improvements, lighthouses, and dry docks; buildings, fixed
structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water supply, and sewerage works;
demolition of permanent structures; and tunnels. The enumeration of any work in this
section shall not be construed as excluding any other work requiring civil engineering
knowledge and application.

(b) The term "civil engineer" as used in this Act shall mean a person duly registered with
the Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers in the manner as hereinafter provided.

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

Sec. 3. Composition of Board. – Within thirty days after the approval of this Act, there
shall be created a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers, hereinafter referred to as the
Board, to be composed of a chairman and two members who shall be appointed by the
Secretary of Public Works and Communications. The members of the Board shall hold
office for a term of three years after appointment or until their successors shall have
been appointed and shall have duly qualified. The first members of the Board appointed
under this Act shall hold office for the following terms: One member for one year; one
member for two years; and one member for three years. Each member of the Board
shall qualify the proper oath of office before entering upon the performance of his duties.
Any members of the Board may be removed by the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications for neglect of duty, incompetency, malpractice, unprofessional,
unethical, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, after having been allowed to defend

35 | Page
himself in a proper administrative investigation: Provided, That during the process of
investigation the Secretary of Public Works and Communications shall have the power
to suspend such member under investigation and shall appoint a temporary member in
his place. Vacancies in the Board shall be filled for the unexpired term only.

Sec. 4. Powers and duties of the Board. – The Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers is
vested with authority, conformable with the provisions of this Act, to administer oaths,
issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for the practice of civil engineering,
issue certificates of recognition to civil engineers already registered under this Act for
advanced studies, research, and/or highly specialized training in any branch of civil
engineering, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications, to investigate such violations of this Act and the regulations,
thereunder as may come to the knowledge of the Board and, for this purpose, issue
subpoena and subpoena duces tecum to secure appearance of witnesses in connection
with the charges presented to the Board, to inspect at least once a year educational
institutions offering courses in civil engineering, civil engineering works, projects or
corporations, established in the Philippines and, for safeguarding of life, health and
property, to discharge such other powers and duties as may affect ethical and
technological standards of the civil engineering profession in the Philippines. For this
Act, the Director of Public Works and/or his authorized representative in the provinces
and chartered cities shall be ex-officio agents of the Board and as such it shall be their
duty to help in the enforcement of the provisions of this Act.

The Board may, with the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications, issue such rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary to
carry out the provisions of this Act. The Board shall also adopt a code of ethics in the
practice of civil engineering and have an official seal to authenticate its official
documents.

Sec. 5. Qualifications of Board members. – Each member of the Board shall, at the time
of his appointment:

(a) Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;

36 | Page
(b) Be at least thirty years of age and good moral character;

(c) Be a graduate of civil engineering from a recognized and legally constituted school,
institute, college, or university;

(d) Be a registered civil engineer duly qualified to practice civil engineering in the
Philippines;

(e) Have practiced civil engineering, with a certificate as such, for not less than ten
years before his appointment;

(f) Not be a member of the faculty of any school, institute, college, or university where
the civil engineering course is taught, nor have a pecuniary interest in such institutions;

(g) No former members of the faculty of any school, institute, or university where civil
engineering is taught can become a member of the Board unless he had stopped
teaching for at least consecutive years.

Sec. 6. Fees and compensation from the Board. – The Board of Examiners for Civil
Engineers shall charge for each application for examination the sum of forty pesos
payable to the collecting and disbursing officer of the Bureau of Civil Service upon the
filing of the said application for examination, and each certificate of registration, twenty
pesos. Each member of the Board shall receive a compensation of five pesos for each
applicant examined. A civil engineer in the service of the Government of the Republic of
the Philippines appointed as a member of the Board shall receive the compensation as
herein provided, in addition to his salary in the Government. All authorized expenses of
the Board, including the compensation provided for herein, shall be paid by the
collecting and disbursing officer of the Bureau of Civil Service out of such appropriation
as may be made for the purpose.

Sec. 7. Annual report. – The Board shall, at the end of each fiscal year, submit to the

37 | Page
Secretary of Public Works and Communications a detailed report of its activities and
proceedings during the period covered by the fiscal year ended.

ARTICLE III
Examination and Registration

Sec. 8. Examination requirement. – All applicants for registration for the practice of civil
engineering shall be required to pass a technical examination as hereinafter provided.

Sec. 9. Holding of examination. – Examination of candidates desiring to practice civil

engineering in the Philippines shall be given in the City of Manila beginning the second
Monday of February and August of each year, provided that such days do not fall on
official holidays, otherwise the examinations shall be held on the days next following.

Section 10. Subjects of examination. – Applicants for certificates of registration as civil

engineer shall be examined, in the discretion of the Board, on the following subjects:
mathematics, including algebra, plane and spherical trigonometry, analytics, descriptive
and solid geometry, differential and integral calculus, and rational and applied
mechanics; hydraulics, surveying, including highway and railroad surveying; plane,
topographic and hydrographic surveying, and advance surveying; design and
construction of highways and railroads, masonry structures, wooden and reinforced
concrete buildings, bridges, towers, walls, foundations, piers, ports, wharves,
aqueducts, sanitary engineering works, water supply systems, dikes, dams, and
irrigation and drainage canals.

Section 11. Executive officer of the Board. – The Commissioner of Civil Service shall be
the executive officer of the Board and shall conduct the examinations given by said
Board. He shall designate any subordinate officer of the Bureau of Civil Service to act
as the Secretary and custodian of all records including examination papers and minutes
of the deliberation of the Board.

Section 12. Qualifications for examination. – Any person applying for admission to the
civil engineering examination as herein provided shall, before the date of the

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examination, establish to the satisfaction of the Board that he has the following
qualifications:

(a) Be at least twenty-one years of age;

(b) Be a citizen of the Philippines;

(c) Be of good reputation and moral character; and

(d) Be a graduate of a four-year course in civil engineering from a school, institute,

college, or university recognized by the Government or the State wherein it is
established.

Section 13. Oath of civil engineers. – All successful candidates in the examination shall
be required to take a professional oath before the Board of Examiners for Civil
Engineers or other Government Officials authorized to administer oaths, before entering
upon the practice of the civil engineering profession.

Section 14. Seal and use of seal. – All registered civil engineers shall obtain a seal of
such design as the Board shall authorize and direct: Provided, however, That the serial
number of the certificate issued by the Board shall be included in the design of the seal.
Plans and specifications prepared by, or under the direct supervision of a registered civil
engineer shall be stamped with said seal during the life of the registrant's certificate, and
it shall be unlawful for anyone to stamp or seal any documents with said seal after the
certificate of the registrant named thereon has expired or has been revoked, unless said
certificate shall have been renewed or re-issued.

Section 15. Exemption from registration. – (1) Registration shall not be required of the
following people:

(a) Officers or enlisted men of the United States and Philippine Armed Forces, and
civilian employees of the Government of the United States stationed in the Philippines
while rendering civil engineering services for the United States and/or the Philippines.

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(b) Civil engineers or experts called in by the Philippine Government for consultation, or
specific design and construction of fixed structures as defined under this Act, provided
that their practice shall be limited to such work.

(2) Any person residing in the Philippines may make plans or specifications for any of
the following:

(a) Any building in chartered cities or towns with building ordinances, not exceeding the
space requirement specified therein, requiring the services of a civil engineer.

(b) Any wooden building enlargement or alteration is to be used for farm purposes only
and costs not more than ten thousand pesos.

(c) Provided, however, that there shall be nothing in this Act that will prevent any person
from constructing his own (wooden or light material) residential house, utilizing the
services of a person or persons required for that purpose, without the use of a civil
engineer, as long as he does not violate local ordinances of the place where the building
is to be constructed.

(3) Nor shall anything in this Act prevent draftsmen, student clerk-of-work,
superintendents, and other employees of those lawfully engaged in the practice of civil
engineering under the provisions of this Act, from acting under the instruction, control, or
supervision of their employer.

(4) Nor shall anything in this Act prevent any person who before the approval of this Act
have been lawfully engaged in the practice of "maestro de Obras" to continue as such,
provided they shall not undertake the making of plans supervision for the following
classes of work:

(a) Building of concrete whether reinforced or not.

(b) Building of more than two storeys.

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(c) Building with frames of structural steel.

(d) Building of structures intended for public gathering or assemblies such as theaters,
cinematographs, stadia, churches, or structures of like nature.

(5) Nor shall anything in this Act prevent professional architects and engineers from
practicing their professions.

Section 16. Refusal to issue certificate. – The Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
shall not issue a certificate to any person convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction
of any criminal offense involving moral turpitude, or to any person guilty of immoral or
dishonorable conduct, or any person of unsound mind. In the event of a refusal to issue
a certificate to any person, the Board shall give to the applicant a written statement
setting forth its reason for such action, which statement shall be incorporated in the
records of the Board.

Section 17. Suspension and revocation of certificates. – Subject to the approval of the
Secretary of Public Works and Communications, the Board shall have the power, after
due notice and hearing, to suspend or revoke the certificate of registration for any cause
mentioned in the preceding section.

Section 18. Re-issue and replacement of certificates. – The Board may, after the
expiration of one year from the date a certificate of registration is revoked and for
reasons it may deem sufficient, entertain an application for a new certificate of
registration from the registrant concerned. Such an application shall be accomplished in
the same form prescribed for examination, but the Board may, in its discretion, exempt
the applicant from taking the requisite examination.

Section 19. Transitory provisions. – As soon as this Act takes effect, any person
desiring to practice the profession of civil engineering shall be required to obtain a
certificate of registration in the manner and under the conditions hereinafter provided.

All civil engineers duly licensed under the provisions of Act Numbered Twenty-nine

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hundred and eighty-five, as amended, at the time this Act takes effect, shall be
automatically registered under the provisions hereof. Certificates of registration held by
such persons in good standing shall have the same force and effect as though the same
has been issued under the provisions of this Act.

All graduates in civil engineering from a school, institute, college, or university

recognized by the Government who have passed the civil service examination for senior
civil engineer and have been practicing or employed in the Government as such during
five years are exempted from taking the examination.

ARTICLE IV
Enforcement of Act and penal provisions

Sec. 20. Enforcement of the Act by officers of the law. – It shall be the duty of all duly
constituted law officers of the national, provincial, city, and municipal governments, or
any political subdivision thereof, to enforce the provisions of this Act and to prosecute
any person violating the same.

Sec. 21. Registration required. – Unless exempt from registration, no person shall
practice or offer to practice civil engineering in the Philippines without having obtained
the proper certificate of registration from the Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers.

Sec. 22. Penal provisions. – Any person who shall practice or offer to practice civil
engineering in the Philippines without being registered in accordance with the provisions
of this Act or any person presenting or attempting to use as his own the certificate of
registration of a registered civil engineer, or any person who shall give any false or
forged evidence of any kind to the Board, or any person who shall impersonate any
registrant civil engineer of different name, or any person who shall attempt to use a
revoked or suspended certificate of registration, or any person who shall use in
connection with his name or otherwise assume, use or advertise any title or description
tending to convey the impression that he is a civil engineer, without holding a valid
certificate of registration, or any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this
Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine

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of not less than five hundred pesos nor more than two thousand pesos, or to suffer
imprisonment for a period of not less than six months nor more than one year, or both,
in the discretion of the court.

ARTICLE V
Miscellaneous provisions
Sec. 23. Preparation of plans and supervision of construction by a registered civil
engineer. – It shall be unlawful for any person to order or otherwise cause the
construction, reconstruction, or alteration of any building or structure intended for public
gathering or assembly such as theaters, cinematographs, stadia, churches or structures
of like nature, and any other engineering structures mentioned in section two of this Act
unless the designs, plans, and specifications of same have been prepared under the
responsible charge of, and signed and sealed by a registered civil engineer, and unless
the construction, reconstruction and/or alteration thereof are executed under the
responsible charge and direct supervision of a civil engineer. Plans and designs of
structures must be approved as provided by law or ordinance of a city or province or
municipality where the said structure is to be constructed.

Sec. 24. Firms and corporations engaged in civil engineering practice. – A firm,
partnership, corporation, or association may engage in the practice of civil engineering
in the Philippines provided that such practice is carried out under the supervision of a
civil engineer or civil engineer holding valid certificates issued by the Board.

No firm, partnership, corporation, or association, using the name of a person or persons

as in the name of the firm, shall advertise as civil engineers unless said person or
persons are registered, civil engineers.

Sec. 25. Reciprocity requirements. – No person who is not a citizen of the Philippines at
the time he applies to take examination shall be allowed to take it unless he can prove
in the manner provided by the Rules of Court that, by specific provision of law, the
country of which he is a citizen, subject, or national either admits citizens of the
Philippines to the practice of the same profession without restriction or allows them to
practice it after an examination on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens,

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subjects, or nationals of the country concerned, including the unconditional recognition
of degrees issued by institutions of learning duly recognized for the purpose by the
Government of the Philippines: Provided, That if he is not a citizen of the Philippines,
and was admitted to the practice of a profession in the Philippines after December 8,
1941, his active practice in that profession, either in the Philippines or in the state or
country where he was practicing his profession, shall not have been interrupted for a
period of two years or more prior to July 4, 1946, and that the country or state from
which he comes allows the citizens of the Philippines by specific provision of law, to
practice the same profession without restriction or on terms of strict and absolute
equality with citizens, subjects or nationals of the country or state concerned.

Sec. 26. Roster of civil engineers. – A roster showing the names and places of business
of all registered civil engineers shall be prepared by the Commissioner of Civil Service
periodically but at least once a year. Copies of this roster shall be placed on file with the
Secretary of Public Works and Communications and furnished to all department heads,
mayors of all chartered cities, to the Director of Public Works, to such other Bureaus,
government entities or agencies, and municipal and provincial authorities as may be
deemed necessary and to the public upon request.

Sec. 27. Repeal. – All laws, parts of laws, orders, ordinances, or regulations in conflict
with the provisions hereof; including parts of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and
eighty-five, as amended, as pertains to the practice of civil engineering, are hereby
repealed, except the provisions of Act Numbered Thirty-one hundred and fifty-nine
amending Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, about the practice of
"maestro de obras."

Sec. 28. Construction of Act. – If any part or section of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional, such declaration shall not invalidate the other provisions hereof.

Sec. 29. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 17, 1950

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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1582
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1582 - AN ACT TO REPEAL AND REPLACE SECTION TWENTY-
FOUR OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED FIVE HUNDRED FORTY-FOUR, ENTITLED
"AN ACT TO REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE
PHILIPPINES"

Section 1. Section twenty-four of Republic Act Numbered Five hundred forty-four is

hereby repealed, and in lieu thereof, the said section shall provide as follows:

"Sec. 24. The practice of civil engineering is a professional service, admission to which
must be determined upon the individual, personal qualifications. Hence, no firm,
partnership, corporation or association may be registered or licensed as such for the
practice of civil engineering: Provided, however, That persons properly registered and
licensed as civil engineers may, among themselves or with a person or persons properly
registered and licensed as architects, form, and obtain registration of, a firm, partnership
or association using the term "Engineers" or "Engineers and Architects," but, nobody shall
be a member or partner of such firm, partnership or association unless he is a duly
licensed civil engineer or architect, and the members who are civil engineers shall only
render work and services proper for a civil engineer, as defined in this Act, and the
members who are architects shall also only render work and services proper for an
architect, as defined in the law regulating the practice of architecture; individual members
of such firms, partnership or association shall be responsible for their respective acts.

Sec. 2. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 16, 1956

CODE OF ETHICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS (PICE)

It shall be considered unprofessional and inconsistent with honorable and dignified

bearing for any registered Civil Engineer:

To act for his clients* in professional matters otherwise than as a faithful agent or trustee,
or to accept any remuneration other than his stated charges for services rendered to his
clients.
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To attempt to injure falsely or maliciously, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation,
prospects, or business of another Engineer.

To attempt to supplant another Engineer after definite steps have been taken toward his
employment.

To compete with another Engineer for employment based on his professional charges, by
reducing his usual charges and in his manner attempting to underbid after being informed
of the charges named by another.

To review the work of another engineer for the same client, except with the knowledge or
consent of such Engineer, or unless the connection of such Engineer with the work has
been terminated.

To advertise in self-laudatory language, or any other manner derogatory to the dignity of

the Profession.

To use the advantages of a salaried position to compete unfairly with Engineers in private
practice.

To act in any manner or engage in any practice which will tend to bring discredit on the
honor or dignity of the Engineering Profession.

* The word “clients” is considered to be inclusive of the meaning of the word “employers”

Fundamental Principles

Civil engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor, and dignity of the civil engineering
profession by:

1. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the
environment;
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2. being honest and impartial and serving the public with fidelity, their
employers/employees and clients;

3. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the civil engineering profession;
and

4. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.

Fundamental Canons

1. Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public and
shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance
of their duties.

2. Civil Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.

3. Civil Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.

4. Civil Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful
agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.

5. Civil Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services
and shall not compete unfairly with others.

6. Civil Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor,
integrity, and dignity of the civil engineering profession.
7. Civil Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers,
and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those civil engineers
under their supervision.

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III.D. PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC. (PICE)

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

● Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP)

● Association of Accredited Consultant CE of the Philippines (AACCEP)
● Association of Civil Engineering Educators of the Philippines (ACEEP)
● City and Municipal Engineers Association of the Philippines (CMEAP)
● District Engineers League of the Philippines (DELP)
● Philippine Association of Building Officials (PABO)
● Provincial Engineers Association of the Philippines (PEAP)
● Road Engineering Association of the Philippines (REAP)
PICE HYMN – watch this online
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3MaRZa1xBE

Learning Activity 3

I. Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.

1. The first civil engineering organization in the Philippines.

a. Philippine Society of Civil Engineers b. Philippine Association of Civil Engineers
c. Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers d. Professional Regulation Commission

2. First president of Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc.

a. Marcial Kasilag b. Enrique Sto. Tomas
c. Alberto Guevarra. d. Cesar Caliwara

3. The date when the Professional Regulation Commission recognized the PICE as the
only official organization of civil engineers in the Philippines.
a. December 11, 1973. b. February 1974

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c. August 13, 1975. d. November 5, 2014

4. The number of professional chapters and student chapters last 2019

a. 105, 210. b. 110, 220
c. 105, 215. d. 110, 215

5. It is a non-governmental body, and the members are the national institutions and
organizations of engineers of ASEAN countries.
a. JSCE. b. ASCE
c. AFEO. d. ICE

6. An act to regulate the practice of Civil Engineering in the Philippines

a. RA 544, RA 1852. b. RA 455, RA 1852
c. RA 545, RA 1852. d. RA 445, RA 1852

7. The Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers are composed of the following:
a. Chairman and two members. b. Chairman and one member
c. Chairman and three members. d. Chairman and four members

8. Qualifications for the Civil Engineering Licensure Examinations

a. At least 21 years of age. b. Citizen of the Philippines
c. Graduate of 4 year course CE. d. All are correct

9. It shall be considered unprofessional and inconsistent with honorable and dignified

bearing for any registered Civil Engineer to:
a. Attempt to injure falsely another Engineer b. supplant another Engineer
c. Compete unfairly with another Engineer. d. All are correct

10. Civil Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor, and dignity of the civil
engineering profession by:
a. using their knowledge and skill. b. being honest and impartial

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c. Increase competence. d. All are correct

II. Essay
1.Enumerate and describe the seven Fundamental Canons of Civil Engineers

2. Describe the four affiliate societies of PICE. Explain your reasons in choosing them.

3. What does the PICE Hymn convey to you as a future Civil Engineer?

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IV. CURRENT FIELDS/CAREERS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Learning Objectives:

1. To determine the different field/careers of Civil Engineering

2. To know the scope of works of Structural Engineer

3. To familiarize in the scope of works, duties and responsibilities, and accountability of

Construction and management Engineer

4. To understand the depth of responsibilities of Geotechnical Engineer

5. To describe the fields/careers of Civil Engineering

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural

engineers are trained to design the 'bones and muscles' that create the form and shape
of man-made structures. Structural engineers need to understand and calculate the
stability, strength, and rigidity of built structures for buildings and non-building structures.
The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such
as architects and building services engineers and often supervise the construction of
projects by contractors on site. They can also be involved in the design of machinery,
medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety.

Structural engineering theory is based upon applied physical

laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and

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geometries. Structural engineering design uses several relatively simple structural
concepts to build complex structural systems. Structural engineers are responsible for
making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements, and materials to achieve
these goals.

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CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Construction engineering and management is a professional discipline that deals with

the designing, planning, construction, and management of infrastructures such
as roads, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities, and
other projects.

Construction engineers are problem solvers. They contribute to the creation of

infrastructure that best meets the unique demands of its environment. They must be able
to understand infrastructure life cycles. When compared and contrasted to design
engineers, construction engineers bring to the table their unique perspectives for solving

technical challenges with clarity and imagination. While individuals considering this career
path should certainly have a strong understanding of mathematics and science, many
other skills are also highly desirable, including critical and analytical thinking, time
management, people management, and good communication skills.

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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Geotechnical Engineering. It is known also as geotechnics, an engineering discipline that

deals with soil and rock behavior from an engineering perspective. It involves assessing
slope stability and the risk of landslides, rockfall, and avalanches. This is the branch of
engineering concerned with the analysis, design, and construction of foundations, slopes,
retaining structures, embankments, tunnels, levees, wharves, landfills, and other systems
that are made of or are supported by soil or rock. Geo-technology plays a key role in all
civil engineering projects built or on the ground, and it is vital for the assessment of natural
hazards such as earthquakes, liquefaction, sinkholes, rockfall, and landslides.

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Learning Activity 4

I. Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.

1. It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering which focuses on the design of bones and

muscles that create and shape the structures.
a. Structural Engineering.
b. Geotechnical Engineering
c. Construction Engineering and Management.
d. All are correct

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2. This is a career in CE that requires other skills aside from critical and analytical
thinking, time and people management, and communication skills.
a. Structural Engineering.
b. Geotechnical Engineering
c. Construction Engineering and Management.
c. All are correct

3. It is a CE discipline that deals with soil and rock behavior from an engineering
perspective.
a. Structural Engineering.
b. Geotechnical Engineering
c. Construction Engineering and Management.
d. All are correct

4. The role of this CE discipline is vital for the assessment of natural hazards such as
earthquakes, liquefaction, sinkholes, rockfall, and landslides.
a. Structural Engineering.
b. Geotechnical Engineering
c. Construction Engineering and Management.
d. All are correct

II. Based on the descriptions of the fields/careers of Civil Engineering, which do you prefer
as your field of specialization.

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V. CURRENT FIELDS/CAREERS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Learning Objectives:
1. To determine the different fields/careers of Civil Engineering

2. To know the scope of the work of the Water Resource Engineer

3. To familiarize in the scope of works, duties and responsibilities, and accountability of

Transportation Engineer

4. To understand the depth of responsibilities of Environment and Energy Engineer

5. To describe the fields/careers of Civil Engineering

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Water Resources Engineering. It is a specialization of civil engineering concerned with

the structures and processes related to water supplies for human consumption, irrigation,
drainage system, and wastewater disposal. It also addresses methods for controlling
water to avoid water-related damage and catastrophes. It focuses on the use and
management of land and water resources in rural and urban watersheds.

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Transportation Engineering. This is an application of technology and scientific principles

to the design, operation, planning, and management of transportation infrastructure,
mobility service, traffic, and travelers for various travel modes, to provide for the safe,
efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally sustainable
movement of people and products.

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ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

Environment and Energy Engineering. It is concerned with protecting people from the
effects of adverse environmental effects, such as land, air, and water pollution, air
pollution control systems, as well as improving environmental quality. Also, energy
engineering as a broad field encapsulates energy management, energy efficiency,
renewable energy, and environmental maintenance.

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60 | Page
VI. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SUSTAINABILITY, AND THE FUTURE

Learning Objectives:

1. To know the UNESCO 17 Sustainable Development Goals

2. To participate in the attainment of the UNESCO 17 SDGs

3. To understand the major role of the Civil Engineers in the UNESCO 17 SDGs

4. To determine the prospects of future Civil Engineers

UNESCO 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

• Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are expected to see the largest increases
in extreme poverty, with an additional 32 million and 26 million people, respectively,
living below the international poverty line as a result of the pandemic.
● The share of the world’s workers living in extreme poverty fell by half over the last
decade: from 14.3 percent in 2010 to 7.1 percent in 2019.
● Even before COVID-19, baseline projections suggested that 6 percent of the global
population would still be living in extreme poverty in 2030, missing the target of
ending poverty. The fallout from the pandemic threatens to push over 70 million
people into extreme poverty.
● One out of five children live in extreme poverty, and the negative effects of poverty
and deprivation in the early years have ramifications that can last a lifetime.
● In 2016, 55 percent of the world’s population – about 4 billion people – did not
benefit from any form of social protection

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GOALS OF SDG 1

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as
people living on less than $1.25 a day

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women, and children of all
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all,
including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the
vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural
resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services, including microfinance

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce
their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic,
social, and environmental shocks and disasters

1.A Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including

through enhanced development cooperation, to provide adequate and predictable means
for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programs
and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions

1.B Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional, and international levels,
based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated
investment in poverty eradication actions

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Goal 2: Zero Hunger

• Current estimates are that nearly 690 million people are hungry, or 8.9 percent of
the world population – up by 10 million people in one year and by nearly 60
million in five years.
● The majority of the world’s undernourished – 381 million – are still found in Asia.
More than 250 million live in Africa, where the number of undernourished is
growing faster than anywhere in the world.
● In 2019, close to 750 million – or nearly one in ten people in the world – were
exposed to severe levels of food insecurity.
● An estimated 2 billion people in the world did not have regular access to safe,
nutritious, and sufficient food in 2019.
● If recent trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger will surpass
840 million by 2030, or 9.8 percent of the global population.
● 144 million children under age 5 were affected by stunting in 2019, with three
quarters living in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
● In 2019, 6.9 percent (or 47 million) children under 5 were affected by wasting, or
acute undernutrition, a condition caused by limited nutrient intake and infection.

GOALS OF SDG 2

2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and
people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all
year round.

2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally
agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the
nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons.
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2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists, and
fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources,
and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition
and non-farm employment.

2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain
ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather,
drought, flooding, and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil
quality.

2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, and farmed and
domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed
and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional, and international levels,
and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization
of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed.

2.A Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural

infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and
plant and livestock gene banks to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing
countries, in particular, least developed countries.

2.B Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets,
including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and
all export measures with equivalent effect, following the mandate of the Doha
Development Round.

2.C Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their
derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves,
to help limit extreme food price volatility.

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Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Child health

● In 2018 an estimated 6.2 million children and adolescents under the age of 15
years died, mostly from preventable causes. Of these deaths, 5.3 million occurred
in the first 5 years, with almost half of these in the first month of life.
● Despite determined global progress, an increasing proportion of child deaths are
in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Four out of every five deaths of children
under age five occur in these regions.
● Children in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 15 times more likely to die before the
age of 5 than children in high-income countries.
● Malnourished children, particularly those with severe acute malnutrition, have
a higher risk of death from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea,
pneumonia, and malaria. Nutrition-related factors contribute to about 45 percent of
deaths in children under 5 years of age.

Maternal health

● Over 40 percent of all countries have fewer than 10 medical doctors per 10,000
people; over 55 percent of countries have fewer than 40 nursing and midwifery
personnel per 10,000 people.
● In Eastern Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Asia, maternal mortality has
declined by around two-thirds.
● Every day in 2017, approximately 810 women died from preventable
causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.
● 94 percent of all maternal deaths occur in low and lower-middle-income countries.
● Young adolescents (ages 10-14) face a higher risk of complications and death as
a result of pregnancy than other women.

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 ● But maternal mortality ratio – the proportion of mothers that do not survive
childbirth compared to those who do – in developing regions is still 14 times higher
than in the developed regions.

HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

● 38 million people globally were living with HIV in 2019.

● 25.4 million people were accessing antiretroviral therapy in 2019.
● 1.7 million people became newly infected with HIV in 2019.
● 690 000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2019.
● 75.7 million people have become infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic.
● 32.7 million people have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the
epidemic.
● Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death among people living with HIV,
accounting for around one in three AIDS-related deaths.
● Globally, adolescent girls and young women face gender-based inequalities,
exclusion, discrimination, and violence, which put them at increased risk of
acquiring HIV.
● HIV is the leading cause of death for women of reproductive age worldwide.
● AIDS is now the leading cause of death among adolescents (aged 10–19) in Africa
and the second most common cause of death among adolescents globally.
● Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015,
primarily of children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The global
malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 percent and the mortality rates
by 58 percent.

GOALS OF SDG 3

3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live
births.

3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with
all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live
births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births.

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3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical
diseases, and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other communicable
diseases.

3.4 By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases

through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.

3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug
abuse and harmful use of alcohol.

3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.

3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services,
including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of
reproductive health into national strategies and programs.

3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality
essential health-care services, and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable
essential medicines and vaccines for all.

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination.

3.A Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework

Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate.

3.B Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the
communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing
countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, following the
Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of
developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and,
in particular, provide access to medicines for all.

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3.C Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training,
and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in the least
developed countries and small island developing States.

3.D Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early
warning, risk reduction, and management of national and global health risks.

Goal 4: Good Quality Education

● Before the coronavirus crisis, projections showed that more than 200 million
children would be out of school, and only 60 percent of young people would be
completing upper secondary education in 2030.
● Before the coronavirus crisis, the proportion of children and youth out of primary
and secondary school had declined from 26 percent in 2000 to 19 percent in 2010
and 17 percent in 2018.
● More than half of children that have not enrolled in school live in sub-Saharan
Africa, and more than 85 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are not learning
the minimum
● 617 million youth Worldwide lack basic mathematics and literacy skills.
● Some 750 million adults – two-thirds of them women – remained illiterate in 2016.
Half of the global illiterate population lives in South Asia, and a quarter lives in sub-
Saharan Africa.
● In 10 low- and middle-income countries, children with disabilities were 19 percent
less likely to achieve minimum proficiency in reading than those without disabilities.
● 4 million refugee children were out of school in 2017

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GOALS OF SDG 4

4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable, and quality primary
and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes

4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood
development, care, and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary education

4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality
technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university

4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant
skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs, and
entrepreneurship

4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all
levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with
disabilities, indigenous peoples, and children in vulnerable situations

4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men, and
women, achieve literacy and numeracy

4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote
sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable
development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a
culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity
and culture’s contribution to sustainable development

4.A Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive
and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive, and effective learning environments for all

4.B By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to

developing countries, in particular, least developed countries, small island developing
States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational

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training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering, and
scientific programs, in developed countries and other developing countries

4.C By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through
international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least
developed countries and small island developing states

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

● Globally, 750 million women and girls were married before the age of 18 and at
least 200 million women and girls in 30 countries have undergone FGM.
● The rates of girls between 15-19 who are subjected to FGM (female genital
mutilation) in the 30 countries where the practice is concentrated have dropped
from 1 in 2 girls in 2000 to 1 in 3 girls by 2017.
● In 18 countries, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working; in 39
countries, daughters and sons do not have equal inheritance rights; and 49
countries lack laws protecting women from domestic violence.
● One in five women and girls, including 19 percent of women and girls aged 15 to
49, have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner within
the last 12 months. Yet, 49 countries have no laws that specifically protect women
from such violence.
● While women have made important inroads into political office across the world,
their representation in national parliaments at 23.7 percent is still far from parity.
● In 46 countries, women now hold more than 30 percent of seats in the national
parliament in at least one chamber.
● Only 52 percent of women married or in a union freely make their own decisions
about sexual relations, contraceptive use, and health care.

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 ● Globally, women are just 13 percent of agricultural landholders.
● Women in Northern Africa hold less than one in five paid jobs in the non-agricultural
sector. The proportion of women in paid employment outside the agriculture sector
has increased from 35 percent in 1990 to 41 percent in 2015.
● More than 100 countries have taken action to track budget allocations for gender
equality.
● In Southern Asia, a girl’s risk of marrying in childhood has dropped by over 40
percent since 2000.

GOALS OF SDG 5

5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private
spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female
genital mutilation

5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public
services, infrastructure, and social protection policies and the promotion of shared
responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership
at all levels of decision making in political, economic, and public life

5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as
agreed by the Program of Action of the International Conference on Population and
Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their
review conferences

5.A Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as
access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services,
inheritance, and natural resources, in accordance with national laws

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5.B Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and
communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women

5.C Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of
gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all

● 1 in 4 health care facilities lacks basic water services

● 3 in 10 people lack access to safely managed drinking water services and 6 in 10
people lack access to safely managed sanitation facilities.
● At least 892 million people continue to practice open defecation.
● Women and girls are responsible for water collection in 80 percent of
households without access to water on-premises.
● Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using an improved
drinking water source has increased from 76 percent to 90 percent
● Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of the global population and is
projected to rise. Over 1.7 billion people are currently living in river basins where
water use exceeds recharge.
● 2.4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets or latrines
● More than 80 percent of wastewater resulting from human activities is discharged
into rivers or sea without any pollution removal
● Each day, nearly 1,000 children die due to preventable water and sanitation-
related diarrheal diseases
● Approximately 70 percent of all water abstracted from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is
used for irrigation

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 ● Floods and other water-related disasters account for 70 percent of all deaths
related to natural disasters

GOALS OF SDG 6

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking
water for all

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and
those in vulnerable situations

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing the release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater, and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure
sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and
substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including
through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests,
wetlands, rivers, aquifers, and lakes

6.A By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to

developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programs, including
water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling, and
reuse technologies

6.B Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water
and sanitation management

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Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy

● 13 percent of the global population still lacks access to modern electricity.

● 3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal, or animal waste for cooking and
heating
● Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60
percent of total global greenhouse gas emissions.
● Indoor air pollution from using combustible fuels for household energy caused 4.3
million deaths in 2012, with women and girls accounting for 6 out of every 10 of
these.
● In 2016, the share of renewables increased at the fastest rate since 2012, up 0.24
percentage points, and reached almost 17.5 percent owing to rapid growth in
hydropower, wind, and solar.

GOALS OF SDG 7

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services

7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy
mix

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

7.A By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy

research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and advanced
and cleaner fossil-fuel technology and promote investment in energy infrastructure and
clean energy technology

7.B By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and
sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed
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countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, by their
respective programs of support

Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent
work for all

● The global unemployment rate in 2017 was 5.6 percent, down from 6.4 percent in
2000.
● Globally, 61 percent of all workers were engaged in informal employment in 2016.
Excluding the agricultural sector, 51 percent of all workers fell into this employment
category.
● Men earn 12.5 percent more than women in 40 out of 45 countries with data.
● The global gender pay gap stands at 23 percent globally and without decisive
action, it will take another 68 years to achieve equal pay. Women’s labor force
participation rate is 63 percent while that of men is 94 percent.
● Despite their increasing presence in public life, women continue to do 2.6 times the
unpaid care and domestic work that men do.

GOALS OF SDG 8

8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth by national circumstances and, in particular, at
least 7 percent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries

8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological

upgrading, and innovation, including through a focus on high-value-added and labor-
intensive sectors

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8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job
creation, entrepreneurship, creativity, and innovation, and encourage the formalization
and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to
financial services

8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and
production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation,
following the 10-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and production,
with developed countries taking the lead

8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and
men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of
equal value

8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education,
or training

8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern slavery
and human trafficking, and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of
child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in
all its forms

8.8 Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all
workers, including migrant workers, in particular, women migrants, and those in
precarious employment

8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates
jobs and promotes local culture and products

8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand
access to banking, insurance, and financial services for all

8.A Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular, least developed
countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related
Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries

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8.B By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and
implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labor Organization

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization, and foster

innovation

• In 2018, 96 percent of the world’s population lived within reach of a mobile-

cellular signal, and 90 percent of people could access the Internet through a third-
generation (3G) or higher-quality network.
● 16 percent of the global population does not have access to mobile broadband
networks.
● The global share of manufacturing value-added in GDP increased from 15.2
percent in 2005 to 16.3 percent in 2017, driven by the fast growth of
manufacturing in Asia.
● Least developed countries have immense potential for industrialization in food
and beverages (agro-industry), and textiles and garments, with good prospects
for sustained employment generation and higher productivity
● In 2019, the amount of new renewable power capacity added (excluding large
hydro) was the highest ever, at 184 gigawatts, 20GW more than in 2018. This
included 118GW of new solar systems and 61GW of wind turbines.
● Capacity investment in solar slipped 3 percent to $131.1 billion in 2019, while that
in wind climbed 6 percent to $138.2 billion – the first time that wind has
outweighed solar in terms of dollars committed since 2010.
● Developing countries continued to outpace developed economies in renewables
investment. In 2019, they committed $152.2 billion, compared to $130 billion for
developed countries.

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GOALS OF SDG 9

9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure, including regional
and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being,
with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all

9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise
the industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national
circumstances, and double its share in the least developed countries

9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in
developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration
into value chains and markets

9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with
increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally
sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action by their
respective capabilities

9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial

sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging
innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers
per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending

9. A Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries

through enhanced financial, technological, and technical support to African countries,
least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing
States 18

9.B Support domestic technology development, research, and innovation in developing

countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial
diversification and value addition to commodities

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9.C Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and
strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in the least developed
countries by 2020

Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

● Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20

percent of the population are still up to three times more likely to die before their
fifth birthday than children in the richest quintiles.
● Social protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with
disabilities are up to five times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health
expenditures.
● Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in most developing countries, women
in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than
women living in urban centers.
● Up to 30 percent of income inequality is due to inequality within households,
including between women and men. Women are also more likely than men to live
below 50 percent of the median income
● Of the one billion population of persons with disabilities, 80 percent live in
developing countries.
● One in ten children is a child with a disability.
● Only 28 percent of persons with significant disabilities have access to disability
benefits globally, and only 1 percent in low-income countries.

GOALS OF SDG 10

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 percent
of the population at a rate higher than the national average
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10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic, and political inclusion of all,
irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, or economic or another
status

10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by

eliminating discriminatory laws, policies, and practices and promoting appropriate
legislation, policies, and action in this regard

10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage, and social protection policies, and
progressively achieve greater equality

10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and
strengthen the implementation of such regulations

10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-
making in global international economic and financial institutions to deliver more effective,
credible, accountable and legitimate institutions

10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular, and responsible migration and mobility of people,
including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies

10.A Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries,
in particular, least developed countries, by World Trade Organization agreements

10.B Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign
direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular, least developed
countries, African countries, small island developing States, and landlocked developing
countries, following their national plans and programs

10.C By 2030, reduce to less than 3 percent the transaction costs of migrant remittances
and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 percent

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Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable

• Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today and 5 billion people are
projected to live in cities by 2030.
● 95 percent of urban expansion in the next decades will take place in the developing
world
● 828 million people live in slums today and most of them are found in Eastern and
South-Eastern Asia.
● The world’s cities occupy just 3 percent of the Earth’s land but account for 60-80
percent of energy consumption and 75 percent of carbon emissions.
● Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living
environment, and public health.
● Cities account for between 60 and 80 percent of energy consumption and generate
as much as 70 percent of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions
● 90 percent of urban growth is forecasted to happen in Asia and Africa in the next
30 years.
● By 2050 70 percent of the world population is predicted to live in urban settlements.

GOALS OF SDG 11

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic
services and upgrade slums

11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport
systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special

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attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with
disabilities, and older persons

11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for
participatory, integrated, and sustainable human settlement planning and management in
all countries

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people
affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to the global gross
domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on
protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by
paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible, green and
public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons, and persons with
disabilities

11.A Support positive economic, social, and environmental links between urban, peri-
urban, and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning

11.B By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements
adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource
efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and
develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

11.C Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical
assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

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Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

• According to the latest projections, the global population could grow to around 8.5
billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050. The equivalent of almost three planets could be
required to provide the natural resources needed to sustain current lifestyles.
● 93 percent of the world’s 250 largest companies are now reporting on
sustainability.

Water

● Less than 3 percent of the world’s water is fresh (drinkable), of which 2.5 percent
is frozen in the Antarctica, Arctic, and glaciers. Humanity must therefore rely on 0.5
percent for all of man’s ecosystems and freshwater needs.
● Humankind is polluting water in rivers and lakes faster than nature can recycle and
purify
● More than 1 billion people still do not have access to fresh water.
● Excessive use of water contributes to global water stress.
● Water is free from nature, but the infrastructure needed to deliver it is expensive.
● Water use has been increasing worldwide by about 1 percent per year since the
1980s.
● Agriculture (including irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture) is by far the largest
water consumer, accounting for 69 percent of annual water withdrawals globally.
Industry (including power generation) accounts for 19 percent and households for
12 percent.
● Over 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress.

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 ● Over the period 1995–2015, floods accounted for 43 percent of all documented
natural disasters, affecting 2.3 billion people, killing 157,000 more, and causing
US$662 billion in damage.
● Three out of ten people (2.1 billion people, or 29 percent of the global population)
did not use a safely managed drinking water service4 in 2015, whereas 844
million people still lacked even a basic drinking water service.

Energy

● If people worldwide switched to energy-efficient lightbulbs, the world would

save US$120 billion annually.
● Despite technological advances that have promoted energy efficiency gains,
energy use in OECD countries will continue to grow another 35 percent by 2020.
Commercial and residential energy use is the second most rapidly growing area of
global energy use after transport.
● In 2002 the motor vehicle stock in OECD countries was 550 million vehicles (75
percent of which were personal cars). A 32 percent increase in vehicle ownership
is expected by 2020. At the same time, motor vehicle kilometers are projected to
increase by 40 percent, and global air travel is projected to triple in the same period.
● Households consume 29 percent of global energy and consequently contribute to
21 percent of resultant CO2 emissions.
● The share of renewable energy in final energy consumption has reached 17.5
percent in 2015.
● The global electrification rate reached 89 percent in 2017 (from 83 percent in
2010), still leaving about 840 million people without access
● Between 2010 and 2017, the percentage of the population relying on clean cooking
solutions grew by an annual average of 0.5 percentage points.
● The global population without access to electricity fell from 1.2 billion in 2010 to
840 million in 2017.

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Food

● Each year, an estimated 1/3 of all food produced – equivalent to 1.3 billion tons
worth around $1 trillion – ends up rotting in the bins of consumers and retailers, or
spoiling due to poor transportation and harvesting practices
● 38 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2019.
● Land degradation, declining soil fertility, unsustainable water use, overfishing, and
marine environment degradation are all lessening the ability of the natural resource
base to supply food.
● The food sector accounts for around 30 percent of the world’s total energy
consumption and accounts for around 22 percent of total Greenhouse Gas
emissions.

GOALS OF SDG 12

12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and

production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking
into account the development and capabilities of developing countries

12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and
reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses

12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all
wastes throughout their life cycle, by agreed international frameworks, and significantly
reduce their release to air, water and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on human
health and the environment

12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction,

recycling, and reuse

12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt

sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle

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12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, by national policies and
priorities

12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and
awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature

12. A Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological

capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production

12.B Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for
sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products

12.C Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by

removing market distortions, in line with national circumstances, including by restructuring
taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their
environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of
developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development
in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities.

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

● As of April 2018, 175 parties had ratified the Paris Agreement and 168 parties had
communicated their first nationally determined contributions to the UN framework
convention on Climate Change Secretariat.
● As of April 2018, 10 developing countries had completed and submitted the first
iteration of their national adaptation plans for responding to climate change.
● Developed country parties continue to make progress towards the goal of jointly
mobilizing $100 billion annually by 2020 for mitigation actions.

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Thanks to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change we know:

● From 1880 to 2012, the average global temperature increased by 0.85°C. To put
this into perspective, for each 1 degree of temperature increase, grain yields
decline by about 5 percent. Maize, wheat, and other major crops have experienced
significant yield reductions at the global level of 40 megatons per year between
1981 and 2002 due to a warmer climate.
● Oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea level
has risen. From 1901 to 2010, the global average sea level rose by 19 cm as
oceans expanded due to warming and ice melted. The Arctic’s sea ice extent has
shrunk in every successive decade since 1979, with 1.07 million km² of ice loss
every decade
● Given current concentrations and on-going emissions of greenhouse gases, it is
likely that by the end of this century, the increase in global temperature will exceed
1.5°C compared to 1850 to 1900 for all but one scenario. The world’s oceans will
warm and ice melt will continue. The average sea-level rise is predicted as 24 –
30cm by 2065 and 40-63cm by 2100. Most aspects of climate change will persist
for many centuries even if emissions are stopped
● Global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased by almost 50 percent
since 1990
● Emissions grew more quickly between 2000 and 2010 than in each of the three
previous decades
● It is still possible, using a wide array of technological measures and changes in
behavior, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels
● Major institutional and technological change will give a better than even chance
that global warming will not exceed this threshold

GOALS OF SDG 13

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural
disasters in all countries

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning
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13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on
climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning

13. An Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100
billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in
the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully
operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible

13.B Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related
planning and management in the least developed countries and small island developing
States, including focusing on women, youth, and local and marginalized communities

*Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the
primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to
climate change.

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources

● Oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth’s surface, contain 97 percent of the

Earth’s water, and represent 99 percent of the living space on the planet by volume.

Climate change

● Oceans absorb about 30 percent of carbon dioxide produced by humans, buffering

the impacts of global warming.
● Carbon emissions from human activities are causing ocean warming, acidification,
and oxygen loss.

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 ● The ocean has also absorbed more than 90 percent of the excess heat in the
climate system.
● Ocean heat is at record levels, causing widespread marine heatwaves.

Ocean and people

● Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their
livelihoods.
● Globally, the market value of marine and coastal resources and industries is
estimated at $3 trillion per year or about 5 percent of global GDP.
● Marine fisheries directly or indirectly employ over 200 million people.
● Coastal waters are deteriorating due to pollution and eutrophication. Without
concerted efforts, coastal eutrophication is expected to increase in 20 percent of
large marine ecosystems by 2050.
● Roughly 80 percent of marine and coastal pollution originates on land – including
agricultural run-off, pesticides, plastics, and untreated sewage.
● Around the world, one million plastic drinking bottles are purchased every minute,
while up to 5 trillion single-use plastic bags are used worldwide every year
● Around 680 million people live in low-lying coastal zones – which is expected to
increase to a billion by 2050.
● Sustainable and climate-resilient transport, including maritime transport, is key to
sustainable development. Around 80 percent of the volume of international trade
in goods is carried by sea, and the percentage is even higher for most developing
countries

GOALS OF SDG 14

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular
from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution

14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid
significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for
their restoration to achieve healthy and productive oceans

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14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced
scientific cooperation at all levels

14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported, and
unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based
management plans, to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels
that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological
characteristics

14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 percent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with
national and international law and based on the best available scientific information

14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity
and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported, and unregulated
fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and
effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries
should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation

14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least
developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through
sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism

14.A Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity, and transfer marine
technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, to improve ocean health
and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing
countries, in particular, small island developing States and least developed countries

14.B Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets

14.C Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by
implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal
framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as
recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want

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Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land
degradation, halt biodiversity loss

● Human activity has altered almost 75 percent of the earth’s surface, squeezing
wildlife and nature into an ever-smaller corner of the planet and increasing risks of
zoonotic diseases like COVID-19.

Forests

● Around 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihood, including 70 million
indigenous people.
● Forests are home to more than 80 percent of all terrestrial species of animals,
plants, and insects.
● Between 2010 and 2015, the world lost 3.3 million hectares of forest areas. Poor
rural women depend on common-pool resources and are especially affected by
their depletion.
● Currently, land degradation has reduced productivity in 23 percent of the global
terrestrial area, and between $235 billion and $577 billion in annual global crop
output is at risk as a result of pollinator loss.

Desertification

● Arable land loss is estimated at 30 to 35 times the historical rate

● Due to drought and desertification, 12 million hectares are lost each year (23
hectares per minute). Within one year, 20 million tons of grain could have been
grown.
● 74 percent of the poor are directly affected by land degradation globally.

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 ● Habitat loss and deterioration, largely caused by human actions, have reduced
global terrestrial habitat integrity by 30 percent relative to an unimpacted baseline.

Biodiversity

● Illicit poaching and trafficking of wildlife continue to thwart conservation efforts, with
nearly 7,000 species of animals and plants reported in illegal trade involving 120
countries.
● Of the 8,300 animal breeds known, 8 percent are extinct and 22 percent are at
risk of extinction.
● Of the over 80,000 tree species, less than 1 percent have been studied for potential
use.
● Fish provide 20 percent of animal protein to about 3 billion people. Only ten species
provide about 30 percent of marine capture fisheries and ten species provide about
50 percent of aquaculture production.
● Over 80 percent of the human diet is provided by plants. Only three cereal crops –
rice, maize, and wheat – provide 60 percent of energy intake.
● As many as 80 percent of people living in rural areas in developing countries rely
on traditional plant-‐based medicines for basic healthcare.
● Micro-organisms and invertebrates are key to ecosystem services, but their
contributions are still poorly known and rarely acknowledged.
● While protected areas now cover 15 percent of terrestrial and freshwater
environments and 7 percent of the marine realm, they only partly cover important
sites for biodiversity and are not yet fully ecologically representative and effectively
or equitably managed.

GOALS OF SDG 15

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of terrestrial and
inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands,
mountains, and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements

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15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of
forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase
afforestation and reforestation globally

15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land
affected by desertification, drought, and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-
neutral world

15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their

biodiversity, to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable
development

15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt
the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened
species

15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of
genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally
agreed

15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and
fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products

15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the
impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate
the priority species

15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local
planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, and accounts

15. A Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve
and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems

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15.B Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable
forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance
such management, including for conservation and reforestation

15.C Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected
species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable
livelihood opportunities

Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies

● Among the institutions most affected by corruption are the judiciary and police.
● Corruption, bribery, theft, and tax evasion cost some US $1.26 trillion for
developing countries per year; this amount of money could be used to lift those
who are living on less than $1.25 a day above $1.25 for at least six years
● Birth registration has occurred for 73 percent of children under 5, but only 46
percent of Sub-Saharan Africa have had their births registered.
● Approximately 28.5 million primary school age who are out of school live in conflict-
affected areas.
● The rule of law and development have a significant interrelation and are mutually
reinforcing, making it essential for sustainable development at the national and
international levels.
● The proportion of prisoners held in detention without sentencing has remained
almost constant in the last decade, at 31 percent of all prisoners.

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Violence against children

● The number of people fleeing war, persecution, and conflict exceeded 70 million in
2018, the highest level recorded by the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) in almost 70
years.
● In 2019, the United Nations tracked 357 killings and 30 enforced disappearances of
human rights defenders, journalists, and trade unionists in 47 countries.
● Violence against children affects more than 1 billion children around the world and
costs societies up to US$ 7 trillion a year.
● 50 percent of the world’s children experience violence every year.
● Every 7 minutes, somewhere in the world, a child is killed by violence
● 1 in 10 children is sexually abused before the age of 18.
● 9 in 10 children live in countries where corporal punishment is not fully prohibited,
leaving 732 million children without legal protection.
● 1 in 3 internet users worldwide is a child and 800 million of them use social media.
Any child can become a victim of online violence.
● Child online sexual abuse reports to NCMEC has grown from 1 million in 2014 to
45 million in 2018.
● 246 million children worldwide are affected by school-related violence each year.
● 1 in 3 students has been bullied by their peers at school in the last month, and at
least 1 in 10 children have experienced cyberbullying.

GOALS OF SDG 16

16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking, and all forms of violence against and torture of
children

16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal
access to justice for all

16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery
and return of stolen assets, and combat all forms of organized crime

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16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms

16.6 Develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels

16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory, and representative decision-making at all

levels

16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions
of global governance

16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, by national
legislation and international agreements

16. A Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international

cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to
prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime

16.B Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable
development

Goal 17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

● Net Official Development Assistance flows by member countries of the

Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development totaled $147.4 billion in 2019.
● 79 percent of imports from developing countries enter developed countries duty-
free
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 ● The debt burden on developing countries remains stable at about 3 percent of
export revenue
● Trade, foreign direct investment, and remittances are all projected to decline by up
to 40 percent in 2020.
● Almost half of the world’s population is not connected to the internet, particularly in
poor countries.

GOALS OF SDG 17

Finance

17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support

to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection

17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance

commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the
target of 0.7 percent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 percent of
ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting
a target to provide at least 0.20 percent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries

17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources

17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through

coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief, and debt restructuring,
as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce
debt distress

17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries

Technology

17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international

cooperation on and access to science, technology, and innovation and enhance
knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination

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among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global
technology facilitation mechanism

17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination, and diffusion of environmentally

sound technologies to developing countries on favorable terms, including on concessional
and preferential terms, as mutually agreed

17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology, and innovation
capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use
of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology

Capacity building

17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-
building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable
development goals, including through North-South, South-South, and triangular
cooperation

Trade

17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable

multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the
conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda

17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular, to double

the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020

17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a

lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization
decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from
least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market
access

Systemic issues

Policy and institutional coherence

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17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and
policy coherence

17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development

17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement
policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development

Multi-stakeholder partnerships

17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by

multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology,
and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals
in all countries, in particular developing countries

17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private, and civil society
partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships

Data, monitoring, and accountability

17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for

least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the
availability of high-quality, timely, and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age,
race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics
relevant in national contexts

17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on

sustainable development that complement the gross domestic product and support
statistical capacity-building in developing countries

Sustainable Development Goals and Civil Engineering

Some business leaders are as yet uncertain of the use of the Sustainable Development
Goals, and how they could benefit their sector.

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From an investment industry perspective, Raechel Kelly, of Ethical Screening, provides
a quick overview of what they are, why they're being adopted by investors ,and makes
the case that the civil engineering community is crucial to delivering them.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are seemingly everywhere at the moment
and are emerging in industry news across most sectors.

However, some business leaders are as yet unconvinced of their utility, who perhaps
think they're yet another public relations exercise or corporate responsibility checklist.

What are the UN SDGs?

The UN Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 goals comprising 169 targets
launched in 2016 for the world to achieve by 2030.

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Spearheaded by the UN through a deliberative process involving its 194 Member States,
as well as global civil society, the SDGs build on the Principles agreed upon under a
resolution popularly known as ‘The Future We Want’.

Governments are obligated to report on progress against the goals, however, there's no
legal imperative for companies, investors, or other stakeholders to engage with them.
Despite this, many companies and investors are engaging, and many examples of best
practices are emerging.

The goals are also appearing in training and education programs, hopefully pointing to a
highly-aware, sustainability-minded generation joining the workforce globally.

The goals are broad, but the targets are specific, especially when related
to engineering and infrastructure. For example, goal 11
‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’ includes some of the following targets:

11.1: By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and
basic services and upgrade slums.

11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for
participatory, integrated,
and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.

11.4: Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural
heritage.

11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including
by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management.

As is clear from these targets, the goals are not an ineffectual wish list of ‘nice-to-haves’,
they're a solid set of instructions for governments, businesses, and civil society on how to
move from the path we're currently on, to the one which prevents social
and environmental collapse.

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What are the benefits of the SDGs for business?

The investment community was never really an intended audience for the goals, however,
many investors have recognized the utility of the goals as
a blueprint for sustainable investment.

As can be seen from the list of targets above, there's also a significant opportunity for first-
mover companies and those demonstrating sector leadership.

Investors are embedding the goals into investment strategies for several reasons:

Companies that are reporting on their alignment with and ability to deliver on the goals
are demonstrating that they're forward-looking and planning for a sustainable future.

Companies offering solutions to the goals are likely to profit from their implementation and
deliver long-term value creation post-2030 if their products or processes are sustainable.

Many financial institutions are based on long-term strategies, for example, pension funds
that are looking for value 50 to 100 years into the future.

Governments worldwide are incorporating the delivery of the SDGs into policymaking and
the legislative process. Some are also
appraising companies for government contracts based on alignment with the
goals. Regulatory and legislative changes, as we have seen for example around single-
use plastics, are likely to move in the direction of sustainable, circular economies.

Previous systems for reporting and regulatory compliance have been complicated
and fragmented. The SDGs provide a framework that sits across
all areas of sustainability and allows easy benchmarking and comparison.

As a single, well-designed, and easy to comprehend the system, the goals as

an investment strategy can be effectively communicated to companies, consumers,
shareholders, and governments alike.

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Sustainable futures

One investment manager looking into the SDGs as an investment tool is Mike Appleby at
Liontrust Investment Management.

Specifically, on alignment with goal 11, Appleby states:

“We have two investment themes aligned with achieving this SDG to make cities and
human settlements resilient and sustainable. Making transport more
efficient: urban transport systems are improved by reducing congestion as well
as transport emissions (which make the local air quality toxic) as the mode
of transport shifts from self-driven cars to public transport systems such as trains, tubes,
and buses. Building better homes: shelter is a basic human requirement
and companies that build quality affordable homes are helping to provide this.”

However, engineering firms should not just be focusing on goal 11. Mike Appleby
emphasizes the interlinked nature of the goals and the holistic approach to
reviewing company alignment, stating:

“How companies in which we invest contribute positively to the SDGs is mainly through
the products and services they provide. However, we have also identified several SDGs
that can be met through companies managing their operations better with these goals in
mind. The way companies manage their operations and how they treat and pay their staff
has an obvious impact on the quality of the work (SDG #8) they provide and is relevant to
all the companies we own.

"Which environmental, social or governance challenges are most material varies

depending on the industry in question. For example, this can
include quality of work (through working conditions, fair pay, working conditions in supply
chains) as well as equality and diversity in the workforce and on the board.

"This is an area where our engagement to promote proactive management of

the Environmental, Social and Governance issues - and the Sustainable Development
Goals they are aligned to - can help achieve the SDGs and we intend to explore
and report on this further.”

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Appleby added that:

“The SDGs are becoming an increasingly used vocabulary in sustainable

development and are enabling more people to understand how broad and far-
reaching sustainable development is (it’s not just
about environmental technology and climate change – although those are important).

"We believe companies will get questions framed in terms of SDGs and I believe it would
be wrong for companies to ignore them. That said, there should be some focus on the
most material extra-financial aspects to the business with principles, targets, and ways
of monitoring and disclosing data against those targets."

Essentially, materiality and measurement are key, some companies may claim to be
working towards all the goals, but this raises eyebrows and questions around what's
genuinely being achieved. As the adage goes, ‘what gets measured gets managed’ -
investors are looking for concrete plans from companies and use of the SDG targets and
indicators to benchmark progress.

Opportunities for the construction and engineering sector

The construction and engineering sectors have a hugely important role to play in
delivering the infrastructure for a sustainable future, and companies embracing a
problem-solving, forward-facing, solutions-focused, transparent culture can be assured of
continued investor support.

PROSPECTS OF FUTURE CIVIL ENGINEERS

Civil engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering that deals with the design
and construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and other large-scale structures. It has
existed since the first human settlement and has advanced with the construction of large
projects such as the Pont du Gard in France and the Great Wall in China. More recently,
emerging fields such as artificial intelligence and nanotechnologies have been making
shockwaves in numerous fields, civil engineering included. Continue reading below for
more details on the future of the civil engineering field.
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Reshaping Transportation Engineering

Transportation engineering is a discipline of civil engineering that deals with the

infrastructures required to transport people and goods around. With the emergence of
semi-autonomous and electric vehicles such as those made by Tesla, roads will have to
be changed to adapt to these self-driving vehicles. For example, highway lanes could
be organized by the different types of traffic on the road to separate autonomous vehicles
from commuter cars and bicycles. The number of charging stations will also need to be
increased as more people make the switch to electric vehicles.

Additionally, new ideas such as the Hyperloop can change the future of how people travel.
This concept was proposed by Elon Musk and involves the construction of massive
tubes extending from one place to another, with pods traveling inside these tubes at
speeds of over 700 mph. Since this project involves the construction of massive tubes to
house a low-pressure environment, new infrastructures will have to be designed to
accommodate these tubes and terminal stations.

Artificial Intelligence and Construction Engineering

Artificial intelligence, or AI, involves machines learning by themselves from previous

experience. Some famous examples of AI include chess-playing computers and self-
driving cars. In the construction industry, AI has the potential to replace many professional
tasks normally delegated to younger engineers. This is because big data, which are large
amounts of data banks collected from various projects, can be processed by computers
to use as learning experiences. This means that AI can help make many of the crucial
decisions traditionally delegated to engineers on a construction site. This will result in
huge improvements in the speed of the project delivery and reductions in the overall costs
and carbon emissions.

Structural Engineering and the High-Tech Revolution

Structural engineering is another discipline of civil engineering that is facing major

changes due to high-tech advancements in the industry. The future of structural

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engineering might see structural engineers being made completely redundant. This
is mainly due to the advancements in computer modeling that enables the generation of
highly complex structures via AI without the help of human power. Cloud computing can
enable access to enormous calculating power which will reduce the time and skill required
to make these complex designs. For example, the selection of member sizes used in steel-
frame structures can now be done within seconds via a computer instead of many days
as required by a structural engineer using traditional methods.

One such example of a high-profile project is the construction of the Burj Khalifa, which is
the world’s tallest building located in Dubai. The building was designed by structural
engineers using computer simulation and modeling to choose the best form after many
possible iterations. This final design has been optimized for minimal wind loads and
material quantities. Engineers were also able to work on the proposed form directly with
architects instead of waiting until the architects’ plans were drawn up.

Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering

Nanotechnology involves the study of materials that are 0.1 to 100 nanometers in size. It
is a field that emerged in the past several decades and has numerous applications across
a wide variety of fields, including civil engineering. In the construction industry alone,
investments have been made by venture capitalists and corporations in the concrete and
steel used to build structures. For example, incorporating nano-silica, nano-clays, or nano
iron particles in the concrete can improve the pore structure of the concrete as well as
combat the problem of low strength at the early stages. In the production of steel beams,
copper nanoparticles can be added to the surface of the finished product to reduce the
roughness which will then reduce the overall stress and fatigue of the structure. Other
problems such as corrosion and fatigue can also be reduced with the addition of various
types of nanoparticles.

Learning Activity 6
I. Multiple choice. Choose the correct answer.
1. The following are goals of SDG1-No poverty
a. Eradicate extreme poverty for all people. b. Implement social protection systems

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c. build the resilience of the poor. d. All are correct

2.SDG2-Zero Hunger has identified this situation

a. 690 million people are hungry. b. 750 million were exposed to food insecurity
c. 381 million are undernourished. d. All are correct

3. The following are goals of SDG 3-Good health and well-being

a. Reduce the maternal mortality. b. Prevent deaths of newborns and children
c. a and b. d. All are correct

4. The following are goals of SDG 4- Quality Education

a. all girls and boys have access to basic education b. Skillful Youths and adults
c. Eliminate gender disparities in education. d. All are correct

5.Conditions of SDG 5-Gender Equality

a. Girls 15-19 were subjected to FGM.
b. Daughters and sons are not equal in rights
c. Women and girls experienced sexual violence.
d. All are correct

6. The following are SDG 17 goals:

a. strengthen domestic resource mobilization.
b. enhance knowledge sharing
c. timely implementation of duty-free.
d. All are correct

7.SDG 16- Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions goals

a. reduce corruption.
b. end abuse, exploitation and violence
c. promote rule of law.
d. All are correct

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8.SDG 10-Reduced Inequalities goals
a. Sustain income growth.
b. Promote social, economic, and political inclusion
c. Equal opportunity.
d. All are correct

II. Discuss fully the contributions and prospects of Civil Engineers in the following SDGs:
1. Clean Water and Sanitation
2. Affordable and Clean Energy
3. Decent Work and Economic Growth
4. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
5. Sustainable Cities and Communities
6. Responsible Consumption and Production
7. Climate Action
8. Life below Water
9. Life on Land

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VII. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Learning Objectives

1. To determine the importance of environmental science in Civil Engineering

2. To know the relationship between environmental science and civil engineering

3. To understand the use of environmental science in the sub-discipline of civil engineering

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical,

biological, and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, plant
science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil
science, geology and physical geography, and atmospheric science) to the study of the
environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science
emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today
it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study
of environmental systems.

Environmental studies incorporate more of the social sciences for understanding

human relationships, perceptions, and policies towards the environment. Environmental
engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in
every aspect.

Environmental scientists study subjects like the understanding of earth processes,

evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource
management, and the effects of global climate change. Environmental issues almost
always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental
problems. Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate
space, and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis.

Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific

investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-
disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of
substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation

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and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental
problems. Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel
Carson's landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental
issues becoming very public, such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, and the Cuyahoga
River of Cleveland, Ohio, "catching fire" (also in 1969), and helped increase the visibility
of environmental issues and create this new field of study.

Ecology

As defined by the Ecological Society of America, "Ecology is the study of the

relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical
environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and
the world around them." Ecologists might investigate the relationship between a
population of organisms and some physical characteristics of their environment, such as
the concentration of a chemical; or they might investigate the interaction between two
populations of different organisms through some symbiotic or competitive relationship.

For example, an interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system that is being

impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science
fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact
certain species by water and air pollution, biologists would describe the flora and
fauna, chemists would analyze the transport of water pollutants to the
marsh, physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would assist in
understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.

Geosciences

Geosciences include environmental geology, environmental soil

science, volcanic phenomena, and evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification
systems, this can also include hydrology, including oceanography.

As an example study, of soil erosion, calculations would be made of surface

runoff by soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examining sediment
transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light
transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts on
aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.

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Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including
public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines,
structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines. It is considered the

second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to
distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes
place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the
private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Environmental engineering

Water pollution

Environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though

sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste
management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental
engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other
terms being used.

Environmental engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, or

thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and remediation of contaminated sites after
waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental
engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, wastewater treatment, air
pollution, solid waste treatment, recycling, and hazardous waste management.
Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial

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ecology. Environmental engineers also compile information on the environmental
consequences of proposed actions.

Geotechnical Engineering

A phase diagram of soil indicating the weights and volumes of air, soil, water, and voids.

Geotechnical engineering studies rock and soil supporting civil engineering systems.
Knowledge from the field of soil science, materials science, mechanics, and hydraulics is
applied to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls, and other
structures. Environmental efforts to protect groundwater and safely maintain landfills have
spawned a new area of research called geo-environmental engineering.

The identification of soil properties presents challenges to geotechnical

engineers. Boundary conditions are often well defined in other branches of civil
engineering, but unlike steel or concrete, the material properties and behavior of soil are
difficult to predict due to its variability and limitation on the investigation. Furthermore, soil
exhibits nonlinear (stress-dependent) strength, stiffness, and dilatancy (volume change
associated with the application of shear stress) making studying soil mechanics all the
more difficult. Geotechnical engineers frequently work with professional geologists and
soil scientists.

Learning Activity 7
I. Describe fully the use of environmental science in the sub-discipline of civil
engineering specifically environmental and geotechnical engineering.
II. Explain fully the importance of environmental science in the works of Civil Engineers
III. Show the direct relationship between environmental science and civil engineering

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I. INTERVIEW OF TWO CIVIL ENGINEERS
a. 5-10 years of experience

b. with more than 10 years of experience

The following are information to be considered in the interview of civil engineers:

1. Educational Attainment
 Schools attended from elementary, high school, college and others
 Date graduated
 License/s or eligibility
 Trainings/ seminars/ conferences attended
2. Work Experiences
 Companies/agency worked and connected
 Length of service in the cited company
 Positions
 Job Descriptions
 Duties and responsibilities
 Nature of work
3. Salaries, wages, and other compensations
 Starting salary
 Allowances
 Professional fees per project
4. Level of satisfaction and success
 Awards and recognitions received

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