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10 Reading Actual Tests in 2021

10 Listening Actual Tests in 2021
Hướng dẫn sử dụng sách:
Add Zalo để lấy file audio Listening : 0931451560
Nếu bạn nghe không được thì quay lại bước căn bản nhé.
Bước 1: học phát âm bài Master Spoken English 04 & 05 trên youtube
để luyện âm về phụ âm, sau đó coi một vài video về nguyên âm ( chú ý
nguyên âm ngắn và nguyên âm dài)
Bước hai: luyện nghe thật nhiều câu đơn giản và tập phát âm cho
giống bản xứ nhé. Ngoài ra, các bạn nên hát theo nhiều bài nhạc tiếng
Anh để tăng trình độ cảm thụ âm.
Bước 3: nguyên nhân to lớn khi không nghe được là không có từ vựng
và chưa quen về âm. Vì thê, bạn có thể mở lời thoại ra để coi mấy bài
nghe đầu, vừa nghe vừa nhìn lời thoại và vừa cố gắng hiểu nghĩa cùng
một lúc. Nếu không hiểu lời thoại bạn có thể tra từ mới hoặc hỏi
những bạn có trình độ cao hơn để hỏi nghĩa câu. Lưu ý, 4 bài listening
sau, các bạn nên cố gắng làm mà không nhìn lời thoại để tạo kỹ năng
luyện tập khi thi. Vì thế, sách này chỉ có lời thoại của 6 bài đầu. Đáp
án thì sách đã có đầy đủ nên các bạn yên tâm mà học nhé. Chúc các
bạn may mắn trong mùa thi Ielts sắp tới 
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Section 1
Complete the form below
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer
Temporary Patient Record Form
Example
Name: Peter Smith
Street address: 1…………………
Suburb: 2…………………
Phone number: 3…………………
Details of injury
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Sport: Tennis
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Type of injury: Sprained 4…………………

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Date of injury: 5…………………

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Previous treatment and current problems

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The patient's own doctor advised treatment with

6………………… The patient is unable to
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7………………… and he is experiencing pain in his

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8……………… at night, which is affecting his sleep.

Advice given Stop using the 9…………………
Do regular 10………………… at home
Section 2
Question 11-16
Choose the correct letter A, B or C
11 The announcer says that the main topic of today's talk will be Gisborne's
A economy
B history
C tourism
12 The Maori name for the Gisborne region signifies

A dangerous journey
B east coast
C sailing boat
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13 Early exports from Gisborne came from its

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A farms
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B fisheyes
C forests
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14 According to tic speaker, what does Gisborne export to Asia nowadays?

A oranges and lemons
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B red and white grapes

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C seafood and shellfish
15 The Gisborne Summer Concert takes place in

A an opera house
B a vineyard
C a Maori meeting house
16 On wet days in Gisborne the announcer recommends

A a cultural display in the museum
B a fashion show in the town hall
C a photography exhibition in the art gallery
Questions 17 - 20
Which group of people is each of the following attractions recommended for?
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter. A - G. next to
questions 17 - 20.
A disabled people
B elderly people
C recently married couples
D pregnant women
E secondary school children
F young school children
G young adults
Attractions
G
17. Hot Springs Reserve ……………

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18. Mahia Peninsula ……………

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19 Motu River Rafting ……………

20 Eden Woodlands Park ……………
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SECTION 3 Questions 21-30
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
SUVs (Sports Utility Vehicles)
• Originally made for off-road driving (e.g. in remote areas)
• Now widely used in 21…………………
Advantages
• Useful for 22………………… purposes
• Larger 23………………… Capacity
• Suitable for towing large loads
Why popular in a wider market?
• Because of their image
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• Seen as 24………………… by mothers

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• Larger seating capacity

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• Drivers prefer the 25…………………

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Disadvantages
• SUVs can be 26…………………
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in urban centres because of their

27…………………
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• Bodywork doesn't crumple in an accident

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• Liable to 28………………… easily

How to limit use of SUVs
• Limit use to those people who need them (e.g. 29…………………)
• Raise cost of 30………………… paid by SUV drivers
SECTION 4 Questions 31-40
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
The Influence of Children on Adult Diet
Background
Obesity - mainly caused by bad eating habits and lack of exercise
National survey conclusions:
• food consumption rose between 1971 and 2000
• Americans in general eat above the recommended amounts
• the age group that eat most fat is 31....................
Family members living together show 32...…………… levels of fat in their diet
Aims of present study: to show whether children affect adult diet
Methods & procedures
Who?
G
• Adults aged 17-65 with children under 17

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• Other variables: age, education, race, 33….………. and whether born overseas
up
• 34.……………… held at Mobile Examination Centres

Results
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Adults living with children are more likely to:

• eat more fat
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• eat convenience food

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• 35…...……………
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Reasons
• Parents have little 36..………………
• Children's preference for certain foods
• Inconvenience of making separate meals
Limitations of study
The study did not consider the effects of:
the 37………………… of children in each family
the 38…………………… between the adults and children
Influence may decrease with 39……………………
Conclusions and recommendations
More research needed into above areas
Research needed into how our 40………………. affect our diet.
Question 1 — 3
Label the plan below. Write the correct letter, A— F, next to question 1 — 3.
Example:
Keyboards B
1 DVD players
2 DVDs
3 portable CD players
G
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up
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Question 4-6.
Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Move 4………………………... cassette players into stockroom.
Make sure the stock is 5…………….. .
Make the 6…………………….. for special offers.
Question 7-10 What is decided about the following categories of DVD?

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 7-10.
A price of each item reduced
B prices reduced for buying a certain number
C prices kept at current level
Categories of DVDs:
G
7 general films
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8 foreign language films

9 classical music
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10 comedy
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Section 2 Questions 11-20
Questions 11-16
What does the organiser tell the members about who should do each of the following tasks?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 11-16.
A All the members must do it.
B Members have the option of doing it.
C The organiser is responsible for doing it.
Tasks
11 Taking tents
12 Booking campsites
13 Taking bicycles
14 Buying train tickets
15 Buying tickets for a football match
G
16 Collecting information about the area of the tour

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Question 17-20 Which location has the following attraction? Choose FOUR answers
from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 17-20.
Pa
Locations
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17 Westbury
18 Cluny
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19 Penned
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20 Farlow
Attractions
A farming museum
B horseriding
C locally produced food
D market selling clothes
E old ruins
F steam railway
G transport museum
H water sports
SECTION 3 Questions 21 — 30
Questions 21 and 22
Complete the notes below Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Assignment notes
Things to do: - hand in book reports with next assignment
- check accuracy of the 21…………………………….. in the last
section
- try to give more 22…………………………….
- need to expand ideas to improve grade
Question 23-27
Answer the question below
23 When will Karen give her presentation?
24 What must she do during the presentation?
25 By which date must she submit an abstract?
G
26 Where will the presentation take place?

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27 Who will grade her presentation?

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Question 28 - 30
Choose THREE letters, A— H.
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Which THREE modules will Karen study next year?

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A Communication Skills
B Data Collection
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C Discourse Analysis
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D Language and Society

E Phonology
F Psycholinguistics
G Research Methodology
H Social Interaction
SECTION 4 Questions 31 - 40
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Extinction of Species
Recent problems in Australia:
• a species of parrot is under threat due to the production of wind energy
• several species of 31……………… are at risk because of increased housing
• loss of food source due to pesticides is affecting many animals, especially 32……….…….
• Production of single crops like 33……………… is harming wildlife
Attitude to endangered animals:
• Can be influenced by the 34……………… (e.g. the panda)
• People are less concerned about smaller animal, e.g.35............
• Some animals are ignored because they are viewed:
a) with 36………………
b) as our 37………………… in terms of food
c) with disgust
Reasons for preventing extinction:
• to improve our knowledge of the ecosystem
• the ecosystem needs to be 38……………… to be stable
• some types of 39……………… can help to signal environmental problems
• animals can help in medicine, e.g.:
a) improved well-being for people from having a pet
b) cobwebs help with medical disorders related to 40 …………………

SECTION 1 Question 1-10
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Wildlife Conservation Society
Application for member
Example Caller's name: Michael Jones
Heard of WCS from: 1……………………………..
Address: 21 Beel Street, Leeds
Postcode: 2…………………..
Phone number: 0117358642

G
Email address: 3 mj@ ……………

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Length of membership:4………………years
up
Type of membership: 5……………

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Fee: 6 £……………
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Payment details: direct debit

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Name of bank: 7………………

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Account name: Michael Jones
Account number: 01059612
Date of first payment: 8…………….
Reference number: 9………………
Other requests: - extra information pack
- 10……………
SECTION 2. Question 11-20
Question 11 - 18 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Spring Festival
Event Location Date and Time Other Information
Firework display Near the 4 September 9 Pack a

11……………….. p.m. 12………………..
and blanket
Display of Central Park daily Buses run from the

13……………….. town centre every
G
14………….
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minutes
up
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The Exhibition Centre 10-15 September

15………………. 9 a.m.- 10 p.m.
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'Grow Your In the 11-19 September

Imagination' 16………………..
'Swing in Spring' In the 17&18 September Saturday matinee

17……………… performance at
18…………………
Questions 19 and 20
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
19. In the Spring Festival competition, you can win
A a family pass to 'Balloons Down Under'
B a cheque for $200
C a flight in a hot air balloon
20. You can get an entry form for the competition from
A the radio station
B the newspaper
C the Festival's website

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Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Archaeology Course
- Can be combined with any other subjects except 21…………………..
- Has three 22………………….. modules in first semester
Module 1
Title: 23…………………..
Lecturer: Dr Morris
Learning method: Lectures and practical sessions

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Content: Based on processes

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recording 24……………
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interpretation
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display
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Assessment: By 25……………
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Module 2
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Title: 26………………
Lecturer: Prof. Elliot
Learning method: 27……………… and development of built environments
Assessment: By 28……………… examination
Module 3
Title: Method and Science
Lecturer: Dr Thompson
Content: Standard techniques in fieldwork and analysis
Learning method: 50% lab work, 50% 29………………
Site survey at end of module (the 30……………… is to be announced later)

Questions 31 – 33. Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
31. What impact does Marc Prensky believe that digital technology has had on young
people?
A It has altered their thinking patterns.
B It has harmed their physical development.
C It has limited their brain capacity.
32. 'Digital immigrants' tend to access computers
A using their native language.
B less efficiently than young people.
C for less important information
33. What example is given of having a 'digital accent' ?
A having less effective typing skills
B doing things the old-fashioned way
G
C being unable to understand instructions

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Question 34 — 40 Which theorist makes each of the following points?

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Choose SEVEN answers from the box and write correct letter, A, B or C, next to the
question 34-40.
Pa
Points made
34 Current teaching methods don't work.
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35 Many students don't understand computers.

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36 Computer technology doesn't interest all students.

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37 Students can still learn the traditional way.

38 Students still need to team research skills.
39 We should use computer games to teach.
40 Computers can't replace educators.
Theorists
A Allen
B James
C Vander
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Student Accommodation
Type Cost Contract
Example College: Standard: £ 3276 per year 36 weeks 3 (Rooms not

Single room En-suite: 1 £ ……………… per available during the
year (meals are not included) 2………………
3…………… Room £ 150 per week — all inclusive Arrangements are

with a family 4……………
Private renting: room From £ 275 to £ 490 per month 6 months

G
in a share house or a Additional costs (for this year) Needs

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5……………… - gas and electricity 6£………… - 9……………

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per month approximately - two 10……………

-7 ……………… - £ 9
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-8………………
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SECTION 2 Question 11- 20
Questions 11 - 18
11. The Heritage Clothes exhibition was put together by
A museum staff.
B local residents.
C clothing manufacturers.
12. The photographs show the clothes worn by
A their owners.
B professional models.
C design students.
13. The exhibition called Toys from the Past is
A displayed in the new gallery.
B on show for a limited time.
C aimed specially at children.
G
14. Visitors to Toys from the Past are recommended to

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A play with the toy trains.

B look at all the dolls
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C see the board games.

15. The miniature toys have been
Pa
A made by the museum.

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B bought by the museum.

C borrowed by the museum.
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16. The biscuit factory made tins

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A for people all over the world.

B of different shapes.
C for many famous people.
17. People's favorite biscuit used to be
A an unsweetened one.
B one covered in chocolate.
C one filled with cream.
18. The hands-on activity allows people to
A make some biscuits.
B taste some of the biscuits.
C pack a biscuit tin.
Questions 19 and 20
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
19 The gift shop is located beside the on the………………. ground floor.
20 Free ……………….are available for visitors' belongings.
Questions 21 - 24 Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
Pacific tapa cloth
21. Pacific tapa cloth is different from other types of tapa cloth because it is
A the only tapa made today.
B better quality than others.
C put to a wide range of uses.
22. What does Helen say about the paper mulberry tree?
A It is also a source of food.
B It is not native to the Pacific.
C It can grow in any environment
23. Why did the Maori people of New Zealand stop making tapa?
A They could not find the right trees in New Zealand.
B They were introduced to other fabrics by the Europeans.
C They found a better material for making fabric.
G
24. Large pieces of tapa are made from smaller pieces which are
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A stuck together.
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B woven together.
C sewn together.
Pa
Question 25 — 30 According to the speakers, what function has tapa cloth played in
the following countries? Choose FIVE answers from the box and write correct letter,
ss
A, B, C or D, next to the question 25-30

Functions
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A recreational
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B practical
C spiritual
D commercial
Points made
25 Samoa
26 Tonga
27 Cook Islands
28 Fiji
29 Tahiti
30 Tikopia
Questions 31 and 32
31. Participants in the Leaner Persistence study were all drawn from the same
A age group.
B geographical area.
C socio-economic level.
32. The study showed that when starting their course, older students were most
concerned about
A effects on their home life.
B implications for their future career.
C financial constraints.
G
Question 33-37
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Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD for each answer
Research findings
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Social and Other Factors Personal

Environmental Factors Characteristics
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First level of Effective support Perceived success Enjoyment of a

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importance in study 33……………

Second level Positive experiences at Good Many
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of importance 34…………… 35…………… 36…………… in

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daily life
Third level of Good interaction with No family problems Capacity for multi-
importance the 37…………… tasking
Question 38 – 40.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Recommendations
- Ask new students to complete questionnaires to gauge their level of 38……………
- Train selected students to act as 39 ……………
- Outside office hours, offer 40…………… help
- Follow up students who miss deadlines
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) an extraordinary engineer
A Isambard Kingdom Brunel possessed the essential Spark of engineering - the
drive to innovate. His French father, Marc Isambard Brunel, was himself a famous
engineer. Marc settled in Britain and married an English woman, Sophia Kingdom.
Isambard was born in 1806. At the age of 14, he was sent to France to study
mathematics and science, later returning to England to assist his father, who was
building a tunnel under the River Thames in London. Isambard was injured in a
tunnel cave-in, and while recuperating near Bristol, in the west of England, he
became involved with his own first major project - the Clifton Suspension Bridge,
over the River Avon.
B Two design competitions were held, and Brunel presented four proposals. He
won with a design for a bridge with a span longer than any existing at the time, at a
height of about 75 metres above water. The technical challenges of this
engineering project were immense, and Brunel dealt with them with thoroughness
and ingenuity. Unfortunately, he only got so far as to put up the end piers in his
lifetime. The Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol was completed by engineering
colleagues in 1864. and is still in use.
C While Brunel was still in Bristol, working on the bridge project, he learned that
the civic authorities saw the need for a railway link to London. Railway location
was controversial, since private landowners and towns had to be dealt with.
Mainly, the landed gentry did not want a messy, noisy railway anywhere near
them. Brunel showed great skill in presenting his arguments to the various
committees and individuals, and won them over. He was awarded the contract and
constructed the railway line.
D Brunel's ready acceptance of new ideas overpowered good engineering
judgement (at least in hindsight) when he advocated the installation of an
atmospheric railway' in South Devon. It had the great attraction of doing away with
the locomotive, and potentially could deal with steeper gradients. However,
materials were not up to the task, and the mechanism was troublesome and
expensive to keep in good repair. The system was withdrawn from use after a year.
E The idea of using steam to power ships to cross the ocean appealed to Brunel. He
formed the Great Western Steamship Company, and construction started on the
Great Western in Bristol in 1836. Built of wood, and powered by sail and steam-
driven paddle wheels, it was launched the following year. The first trip to New
York took just 15 days one way - a great success, as the normal sailing time was
over a month. The Great Western was the first steamship to be engaged in
transatlantic service and made 74 crossings to New York,
F Brunel immediately got to work on an even bigger ship. The Great Britain was
made of iron and also built in Bristol. The initial design was for the ship to be
driven by paddle wheels, but Brunel had seen one of the first propeller-driven ships
to arrive in Britain, and he abandoned his plans for paddle-wheel propulsion. The
ship was launched in 1843 and was the first screw-driven iron ship to cross the
Atlantic. For years it sailed from England to Australia and other parts of the world,
setting the standard for ocean travel.
G Conventional wisdom in Brunel's day was that steamships could not carry
enough coal to make long ocean voyages, But he correctly figured out that it was a
question of size. He designed a ship that was five times larger than any previously
built, big enough to carry enough fuel to reach Australia without refueling. In
addition, it would carry 4.000 passengers. This was to be the Great Eastern.
H Brunel chose John Scott Russell a well-established engineer and naval architect,
to construct the ship in London, beginning in 1854, but the contract did not go
well. Among other things, Scott Russell kept his estimates unrealistically low,
costs soon rose, and the project kept running out of money. Serious technical
difficulties led to its launch date being put back more than once, and the Great
Eastern was finally ready for its maiden voyage in September 1859. Brunel was too
sick to go, and died soon afterwards. Being intended to carry 4.000 passengers to
Australia, the ship would have presented serious competition for sailing ships and
made a fortune. But the Suez Canal was now in operation and the Great Eastern
was too large to use it. Any journey the ship now made to Australia would not be
competitive and it was too large to be economical on the Atlantic run. Although it
crossed the Atlantic several times, and survived hurricane conditions that would
almost certainly have sunk any other ship, it was not a financial success, and had to
be sold in 1864
I Its new owner used it to carry 5,000 tons of telegraphic cable to be laid on the
floor of the Atlantic between Europe and North America. This inaugurated a
hundred years of transatlantic communication by cable. In 1874, the Great Eastem
was superseded by a custom-made ship. It was subsequently used as a funfair in
Liverpool, and in 1888 was sold for scrap.
Questions 1-6
Choose the correct project. A-G, for each description
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 It had financial problems.
2 People who would be affected by it opposed it.
3 Isambard Kingdom Brunel was not responsible for it.
4 It was taken out of service shortly after completion.
5 It was finished without Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
6 It was repeatedly delayed.
List of Projects
A tunnel under the Thames
B Clifton Suspension Bridge
C Bristol-London railway
D'atmospheric railway'
E Great Western
F Great Britain
G Great Eastern
Questions 7-10. The text has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
7 an example of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's persuasive powers
8 a reference to one of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's designs becoming the generally
accepted model of its type
9 how one of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's ships was used for a purpose he had not
intended
10 a reason why one of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's ships was unprofitable
Questions 11-13. Complete the notes.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
The Great Eastern
- was originally intended to carry passengers to 11……….
- became less viable commercially as a result of the construction of the 12 ……….
- was bought for use in laying 13 ............
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
New filter promises clean water for millions

An ingenious invention is set to bring clean water to developing countries, and while the science
may be cutting edge, the materials are extremely down to earth.
A handful of clay, yesterday's coffee grounds and some cow manure are the ingredients that
could bring clean, safe drinking water to many developing countries. The simple new
technology, developed by Australian National University (ANU) materials scientist and potter
Tony Flynn, allows water filters to be made from commonly available materials and fired (or
baked) using cow manure as the source of heat, without the need for a kiln (an oven for baking or
drying pottery). The filters have been tested and shown to remove common pathogens (disease-
producing organisms) including E-coli.
The invention was born out of a project involving the Manatuto community in East Timor. A
charity operating there wanted to help set up a small industrial site manufacturing water filters,
but initial research found the local clay to be too fine – a problem solved by the addition of
organic material.
While the problems of producing a working ceramic filter in East Timor were overcome, the
solution was kiln-based and particular to that community’s materials and couldn't be applied
elsewhere. Flynn’s technique for manure firing, with no requirement for a kiln, has made this
zero technology approach available anywhere it is needed.
Other commercial clay filters do exist, but, even if available, with prices starting at US$5 each,
they are often outside the budgets of most people in the developing world. Unlike other water
filtering devices, Flynn's filters are inexpensive and simple to produce. Take a handful of clay,
mix it with a handful of organic material such as used tea leaves, coffee grounds or rice hulls,
add water in a sufficient quantity to make a stiff mixture and form a cylindrical pot that has one
end dosed, then dry it in the sun. According to Flynn, used coffee grounds have given the best
results to date. The walls of the filter can be measure using the width of an adult finger as the
standard. Next, surround the pots with straw, put them in a mound of cow manure, light the straw
and then top up the burning manure as required. The filters are finished in 45 to 60 minutes.
The properties of cow manure are vital, as the fuel can reach a temperature of 700 degrees in half
an hour, and will be up to 950 degrees after another 20 to 30 minutes. The manure makes a good
fuel because it is very high in organic material that burns readily and quickly. The manure has to
be dry and is best used exactly as found in the field; there is no need to break it up or process it
any further. In contrast, a potter’s kiln is an expensive item and can take up to four or five hours
to get up to 800 degrees. It needs expensive scarce fuel, such as gas or wood to heat it, and
experience to use it. With no technology, no insulation and nothing other than a pile of cow
manure and a match, none of these requirements apply.
It is also helpful that, like clay and organic material, cow manure is freely available across the
developing world. A cow is a natural fuel factory. Manure is a mixture of vegetable materials of
different sizes, and cow manure as a fuel is the same wherever it is found.
Just as using manure as a fuel for domestic use is not a new idea, the fact that liquid can pass
through clay objects is something that potters have always known, and clay’s porous nature is
something that, as a former ceramics lecturer in the ANU School of Art, Flynn is well aware of.
The difference is that, rather than viewing the porous nature of the material as a problem - after
all, not many people want a pot that won't hold water - his filters capitalize on this property.
The filtration process is simple, but effective. The basic principle is that there are passages
through the filter that are wide enough for water droplets to pass through, but too narrow for
pathogens. Tests with the deadly E-coli bacterium have seen the filters remove 96.4 to 99.8 per
cent of the pathogen - well within safe levels. The thickness of the clay container needs to be the
same thickness as an adult finger for the process to be effective. If this is the case, using only one
filter, a liter of water can be obtained in two hours.
The use of organic material, which burns away leaving cavities after firing, helps produce the
structure in which pathogens will become trapped. It overcomes the potential problems of finer
clays that may not let water through and also means that cracks are soon halted. And like clay
and cow manure, organic material is universally available in the developing communities that
need most assistance, as tea, coffee and rice are grown in these areas.
With all the components being widely available, Flynn says there is no reason the technology
couldn't be applied throughout the developing world. He has no plans to exploit his idea
financially by registering ownership through a patent. If he did, any commercial copying would
legally entitle him to a share in any profits made. Without a patent, there will be no illegality in it
being adopted in any community that needs it. ‘Everyone has a right to clean water, and these
filters have the potential to enable anyone in the world to drink water safely,' says Flynn.
Questions 14-19
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS/AND OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
Step-by-step guide to making Flynn's water filters
Making the mixture for the filter from organic material (e.g. tea, coffee, rice),14…….and
15…….
Shape into pots and place them in a fire made from 16……..and 17………
Fuel the fire to reach a maximum heat of 18………………….

Remove the filters from the fire
Bake the filters in the fire for a maximum period of 19……………..

Questions 20-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
20 The clay in the Manatuto project was initially unsuitable for the project's purpose.
21 Coffee grounds produce filters that are twice as efficient as those using other organic
materials.
22 It takes half an hour for a cow-manure fire to reach 950 degree.
23 E-coli is the most difficult bacterium to remove from water by filtration.
Questions 24-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 The Manatuto project aimed to set up a
A charitable trust.
B filtration experiment.
C water filter factory.
D community kiln.
25 To be effective, the Flynn filters must

A remove ail dangerous pathogens.
B be a particular thickness.
C filter water as quickly as possible.
D be made from 100 per cent clay.
26 Flynn does not intend to patent his filter because he
A wants it be freely available.
B has produced a very simple design.
C cannot make a profit in poor countries.
D has already given the idea to a charity.
The history of cakes at weddings
In Western cultures, since antiquity. Weddings customarily have been celebrated
with a special cake. Ancient Roman wedding ceremonies were finalized by
breaking a cake of wheat or barley over the bride's head as a symbol of good
fortune. The newly married couple then ate some of the crumbs together.
Afterwards the wedding guests gathered up the remaining crumbs as tokens of
good luck. Wedding guests were also supplied with sweetmeats called confetti, a
sweet mixture of nuts, dried fruit and honeyed almonds. Handfuls of confetti were
showered over the bride and groom; indeed, it seems to have been the custom to
throw confetti about enthusiastically. Eventually, confetti in the form of sweets and
nuts was replaced with rice, flower petals, or colored paper, and these new types of
confetti continue to be thrown over newly married couples in many countries
around the world.
When the Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD, many of their customs and traditions
became part of British life. These customs included their wedding customs, and
when the Normans invaded Britain in 1066 they brought many French traditions.
Other changes came about due to increased trade and contact with Europe, but
present-day British wedding traditions remain firmly rooted in the past. In
medieval Britain, small spiced buns, which were common everyday fare, were
often eaten at weddings. These were stacked in a towering pile, as high as possible.
If the bride and groom were able to kiss over the tall stack, it augured a lifetime of
riches. The earliest British recipe exclusively for eating at weddings is Bride Pie,
which was recorded in 1685. This was a large round pie with an elaborately
decorated pastry crust that concealed a filling of oysters, pine nuts lamb and spices.
Each guest had to eat a small piece of the pier not to do so was considered
extremely impolite. A ring was traditionally placed in the pie, and the lady who
found it would be next to marry.
In the 17th century. Bride Pie was changed into Bride Cake, the predecessor of the
modern British wedding cake. Cakes containing dried fruit and sugar, symbols of
prosperity, gradually became the centerpieces for weddings. Some people made
Bride Cake in the cheaper form of two large rounds of pastry sandwiched together
with currants and sprinkled with sugar. Very few homes at the time could boast of
having ovens, but this type of pastry cake could be cooked on a baking stone on the
hearth.
Later in the 17th century, there was a new development when wedding cakes
began to be made in pairs, one for the bride and another for the groom. Both cakes
were dark, heavy fruitcakes; the groom's cake was smaller than the bride's cake,
and was cut up into little squares that were then placed in boxes for the guests to
take home as a wedding memento. Groom's cakes gradually died out and are no
longer part of British weddings. However, the tradition has undergone a revival in
the United States, where for many years the groom's cake has served as a wedding
gift for guests. Modern groom's cakes are often formed and decorated to depict the
groom's hobby, for example a golf bag, a camera, a chess board.
Groom's cakes were never covered with icing, but Bride Cake covered with white
icing first appeared sometime in the 17th century. After the cake was baked, it was
covered with a pure white, smooth icing made with double refined sugar, egg
whites, and orange-flower water. The mixture was beaten for two hours, then
spread over the cake and dried in the oven until hard. A pure white color was much
sought after for wedding cake icing because white icing meant that only the finest
refined sugar had been used. Thus a pure white cake was a status symbol, as it
displayed the family's wealth.
The late 1800s in Britain saw the introduction of a new tradition, with the first
multi-tiered wedding cakes. These were impressive cakes: they were heavy
because they were made with so much dried fruit, and highly decorated with icing
and embellished with sugar flowers, doves, horseshoes and bells. The first multi-
tiered cakes comprised iced cakes stacked on top of each other rather like a
succession of boxes gradually decreasing in size. The cakes from the upper tiers
did not sink into the lower tiers because they were not put on top of each other
until the icing between each cake had had time to harden. It was not until the
beginning of the 20th century that the cake tiers were separated and supported by
columns.
Twenty-first century weddings are big business for Britain's wedding industry.
Over 300,000 people get married each year and a wedding can cost thousands of
pounds. The cost of the all-important wedding cake can be hundreds of pounds,
depending on the dimension and design. It will be interesting to see whether
wedding cakes continue to be popular at weddings.
Questions 1-6
1. Breaking a cake over the bride's head was the last part of an ancient Roman
wedding ceremony.
2. Confetti is still made of nuts, dried fruit and honeyed almonds.
3. The groom's family used to supply the confetti.
4. It was considered lucky for a newly married couple to be able to kiss over a
tower of spiced buns.
5. Only brides were allowed to eat Bride Pie.
6. The wedding cakes eaten in Britain today developed from Bride Cake of the 17th century.
Questions 7-9
Complete the notes below
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Write your answers inboxes 7-9 on your answer sheet
Wedding cakes
17th century - Britain Bride Cake
Bride Cake
- expensive ingredients were a sign of wealth
- less expensive round cakes were made of 7............with currants in between and
sugar on top
- they were baked on a hearth stone, because not all homes had 8....
Now - United States
Groom's cake
- guests receive pieces of the groom's cake
- cakes may represent the 9............of the groom.
READING PASSAGE 4
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
Reading Passage below.
The pesticide-free village
Gerry Marten and Dona Glee Williams report on reliance on the Indian village of
Punukula, so nearly destroyed by reliance on pesticides.
Around 20 years ago, a handful of families migrated from the Guntur district of
Andhra Pradesh, south-east India, into Punukula, a community of around 900
people farming plots of between two and ten acres. The outsiders from Guntur
brought cotton culture with them, and this attracted resident farmers by promising
to bring in more hard cash than the mixed crops they were already growing to eat
and sell, such as millet, mung beans, chilli and rice. But growing cotton meant
using pesticides and fertilisers - until then a mystery to the mostly illiterate farmers
of the community.
Local agro-chemical dealers obligingly filled the need for information and
supplies. These‘middlemen' sold commercial seeds, fertilisers and insecticides on
credit, and guaranteed purchase of the crop. They offered technical advice
provided by the companies that supplied their products. The farmers depend on the
dealers. If they wanted to grow cotton – and they did - it seemed they had no
choice.
A quick ‘high’ of booming yields and incomes hooked growers during the early
years of cotton in the region. Outlay on insecticides was fairly low because cotton
pests hadn't moved in yet. Many farmers were so impressed with the chemicals that
they started using them on their other crops as well. The immediate payoffs from
chemically-dependent cotton agriculture both ensured and obscured the fact that
the black dirt fields had gone into a freefall of environmental degradation, dragged
down by a chain of cause and effect.
Soon cotton-eaters, such as bollworms and aphids, plagued the fields. Repeated
spraying killed off the most susceptible pests and left the strongest to reproduce
and pass on their resistance to generations of ever-hardier offspring. As the bugs
grew tougher and more abundant, farmers applied a greater variety and quantity of
poisons, something mixing 'cocktails' of as many as ten insecticides. At the same
time, cotton was gobbling up the nutrients in the soil, leaving the growers no
option but to invest in chemical fertilisers.
By the time some farmers tried to break free of their chemical dependence,
insecticides had already decimated the birds, wasps, beetles, and other predators
that had once provided natural control of crop pests. Without their balancing
presence, pests ran riot if insecticide was cut back. As outlays for fertilisers and
insecticides escalated, the cost of producing cotton mounted. Eventually the
expense of chemical inputs outgrew the cash value of the crop, and farmers fell
further and further into debt and poverty.
Their vicious cycle was only broken by the willingness of a prominent village elder
to experiment with something different. He had been among the first villagers to
grow cotton, and he would be the first to try it without chemicals, as set out by a
programme in Non-Pesticide Management (NPM). This had been devised for
Punukala with the help of a Non-Government Organisation called SECURE that
had become aware of the hardships caused by the pesticide trap.
It involved turning to neem, a fast-growing, broad-leaved evergreen tree related to
mahogany. Neem protects itself against insects by producing a multitude of natural
pesticides that have evolved specifically to defeat plant-eating insects. Thus they
are generally harmless to human and other animals, including birds and insects that
eat pests.
The plant is native to India and Burma, where it has been used for centuries to
control pests and to promote health. To protect cotton, neem seeds are simply
ground into a powder, soaked overnight in water, and sprayed onto the crop at least
every 10 days. Neem cake applied to the soil kills insect pests and doubles as an
organic fertiliser high in nitrogen. As neem grows locally and is easy to process, it
is much less expensive than the chemical insecticides sold for profit by the dealers
and their corporate suppliers.
Quick, short-term gains had once pushed Punukula into chemical-dependent
agriculture. Now they found that similar immediate rewards were helping to speed
change in the other direction: the harvest of the next 20 NPM farmers was as good
as the harvest of farmers using insecticides, and they came out ahead because they
weren't buying insecticides, instead of investing cash (in short supply)
in chemicals, they invested time and labour in NPM practices.
By the end of 2000, all the farmers in Punukula village were using NPM rather
than chemicals for cotton, and they began to use it on other crops as well. The
change gathered momentum as NPM became even more effective once everyone
was using it. The status and economic opportunities of women improved - neem
became a source of income for some of them, as they gathered seeds from the
surrounding area to sell for NPM in other villages. The improve situation meant
that families could afford to put more land under cultivation.
In 2004, the panchayat (village government) formally declared Punukula to be a
pesticide-free village. And they have big plans for the future, such as water
purification. The village now serves as a model for disseminating NPM to other
communities, with around 2000 farmers visiting each year.
What began as a few farmers desperate to find a way to farm without poisons has
become a movement with the potential to pull an entire region back from
ecological disaster.
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage
1?
Write
1 Cotton growing was expected to raise more money than other crop.
2 Some of the local agro-chemical dealers had been farmers in the past.
3 Initially the farmers’ cotton yields were low.
4 At first, the farmers failed to notice the negative effects on their fields of
pesticide use.
Questions 5-10
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer. Write your answers in boxes 5 - 10 on your answer sheet.
Non-Pesticide-Management Programme
• Developed with the aid of SECURE
• Based on use of an 5 ______________ called neem
• Neem contains many 6 ______________ that target plant-eating predators
Neem
• Used as a pesticide
• 7______________formed by grinding seeds
• left 8 ______________to soak in water
• Sprayed regularly
• Used as a pesticide and as a fertilizer
• added in 9 ______________form to soil
• contains a lot of 10 ______________
Questions 11-13
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11 - 13 on your answer
sheet.
11.In which year did farmers finally stop using chemicals on cotton crops in
Punukula?
12.What did the women of Punukula collect to make money?
13.What project do the authorities in Punukula hope to set up in the future?
Reading Passage 5
The Tuatara of New Zealand
Tuatara are lizard-like reptiles, found only in New Zealand. They are representative
of ancient life forms
Tuatara are the only living representatives of an ancient lineage of reptiles called
Sphenodontia, which is over 250 million years old. Because tuatara still look like
fossils of reptiles that lived during the age of dinosaurs, they are often called living
fossils. Now just two species of tuatara survive, and only in New Zealand. One is
the Brothers Island tuatara which, until recent re-introductions to sanctuaries (safe
places for wildlife), only survived on North Brother Island. The other species is the
common tuatara, which survives on many other offshore islands. Although the
tuatara species appear similar, they have genetic differences. Tuatara bones have
been found in many parts of New Zealand. Where dated, they are usually a few
hundred to 5,000 years old. It is not known whether these bones are from the two
living species or other species that are now extinct.
Many anatomical features distinguish tuatara from other living reptiles - for
example, they have a defining pattern of openings in the skull and a unique type of
haemoglobin in the blood, and males have no external reproductive organ. Adults
are between 30 and 75 centimetres long, and weigh between 250 and 1.200 grams.
Males are larger than females, and have more developed spines in the crest along
the neck, back and tail.
The male tuatara courts the female by approaching her with a proud walk. Tuatara
mate in late summer, and the female usually lays 6-10 eggs the following spring, in
a shallow nest at ground level. She may guard the nest for a few nights, then return
to her burrow underground. The eggs incubate for about a year, so hatchlings
emerge about the time that eggs are being laid the following season. Evidence
indicates the gender of tuatara hatchlings is determined by both genetic and
environmental factors. It is said that it is more likely for warmer eggs to produce
male tuatara, and cooler eggs to produce females. The hatchlings receive no
parental care and need to find their own food.
Tuatara live for a relatively long time, reaching reproductive maturity at about 15
years, and may breed for many decades. Their maximum lifespan is not known for
certain, but many tuatara have reached 80 years still looking vigorous and healthy.
Tuatara live in underground burrows and are more active at night, but will come
out during the day to bask in the sun. Both sexes are territorial, and males
aggressively defend their territory by posing and fighting if necessary. Teeth are
their main weapons, and a bite can cause serious injury. Tuatara are carnivorous,
eating invertebrates, lizards and the baby seabirds with which they often share
burrows.
Tuatara were once widespread and abundant on the New Zealand mainland, but
when Polynesian settlers arrived in New Zealand, in about 1250-1300 AD, they
brought with them Pacific rats which killed tuatara. By the time of European
settlement, in the 1840s, tuatara were almost extinct on the New Zealand mainland.
Some islands provided temporary havens, but soon these too began to be invaded
by rats and other mammalian predators.
Gradually tuatara became restricted to 32 nearshore islands. Many of these islands
were tiny, some as small as only one hectare. A few, such as the Poor Knights
Islands off the Northland coast, or Stephens Island in Cook Strait, were never
invaded by rats, and had few of the other mammals that threaten native animals. The
common tuatara lives on islands off the north-eastern coast of New Zealand, and
on some islands in Cook Strait. The Brothers Island tuatara survived only on the
tiny, 4 hectare North Brother Island, in Cook Strait. However, two new populations
of the Brothers Island tuatara have been created on Titi Island in the Marlborough
Sounds, and on Somes Island in Wellington Harbour.
Tuatara can live in remarkably dense populations. Most tuatara islands have 50-
100 tuatara per square hectare – so an island of only 10 hectares may have a
population of hundreds. Larger islands with many seabirds and invertebrates,
which tuatara eat, may have greater densities. The largest population is on
Stephens Island, where there are estimated to be as many as 2,500 per hectare in
some places, and a total of at least 30,000. The total number of tuatara on all the
islands is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.
Legal protection. was granted to tuatara and the islands they occupied in 1895, but
the reptiles continued to decline. Since then, active conservation management has
reversed the decline, and new populations have become established on predator-
free islands. In the mid-1980s the New Zealand Wildlife Service and its successor,
the Department of Conservation, developed ways to eradicate rats from islands.
Rats have now gone from almost all of the tuatara islands, making them safe for
many threatened native species. In addition, the collection by conservationists of
eggs for incubation in captivity, breeding in captivity, and moving tuatara to rat-
free islands, have increased the number of islands that are inhabited by tuatara to
37. Many new tuatara populations are planned for islands and mainland reserves
that have been freed of predators.
Questions 1 - 6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
1. The two living species of tuatara look alike
2. Many of the tuatara bones that have been found are millions of years old.
3. The tails of male tuatara are a different colour from the tails of female tuatara.
4. The female tuatara lays eggs in a burrow.
5. There are higher numbers of female hatchlings than males.
6. Once they have hatched, young tuatara have to look after themselves.
Questions 7 - 13 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
The tuatara
Lifespan
- maximum lifespan unknown
- many live to at least 7...........years old
Behaviour
- attack other creatures with their 8........
- eat young 9 ........... that live in the same burrows, invertebrates and reptiles
Population
- abundant until rats were introduced by 10...........people
- by the 1840s, hardly any tuatara found on the 11...
- islands off the north-eastern coast and in Cook Strait now home to the
12...........tuatara
- Brothers Island tuatara found on North Brother Island
- density of tuatara on Stephens Island is up to 13........... tuatara for every hectare
Protection of the species
- tuatara population dropped until rats eradicated from islands
- eggs were gathered by the Department of Conservation
Reading Passage 6
THE TASMANIAN TIGER
The Tasmanian tiger, or thylacine, was a carnivorous marsupial (a meat- eating
mammal which carries its young in a pouch). It was given the name “tiger”
because it had striped fur, and because it was ferocious. Between 24 million and 15
million years ago, many types of thylacine roamed across Australia, their powerful
jaws playing a role in maintaining a balance in the ecosystems of their day. Some
species were for sized, while others were barely the size of kittens.
But when a period of climate change cooled Australia about 12 million years ago,
the numbers of these ancient thylacines began to decline. By about 3 million years
ago, only one species was left. About 4,000 years ago, these vanished completely
from the Australian mainland, so that Tasmania, a large island to the south of
Australia, was then the last remaining place where thylacines existed. They ruled
the animal life of that island unchallenged until Europeans with sheep, dogs, and a
great indifferent to native flora and fauna, seem to have brought about their
extinction. In 1936, the last captive Tasmanian bush, but no definitive evidence has
been found. Despite this, there are many who keep searching.
In 1981 Dutch - born zoologist Hans Naarding was in Tasmania conducting a
survey of Latham's snipe , a species of endangered bird . One night he saw an
animal in the light from the searchlight mounted on his vehicle . He described as
about the size of a large dog , but with slightly sloping hindquarters and a fairly
thick tail continuing straight on from its backbone . He said that it had 12 distinct
stripes on its back , running down to the point where the tail began . He reported
the sighting to the Director of Tasmania's National Parks . When the news broke ,
said Naarding . ' I was besieged by television crews , including four or five from
Japan , and others from the United Kingdom , Germany , New Zealand and South
America . Government and private search parties combed the region , but no
further sightings were made . The tiger , as always , had escaped to its lair - a place
that many insist exists only in the imagination . Others disagree . There have been
more than 4,000 claimed sightings of the animal since supposedly died out , and
the average number of claims reported to the authorities each year is now 150. So
is it out there ? Even experts differ in opinion.
Randolph Rose , Associate Professor of Zoology at the University of Tasmania ,
says that he dreamed of seeing a thylacine , but is now convinced that his dream
will go unfulfilled . The consensus among conservationists is that any animal with
a population base of less than 1,000 headed for extinction within 60 years . Sixty
years ago , ' he says , " there was only one thylacine that we know of , and that was
in Hobart Zoo . Take it from me , the tiger is gone . ' But Dr David Pemberton ,
curator of zoology at the Tasmanian Museum states that , despite scientific
thinking that a relatively large number of animals required to sustain a population
the Florida panther is down to a dozen or so animals , and , while it does have
some inbreeding problems , is still ticking along . ' After all , animals can be
notoriously elusive . The strange fish known as coelacanth , with its ' proto legs ' ,
was thought to have died out with the dinosaurs 700 million years ago until a
specimen was dragged to the surface in a shark net off the coast of South Africa in
1938.
Wildlife biologist Nick Mooney has the unenviable task of investigating all so-
called sightings of the tiger. It was Mooney who was first consulted in late
February 2005 about the authenticity of new digital photographic images of a
thylacine allegedly taken by a tourist. On the face value, Mooney says, this
particular account of a sighting and the photographs submitted as proof amount to
one of the most convincing cases for the species survival that he has seen. Many
other sightings have been hoaxes , and many sincere seekers are victims of
obsession . It is a blind optimism that something is , rather than a something isn't ,
" Mooney says . " If something crosses the road , it's not a case of " I wonder what
that was ? " Rather , it is a case of " That's a thylacine ! "
However , Mooney treats sightings on face value . ' I never try to embarrass people
, ' he says .... but the fact that I don't pack the car immediately after they telephone
can taken as ridicule . Obsessive characters get angry that someone in my position
is not out there when they think the thylacine is there .
Hans Naarding , whose sighting of a striped animal two decades ago was the
highlight of a lifetime of animal spotting, remains puzzled by the time and money
people waste on tiger searches. He says resources would be better applied to saying
another endangered animal , the Tasmanian devil , and helping declining migratory
bird populations . Could the thylacine still be out there ? ' Sure , ' Naarding says ' I
know the vast south - west wilderness of Tasmania well . They could survive ...
( But ) if this is the case , it will not be long before they do disappear completely . '
Naarding believes that any discovery of surviving thylacines would be rather
pointless ' . ' How do you bring a species back from extinction? He asks “what
could you do with it? If there are thylacines out there, they are better off right
where they are.’
Question 14-18
Complete the summary below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 14-18 your answer sheet.
The thylacine was a dog - like animal which had a 14……. ..coat and was
carnivorous. It was originally spread widely throughout the mainland of 15 …….,
but started to disappear from that area around 16…….ago because of climate
change.
In the end , thylacines were found only on the island of 17 ........... until the arrival
of 18…….. with their farming practices brought about a drastic reduction in
thylacine numbers . The last one is thought to have died in Hobart Zoo in 1936.
Question 19-24
Match each statement with the correct person , A , B , C or D. Write the correct
letter , A , B , C or D. in boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet
NB You may use any letter more than once .
19 There is no longer any hope of finding a surviving Tasmanian tiger .
20 It would be preferable not to disturb any surviving Tasmanian tigers .
21 Many who claim to have seen Tasmanian tigers are not objective witnesses .
22 Expert estimates of numbers needed to ensure species survival may be
inaccurate.
23 There is a great deal of international interest in Tasmanian tiger stories
24 Some fresh evidence provided by a visitor to Tasmania seems credible .
List of People
A Hans Naarding
B Randolph Rose
C David Pemberton
D Nick Mooney
Question 25 and 26
Choose the correct letter A, B , C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
25 Hans Naarding’s sighting of a Tasamanian tiger resulted in
A the capture of the tiger
B an extensive follow up
C many other sightings.
D the death of the tiger
26 The example of the coelacanth is used to show that
A new animal species are still evolving
B animals can possess surprising physical characteristics
C species of sea animals can be saved from extinction
D opinions regarding extinction of animal species can be mistaken
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence
Some years ago, Professor Robert Havighurst of the University of Chicago, USA, proposed
that stages in human development can best be thought of in terms of the developmental 'tasks'
that are part of the normal transition. He identified ten developmental tasks associated with
the adolescent transition. Each of the Havighurst tasks can also be seen as elements of the
overall sense of self that adolescents carry with them as they move towards and into young
adulthood. Adolescents do not progress through these multiple developmental tasks
separately; at any given time they may be dealing with several.
The adolescent must adjust to a new physical sense of self. At no other time since birth does
an individual undergo such profound physical changes as during early adolescence. Puberty
is marked by sudden rapid growth in height and weight. Also. the young person experiences
the emergence and accentuation of those physical traits that make the person a boy or a girl.
The young person looks less like a child and more like a physically mature adult. The effect
of this rapid change is that mid- adolescents are body-conscious, and their concerns are
directed towards their opposite-sexed peers.
The adolescent must adjust to new intellectual abilities. In addition to a sudden spurt in
physical growth, adolescents experience a sudden increase in their ability to think about their
world. As a normal part of maturity, they are able to think about more things. However, they
are also able to conceive of their world with a new level of awareness. Before adolescence,
children's thinking is dominated by a need to have a concrete example for any problem that
they solve; their thinking is constrained to what is real and physical. During adolescence,
young people begin to recognise and understand abstractions. The growth in ability to deal
with abstractions accelerates during the middle stages of adolescence.
The adolescent must adjust to increased cognitive demands at school. Adults see high school
in part as a place where adolescents prepare for adult roles and responsibilities and in part as
preparatory for further education. School curricula are frequently dominated by the inclusion
of more abstract, demanding material, regardless of whether the adolescents have achieved
formal thought. Since not all adolescents make the intellectual transition at the same rate,
demands for abstract thinking prior to the achievement of that ability may be frustrating.
The adolescent must adopt a personal value system. During adolescence, as teens develop
increasingly complex knowledge systems, they also adopt an integrated set of values and
morals. During the early stages of moral development, parents provide their child with a
structured set of rules of what is right and wrong, what is acceptable and unacceptable.
Eventually the adolescent must assess the parent's ralues as they come into conflict with
values expressed by peers and other segments of society. To reconcile differences, the
adolescent restructures those beliefs into a personal ideology.
The adolescent must develop expanded verbal skills to accommodate more complex concepts
and tasks. Their limited language of childhood is no longer adequate. As their conceptual
development may outstrip their verbal development, adolescents may appear less competent
than they really are.
The adolescent must establish adult vocational goals. As part of the process of establishing a
personal identity, the adolescent must also begin the process of focusing on the question,
What do you plan to be when you grow up?' Mid- adolescents must identify, at least at a
preliminary level, what their adult vocational goals are and how they intend to achieve them.
The adolescent must develop a personal sense of identity. Prior to adolescence, one's identity
is an extension of one's parents' identity. During the early adolescent years a young person
begins to recognise their uniqueness and to establish themselves as separate individuals,
independent of their parents. As such, one must reconsider the answer to the question, What
does it mean to be me?" or Who am I?'
The adolescent must establish emotional and psychological independence from his or her
parents. Childhood is marked by strong dependence on one's parents. Adolescents may yearn
to keep that safe, secure, supportive, dependent relationship. Yet, to be an adult implies a
sense of independence, of autonomy, of being one's own person. In an attempt to assert their
need for independence and individuality, adolescents may respond with what appears to be
hostility and lack of cooperation.
The adolescent must develop stable and productive peer relationships. Although peer
interaction is not unique to adolescence, it seems to hit a peak of importance during early
adolescence. Certainly by late adolescence or early adulthood the need for peer approval has
diminished. This degree to which an adolescent is able to make friends and have an accepting
peer group, though, is a major indicator of how well the adolescent will adjust in other areas
of social and psychological development. Early adolescence is also a period of intense
conformity to peers. Fitting in', not being different, and being accepted seem somehow
pressing to this age group. The worst possibility, from the view of the young teen, is to be
seen by peers as 'different'.
The adolescent must develop increased impulse control and behavioural maturity In their
shift to adulthood, most young people engage in one or more behaviours that place them at
physical, social, or educational risk. Risky behaviours are sufficiently pervasive among
adolescents to suggest that risk-taking may be a normal developmental process of middle
adolescence. Gradually adolescents develop a set of behavioural self-controls through which
they assess which behaviours are acceptable and adult-like.
Questions 1- 6
Classify the following developments as characterising
A Early adolescence
B Middle adolescence
C Late adolescence
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1 becoming interested in people of the other gender

2 beginning to choose a future career
3 needing to feel the same as one's friends
4 beginning to form a self-image separate from the family context
5 having less need for the good opinion of friends
6 exposing oneself to dangers
Questions 7- 10 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
7 Havighurst proposed a set of tasks which

8 A course of study at high school
9 The speed of development of thinking ability during adolescence
10 Adolescence is a time when the young person
A reflects an adolescent's emerging self-perception.

B cannot solve a problem without an example.
C is designed to become more challenging.
D formulates a personal set of moral beliefs and values.
E varies according to the individual.
Questions 11 - 13
11 Most pre-adolescent children are capable of abstract thought.

12 Adolescents' limited skills with words may give a false impression of their ability.
13 Whether or not an adolescent is accepted by their age-group is an important clue to other
aspects of their social adjustment.
Skyscraper Farming
With a global food crisis predicted, a group of scientists is advocating an innovative
alternative to conventional farming that could radically transform the way that food is
produced .
A Today's environment scientists are in no doubt that the world's resources of fertile sol are
rapidly deteriorating, and that new land for agriculture is becoming ever more sparse
Intensive farming urbanisation, desertification and sea-level rises are all putting growing
pressure on the planers agricultural land and therefore on food supplies. Currently 24 per cent
of the worlds 11.5 billion hectares of cultivated land has already undergone human-induced
soil degradation particularly through erosion. according to a recent study by the UK
Government Office for Science.
B. The global population is expected to exceed nine billion by 2050 - up a third from today's
level and studies suggest that food production will have to go up by 70 per cent if we are to
feed all of those new mouths This means that scientists will have to develop new ways of
growing crops if we are to avoid a humanitarian crisis. Indeed, UN Food and Agriculture
Organization figures suggest that the number of undernourished people is already growing.
And with escalating climate change. crop yields in many areas have been projected to
decline.
C With this in mind, some scientists and agricultural experts are advocating an innovative
alternative to traditional farming whereby skyscrapers packed with shelf-based systems for
growing vegetables on each storey -known as 'vertical farms' - could hold the key to
revolutionising agriculture. Columbia University professor Dickson Despommier claims that
vertical farming could boost crop yields many times over. A single 20-storey vertical farm
could theoretically feed 50 000 people. according to Despommier. And if the theory
translates Into realty as proposed. 160 skyscraper-sized vertical farms could feed the entire
population of New York City, while 180 would be needed to feed London, 289 to feed Cairo
and 302 to feed Kolkata a.
D It's a compelling vision, and one that has already been put into practice in Asia. Albeit on a
smaller scale But there are problems. such as initial investment and operating costs that are
too great' says a spokesman for Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Nevertheless Tokyo-based mushroom producer Hokuto Corporation is a model example of
how a vertical farm can be profitable. With 28 vertical mushroom farms operating across the
country, it produces some 68,000 tonnes of mushrooms annually. Vertical mushroom fams
have more advantages than ground-level farms,' says Hokuto's Ted Yamanoko. Yamanoko
goes on to highlight the relative cost-effectiveness of his organisation's farming practices
together with reduced emissions of greenhouse gases.
E And the impact of vertical farms could extend beyond feeding established urban
populations. Despommier sees them as being capable of helping centres of displaced persons
- such as refugee camps - in much the same way that Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
(MASH) units are deployed in emergency situations. "Developing an emergency-response
system for crop production inside specially constructed modular and highly transportable
greenhouses would allow for humanitarian interventions, at least tor refuges that are forced
out of their countries by political tumor, he says. If you have three or four storeys of food
already growing some place, they could become mobile units that could be picked up by
helicopters and dropped into the middle of a crisis zone. The food would be ready to pick and
eat. It could be designed to supply people with all the nutrition they need to make it through
the crisis."
F But it isn't only about increasing food production. Despommier is concerned about the
harm which farming has done to the world's landscape over a relatively short time span,
particularly the elimination of hardwood forests. Farming is only 12,000 years old, 'he points
out We have been a species for over 200,000 years. Producing food in tall, buildings will
allow us for the first time to feed everyone on earth and still return land to its original
ecological function.' Natalie Jeremijenko, associate professor at New York University,
agrees. The challenge that we have now is how we can design urban agriculture systems that
not only reduce food miles, but also improve the world's ecosystems,' she says. By
significantly reducing the amount of land required for food production, vertical farms could
help to enrich biodiversity. And according to Jeremijenko, this can, in tum, help to improve
the productivity of conventional farms, as the health of agricultural land is often tied to the
health of the surrounding ecosystems. Furthermore. vertical farming could dramatically cut
the utilisation of fossil fuels. And also reduce geopolitical tensions in countries where poor
farming conditions cause conflict and malnutrition.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs. A-F
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Potential production capabilities of vertical farms
ii Opposition to new ideas about food production
iii A successful application of vertical farming technology
iv The potential to provide urgent relief
v The original inspiration for vertical farming
vi Various environmental benefits of vertical farming
Vii An increasing problem for farmers worldwide
Vii A return to traditional farming methods
ix A rising demand for food
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
Questions 20- 22
Complete the sentences below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWo WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.
20 A UK Government study found that….. is a significant factor contributing to worldwide

levels of soil degradation
21 Disadvantages of vertical taming projects include the expense of setting them up, as well
as their high………
22 ……...could potentially be used to take vertical farming facilities to areas where there is a
critical food shortage
Questions 23-26
Look at the following statements (Questions 23-26) and the list of people below Match each
statement with the correct person, A.B or C Write the correct letter A, B or c, in boxes 23-26
on your answer sheet
NB You may use any letter more than once
23 Vertical farming can have financial benefits

24 Traditional farming has had a negative effect on the natural world
25 Vertical farming could dramatically increase world food production.
26 Traditional farms may benefit from wider use of vertical farming
List of people
A Dickson Despommier
B. Ted Yamanoko
C. Natalie Jeremijenko
Marketing And Mind Control
How marketing and advertising appeal to the associative nature of the brain
While there had been a long tradition of giving rings as a commitment to marry, the
custom of giving diamond engagement rings was in large part manufactured by one of the
most effective marketing campaigns in history . In the early 1900s, diamond sales were
declining, posing a serious problem for the company that essentially had control over the
diamond market. In 1938, this company hired an advertising agency. Which proposed
reshaping social attitudes toward diamonds? As well as magazines showing film stars draped
in diamonds, the agency arranged for movies to incorporate diamond engagement rings into
their plots. The campaign culminated with the slogan: ' A diamond is forever.
At the time, the approach was unique. Rather than pushing a brand, the objective was
to promote diamonds as the symbol of everlasting love. This was achieved by exploiting the
associative nature of the brain: associating neurons! Activated by the concept of ' love ' with
neurons that encoded the concept of “diamonds. By 1941, diamond sales had increased by 55
%.
Advertising comes in many forms, from blatant neon signs to subtly embedded
products in movies. In each case, the goal is to mould our habits, desires and opinions. Our
visual system is targeted by an avalanche of information on the internet, street posters, and
billboards and in movie theatres. Our auditory system submits to catchy radio jingles and
telemarketers. More surreptitiously, our olfactory system is targeted by variations of vanilla
and citrus perfumes aimed at enticing us to linger in a retail outlet.
It is difficult to measure how effective these campaigns are, but as in the ' A diamond
is forever ' campaign, they can be so successful that they change the fabric of our culture. In
the case of bottled water, we are swayed by advertising into paying for something that we can
obtain for free. Most people cannot distinguish bottled from tap water, much less between
brands of bottled water, which is why you rarely hear of a bottled water company proposing a
blind taste test.
So why is marketing such an effective mind - control technique? It is interesting to
consider whether other animals exhibit anything analogous to humans ' susceptibility to
advertising. If we provide a lab rat with two types of cereal, it will consume approximately
the same amount of each. However, if we put that rat with another rat that spent its day eating
just one type, when faced with a choice, our rat will now show a preference for the same type
as the other rat was eating. Psychologists call this ' socially transmitted food preference ‘.
What many regard as the first documented examples of cultural learning in primates
started with a clever monkey that lived in a colony of Japanese monkeys on the island of
Koshima. She began taking her dirt - covered sweet potatoes to the river to wash them before
eating them. Upon seeing this, a few 11 other open - minded monkeys picked up on the idea.
Potato washing then spread from monkey to monkey and, over the course of a few years,
most monkeys were eating clean potatoes. Humans are clearly not the only animals to
engage in imitation and social learning.
Learning by observation can be an extraordinarily valuable brain feature, this is how
we learn to communicate and perform motor skills as well as deal with many everyday
problems. For example, a newcomer struggling to purchase tickets and navigate the subway
system in a foreign city may step back to learn from the people nearby. Humans and other
primates exhibit multiple forms of imitative learning and this is called cultural transmission.
A component of advertising relies on the marketer's ability to tap into the brain's
propensity for imitation. Anybody who has watched TV knows advertisements are
disproportionately populated with attractive, successful looking individuals. If we are going
to imitate someone, we are more inclined to imitate those who appear to be popular and
appealing.
Although not all researchers are convinced by the findings, a number of studies
indicate that some animals also imitate dominant members of their group. Primatologist Frans
de Waal provides anecdotal evidence of preferential imitation among chimpanzees. He noted
that in one particular group the dominant male was hurt and was limping as a result. Soon
juvenile males of the group started imitating his limp, a form of flattery that would have been
unlikely if a non-dominant male had been injured.
Imitation is undoubtedly an invaluable ability, but often our propensity to imitate
generalises indiscriminately, leading to poor decisions. When athlete Dick Fosbury
revolutionised the high jump by jumping over the bar backward in 1968, imitators obviously
copied his jumping style, not his brand of sports shoes. However, today, sports people appear
in advertisements asking us to buy the laptops or sports drinks that they promote. Rationally,
we know these people's success did not depend on these products, so it seems our propensity
to purchase products relates more to neural programs that evolved to encourage imitation of
those further up the social ladder.
Today , companies engage in stealth marketing campaigns in which people are paid
to frequent bars or websites to covertly promote certain products , Companies also perform
studies in which they track the eye movements of people viewing displays , and carefully
craft names , packages and jingles associated with their products.
While we may like to believe that manipulation on a grand scale would not be
possible, that's not to say that advertising is innately harmful. To the contrary, the marketing
of products or ideas is essential to human culture. The point is that we should ensure our
choices reflect our actual goals and desires, and we must distinguish between the
dissemination of information which is for our own good, and our manipulation for the benefit
of companies.
Questions 27 - 31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27. According to the writer, which marketing technique attempts to make consumers stay
in a shop for longer?
A. playing appealing music
B. emitting pleasant scents
C. displaying attractive posters
D. making in - store announcements
28. The writer mentions bottled water in order to show that
A. consumers buy it because of the fact that it is marketed.
B. people purchase it despite the fact that it has no taste.
C. marketers need not do taste tests when a campaign is effective.
D. tests prove that people cannot differentiate it from tap water.
29. According to the writer, socially transmitted food preference occurs when
A. only dominant members of an animal group influence what others eat.
B. the same types of animals naturally prefer the same types of food.
C. animals are influenced by what any other animals of the same species eat.
D. a food type is more desirable because an animal views that food as scarce.
30. According to the writer, how is learning by observation and imitation a useful feature
of the brain?
A. it helps people overcome challenges.
B. positive models can influence social behaviour.
C. it can give an advantage when communicating with others.
D. cultural norms and relationships can be understood more easily
31. According to the writer , how does television advertising exploit the human tendency
to imitate others ?
A. It shows buying behaviour that marketers want to encourage in viewers.
B. It features people who have a desirable image.
C. It shows older people whom teenagers admire.
D. It features successful people endorsing products responsible for their
success.
Questions 32-36
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage ?
In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet , write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
32. The diamond campaign worked by making a connection in people's minds between
diamonds and luxury
33. People are more aware of visual marketing than auditory marketing.
34. The campaign advertising diamonds had a positive influence on society.
35. There is still some uncertainty about whether animals copy the behaviour of the most
powerful animals among them.
36. Consumers make a logical connection between celebrities ' achievements and the
products they promote.
Questions 37 - 40.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending , A - G , below
Write the correct letter , A - G , in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet .
37. The behaviour of the monkeys on the island of Koshima showed that
38. Primatologist Frans de Waal found that
39. Dick Fosbury is mentioned in order to show that
40. A feature of some modern marketing campaigns is that
A. people imitated behaviour that was linked with success .

B. younger animals of a certain species are more likely to imitate each other .
C. an animal would imitate another that had higher status .
D. imitation of popular sportspeople has occurred for many decades .
E. products are marketed to potential consumers who are unaware that marketing is
occurring .
F. animals can develop new habits by observation.
G. incentives are provided for consumers who behave in a certain way.
Test 7
1. 95 Cross Street 11. C 21. cities 31. teenagers

2. Walkley 12. B 22. commercial 32. similar
3. 46895324 13. A 23. engine 33. income
4. knee 14. A 24. safe 34. surveys
5. 18th June 15. B 25. higher seats 35. drink milk
6. an ice pack 16. A 26. harmful 36. time
7. go upstairs 17. C 27. weight 37. number
8. back 18. G 28. roll over 38. relationship
9. stick 19. F 29. farmers 39. age
10. exercises 20. A 30. insurance 40. friends
Test 8
1. C 11. A 21. references 31. frog

2. E 12. C 22. examples 32. birds
3. F 13. A 23. at next seminar 33. corn
4. 8 14. C 24. explain the 34. media
5. clean 15. B experiment 35. insects
6. signs 16. C 25. 26th of November 36. fear
7. C 17. E 26. chemistry lab 37. rivals
8. B 18. A 27. professor 38. complex
9. A 19. C 28 + 29 + 30. A C F 39. plants
10. C 20. G 40. blood
Test 9
1. a radio program 11. lake 21. classical history 31. A

2. LS142JW 12. picnic 22. compulsory 32. B
3. hennings.co.uk 13. flowers 23. Object Matters 33. B
4. 2 14. 20 24. classification 34. B
5. joint 15. Motor 25. coursework 35. C
membership 16. art gallery 26. Towns and Cities 36. A
6. 49 17 concert hall 27. The origins 37. B
7. The Union Bank 18. 2.30 28. oral 38. A
8. 15th October 19. C 29. seminars 39. B
9. JYZ37 20. B 30. location 40. C
10. video
Test 10
1. 3834 11. B 21. C 31. B

2. holidays 12. A 22. B 32. A
3. Home welcome 13. B 23. C 33. challenge
4. flexible 14. C 24. A 34. school
5. studio 15. C 25. C 35. health
6. 48 16. B 26. B 36. interests
7. water 17. A 27. C 37. tutors
8. transportation 18. C 28. D 38. maturity
9. a deposit 19. information desk 29. A 39. advisors
10. references 20. lockers 30. B 40. online
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Key Reading 10 Test
New filter promises clean water for millions Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) an
extraordinary engineer
14. clay
1. G
15. water
2. C
16. straw
3. A
17. cow manure
4. D
18. 950 degrees
5. B
19. 60 minutes
6. G
20. True
7. C
21. Not Given
8. F
22. False
9. I
23. Not Given
10. H
24. C
11. Australia
25. B
12. Suez Canal
26. A
13. Telegraphic Cable
The history of cakes at weddings The pesticide-free village
1. T 1. T
2. F 2. NG
3. NG 3. F
4. F 4. T
5. F 5. Evergreen tree
6. T 6. Natural Pesticides
7. Pastry 7. A powder
8. Ovens 8. Overnight
9. Hobby 9. Cake
10. Tiers 10. Nitrogen
11. Columns 11. 2000
12. Design 12. Neem seeds
13. Icing 13. Water purification

The Tuatara of New Zealand THE TASMANIAN TIGER
1. T 1. Striped
2. F 2. Australia
3. NG 3. 12 million years
4. F 4. Tasmania
5. NG 5. Europeans
6. T 6. B
7. 80 7. A
8. Teeth 8. D
9. Seabirds 9. C
10. Polynesian 10. A
11. Mainland 11. D
12. Common 12. B
13. 2500 13. D

The Cane Toad in Australia Developmental Tasks of Adolescence
28. VII 1. B
29. IX 2. B
30. II 3. A
31. I. 4. A
32. X 5. C
33. IV 6. B
34. B 7. A
35. B 8. C
36. F 9. E
37. G 10. D
38. Rope 11. F
39. Roots 12. T
40. Walking 13. F

Skyscraper Farming Marketing and Mind Control
14. VII 27. B
15. IX 28. A
16. I 29. C
17. III 30. D
18. IV 31. B
19. VI 32. NO
20. Erosion 33. NOT GIVEN
21. Operating costs 34. NOT GIVEN
22. Helicopters 35. YES
23. B 36. NO
24. A 37. F
25. A 38. C
26. C 39. A
40. E

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Reading & Listening

10 Reading Actual Tests in 2021

Type of injury: Sprained 4…………………

Date of injury: 5…………………

Previous treatment and current problems

The patient's own doctor advised treatment with

7………………… and he is experiencing pain in his

8……………… at night, which is affecting his sleep.

12 The Maori name for the Gisborne region signifies

13 Early exports from Gisborne came from its

14 According to tic speaker, what does Gisborne export to Asia nowadays?

B red and white grapes

C seafood and shellfish

15 The Gisborne Summer Concert takes place in

16 On wet days in Gisborne the announcer recommends

17. Hot Springs Reserve ……………

18. Mahia Peninsula ……………

19 Motu River Rafting ……………

• Seen as 24………………… by mothers

• Larger seating capacity

• Drivers prefer the 25…………………

in urban centres because of their

• Bodywork doesn't crumple in an accident

• Liable to 28………………… easily

• Adults aged 17-65 with children under 17

• 34.……………… held at Mobile Examination Centres

Adults living with children are more likely to:

• eat convenience food

Question 7-10 What is decided about the following categories of DVD?

8 foreign language films

16 Collecting information about the area of the tour

26 Where will the presentation take place?

27 Who will grade her presentation?

Which THREE modules will Karen study next year?

D Language and Society

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Recent problems in Australia:

• a species of parrot is under threat due to the production of wind energy

• several species of 31……………… are at risk because of increased housing

• Production of single crops like 33……………… is harming wildlife

Attitude to endangered animals:

• Can be influenced by the 34……………… (e.g. the panda)

• People are less concerned about smaller animal, e.g.35............

• Some animals are ignored because they are viewed:

b) as our 37………………… in terms of food

Reasons for preventing extinction:

• to improve our knowledge of the ecosystem

• the ecosystem needs to be 38……………… to be stable

• some types of 39……………… can help to signal environmental problems

• animals can help in medicine, e.g.:

a) improved well-being for people from having a pet

b) cobwebs help with medical disorders related to 40 …………………

Complete the form below.

Wildlife Conservation Society

Application for member

Example Caller's name: Michael Jones

Heard of WCS from: 1……………………………..

Address: 21 Beel Street, Leeds

Phone number: 0117358642

Email address: 3 mj@ ……………

Type of membership: 5……………

Payment details: direct debit