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List of people considered father or

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See also: List of people considered father or mother of a field

The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or
"founding mother") of a scientific field. Such people are generally regarded to have made the first
significant contributions to and/or delineation of that field; they may also be seen as "a" rather than "the"
father or mother of the field. Debate over who merits the title can be perennial.

Science as a whole [edit]

Person/s
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Science (modern) Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)[1] For systemic use of experimentation in
science and contributions to scientific
method, physics and observational
astronomy
Science (ancient) Thales (c. 624/623 – c. 548/545 Attempted to explain natural phenomena
BC)[2][3] without recourse to mythology

Natural sciences [edit]

Biology [edit]

Person/s
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Zoology Aristotle (384–322 BC) His contributions to the field include vast
quantities of information about the variety,
structure, and behavior of animals
Bacteriology Robert Koch (1843–1910)
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–
1898)[4] First to produce precise, correct
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) descriptions of bacteria.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
(1632–1723)[5]
Biogeography Alfred Russel Wallace (1823– "... Often described as the Father of
 1913)
Bioinformatics Margaret Oakley Dayhoff
(1925–1983)
Biology[note 1] Aristotle (384–322 BC)
Botany Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287
BC)
Otto Brunfels (1488–1534)
Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554)
Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566)
Bryology Johann Hedwig (1730–1799)
Cheloniology Archie Carr (1909–1987)
Ecology Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)
Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919)
Eugenius Warming (1841–
1924)[15]
Modern elk Olaus Murie (1889–1963)[16]
management
Entomology Jan Swammerdam (1637–
1680)
Johan Christian Fabricius
(1745–1808)[18]
William Kirby (1759–1850)
Ethology Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–
1988)
Karl von Frisch (1886–1982)
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989)
Evolution ꞏ Natural Charles Darwin (1809–
selection 1882)[21][22][23][24]
Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
William Bateson (1861–1926)
Gerontology Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916)
Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact
of human activity on the natural world."[6]
"... the mother and father of
bioinformatics", according to David J.
Lipman, former director of the National
Center for Biotechnology Information.[7]
The three German fathers of botany.[8][9]
[10][11][12][13][14]
Linnaeus founded an early branch of
ecology that he called The Economy of
Nature (1772), Haeckel coined the term
"ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie)
(1866), Warming authored the first book on
plant ecology. Plantesamfund (1895).
[17]
Fabricius described and published
information on over 10,000 insects and
refined Linnaeus's system of classification.
[19]
The modern discipline of ethology is
generally considered to have begun during
the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas
Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz and Karl von
Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[20]
On the Origin of Species (1859).
For his study of the inheritance of traits in
pea plants, which forms the basis for
Mendelian inheritance[25]
Proponent of Mendelism.[26]
Coined the term "gerontology" (1903). He
was the first to perform systematic
research on the effects of certain foods on

Herpetology John Edwards Holbrook
(1796–1871)
Ichthyology Peter Artedi (1705–1735)
Immunology Edward Jenner (1749–1823)
Innate (natural) Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916)
immunity
Humoral immunity Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915)
Lichenology Erik Acharius (1757–1819)
Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
(1632–1723) / Louis Pasteur
(1822–1895)[49]
Molecular biology Linus Pauling (1901–1994)
Molecular biophysics Gopalasamudram Narayana
Iyer Ramachandran (1922–
2001)[51]
Paleontology Leonardo da Vinci (1452–
1519)
George Cuvier (1769–1832)
Parasitology Francesco Redi (1626–1697)
Protozoology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
(1632–1723)[5]
Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)[54]
research on the effects of certain foods on
lifespan and healthspan, developed the
concept of probiotic diet that promotes long
healthy life.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
"John Edwards Holbrook... was considered
by many to be the Father of
Herpetology."[34][35]
"Far greater than either of these... was he
who has been justly called the Father of
Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–
1735)."[36]
Pioneered the concept of vaccines
including creating the smallpox vaccine,
the world's first vaccine (in
1796).[37][38][39][40]
Research of phagocytosis by macrophages
and microphages as a critical host­defense
mechanism.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47]
Described the side­chain theory of
antibody formation and the mechanisms of
how antibodies neutralize toxins and
induce bacterial lysis with the help of
complement.[41]
"Erik Acharius, the father of
lichenology..."[48]
The first to microscopically observe micro­
organisms in water and the first to see
bacteria.
[50]
Founded the [world's first?] molecular
biophysics unit (1970).
[52]
The founder of experimental biology and
the first person to challenge the theory of
spontaneous generation by demonstrating
that maggots come from eggs of flies.[53]
First to produce precise, correct
descriptions of protozoa.
Devised the system of naming living
organisms that became universally
accepted in the scientific world.
 accepted in the scientific world.
Virology Martinus Beijerinck (1851– Studies of agricultural microbiology and
1931)[55] industrial microbiology that yielded
fundamental discoveries.

Chemistry [edit]

Person/s
Field
considered "father" or "mother"
Atomic theory (early) Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370
BC)[56]
Atomic theory Father Roger Boscovich (1711–
(modern) 1787)[57]
John Dalton (1766–1844)[58]
Chemical Gilbert Lewis (1875–1946)
thermodynamics Willard Gibbs (1839–1903)
(modern) Merle Randall (1888–1950)
Edward Guggenheim (1901–
1970)[59]
Chemistry (modern) Antoine Lavoisier (1743–
1794)[60]
Robert Boyle (1627–1691)[60]
Jöns Berzelius (1779–
1848)[61][62]
John Dalton (1766–1844)[60]
Green chemistry Paul Anastas (born 1962)
Nuclear chemistry Otto Hahn (1879–1968)[63]
Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–
1907)[64]
Physical chemistry Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–
1765)
Jacobus van 't Hoff (1852–
1911)
Rationale
Founder of atomism in cosmology.
First coherent description of atomic theory.
First scientific description of the atom as a
building block for more complex structures.
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of
Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern
Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard
Gibbs (1933), which made a major
contribution to the use of thermodynamics
in chemistry.
Elements of Chemistry (1787)
The Sceptical Chymist (1661)
Development of chemical nomenclature
(1800s)
Revival of atomic theory (1803)
Design and manufacture of chemicals that
are non­hazardous and environmentally
benign.
Applied Radiochemistry (1936) ꞏ First
person to split an atomic nucleus (nuclear
fission, 1938) ꞏ Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
this discovery (1944)
Arranged the sixty­six elements known at
the time in order of atomic weight by
periodic intervals (1869).
The first to read lectures in physical
chemistry and coin the term (1752).
Jacobus van 't Hoff is considered one of the
founders of the discipline of physical
chemistry. His work helped found the
discipline as it is today.[65][66][67]

Svante Arrhenius (1859–
1927)[68]
Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–
1894)
Theory of Chemical
August Kekulé (1829–1896)
structure
Devised much of the theoretical foundation
for physical chemistry. On the Equilibrium
of Heterogeneous Substances (1876),
Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange
(1882).
"Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the
founders of the discipline of physical
chemistry..."[69]
[citation needed]
Discovered the structure of the benzene
ring (1865) and pioneered structural
chemistry in general

Earth sciences [edit]

Person/s
considered
Field Rationale
"father" or
"mother"
Geochemistry Victor For developing the
(modern) Goldschmidt Goldschmidt
(1888–1947) classification of
elements.
Early geodesy Eratosthenes Eratosthenes was
(mathematical (c. 276 – first to write the
geography) 195/194 word Geography
BC)[70][71] (from Geo­ and ­
graphy, literally
"writing about the
Earth")
Geodesy Al­Biruni (973 –
(modern) c. 1050)[72][73]
Geology Georgius {{unbulleted list Wrote the first For For formulating
(modern) Agricola book on setting uniformitarianism
(1494– physical down and the Plutonic
1555)[74] geology, De most of theory.`
Nicolas Steno Ortu et Causis the
(1638– Subterraneorum principles
1686)[75] (1546) of
James Hutton modern
(1726– geology.
1797)[76]
Geotechnical Karl von
engineering Terzaghi
(Soil (1883–
mechanics) 1963)[77]
Limnology G. Evelyn [78]

(modern) Hutchinson
(1903–1991)
Mineralogy Georgius [79]

Agricola
(1494–1555)
Meteorology ꞏ Matthew [80]

Naval Fontaine
oceanography Maury (1806–
(modern) 1873)
Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener [citation needed]
(1880–1930)
Acoustical Leonid [81]

oceanography Brekhovskikh
(1917–2005)
Stratigraphy Nicolas Steno [75]

(1638–1686)
Speleology Édouard­Alfred Began the first
Martel (1859– systematic
1938) exploration of cave
systems and
promoted
speleology as a
field separate from
geology.

Medicine and physiology [edit]

Person/s
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Anatomy (modern) Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694)
Henri Dutrochet (1776–1847) Discovered osmosis
Biophysics Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–
Explained hearing and vision.
1894)
Christian Wilhelm Braune First to describe the methodology of human
Biomechanics
(1831–1892) gait (walking).
First to discover animal electricity through a
Bioelectromagnetics Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)
series of experiments in 1780.
Cardiovascular Ibn al­Nafis (1213–1288) Father of circulatory and cardiovascular
physiology physiology.[82][83][84]
Cognitive therapy Aaron T. Beck (1921–2021) "In developing ways to do this, Beck
became the father of cognitive therapy, one
of the most important developments in
psychotherapy in the last 50 years."[85]
Cryonics Robert Ettinger (1918–2011) 1962 book, The Prospect of Immortality[86]
Widely known for writing the first complete
Dentistry Pierre Fauchard (1679–1761) scientific description of dentistry, Le
Chirurgien Dentiste.
Electrophysiology Emil du Bois­Reymond (1818– The discoverer of nerve action potential.
1896)
Emergency medicine Peter Safar (1924–2003)[87][88] Safar pioneered CPR, intensive­care units
Frank Pantridge (1916–2004) and developed standards for EMT,
ambulance design and equipment.
Pantridge: [89]
Epidemiology (modern) John Snow (1813–1858) Determining the cause of the 1854 Broad
Street cholera outbreak with a combination
of public interviews and mapping
Gastrointestinal William Beaumont[90] (1785–
physiology 1853)
Gynaecology J. Marion Sims (1813–1883) [91][92]

Histology Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694)

Human anatomy Vesalius (1514–1564)[93] De humani corporis fabrica (1543)
(modern)
Medical genetics Victor McKusick (1921–2008) Mendelian Inheritance in Man (started
publishing in 1966)
Medicine (early) Imhotep[94] (late 27th century Historical legends following his death, with
BCE) little evidence.
Charaka[95] (3rd century BCE) Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded
Hippocrates[96][97] (c. 460 – 370 the Ayurveda system of medicine.
BCE) Prescribed professional practices for
Ibn­Sina (980–1037) physicians through the Hippocratic Oath.
Medicine (modern) Sir William Osler (1849–1919)
Neurosurgery Harvey Cushing[98] (1869– Developed techniques that considerably
1939) reduced the risks involved with brain
surgery in the early 20th century.[98]
Nutrition (modern) Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) "Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern
Antoine­Laurent Lavoisier nutrition', developed the perfect infant food.
(1743–1794) It consisted of [...]"[99]
"In addition to being known as the Father of
Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also
considered the Father of Modern Nutrition,
as the first to discover the metabolism that
occurs inside the human body..."[100]
Organ transplantation Thomas Starzl[101] (1926–2017) Performed the first human liver transplant
and established the clinical utility of anti­
rejection drugs including ciclosporin.
Developed major advances in organ
preservation, procurement and
transplantation.
He stressed the importance of rest in
treatment and was responsible for many
landmark contributions to orthopaedic
Orthopedic surgery Hugh Owen Thomas[102] (1834–
surgery. He was especially celebrated for
(modern) 1891)
his design and use of splints; the famous
Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at
the end of World War II.
Psychology Wilhelm Wundt[103](1832–1920) Founded the first laboratory for
(experimental) psychological research.
Pediatrics Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first
("Rhazes")[104] book to deal with pediatrics as an
(c. 865 – 925 CE) independent field.
Physiology François Magendie (1783– Précis élementaire de Physiologie (1816)
1855)
Physical culture Bernarr Macfadden (1868– "It delighted the heart of our old friend
1955) Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical
Culture,' when we told him how much
athletic activity and good sportsmanship
had to do with the rehabilitation of
boys."[105]
Plastic surgery Sushruta[106][107] (sixth Wrote the Sushruta Samhita (ancient)
century?)
Harold Gillies (1882–1960)
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) [108]

Psychophysics Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795– Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

1878)
Gustav Fechner (1801–
1887)[109]
Space medicine Hubertus Strughold (1898– "After Wernher von Braun, he was the top
1986) Nazi scientist employed by the American
government, and he was subsequently
hailed by NASA as the 'father of space
medicine'"[110]
Surgery (early) Sushruta[106][107] (sixth Wrote the Sushruta Samhita (878 CE?)
century?)
Surgery (modern) Abu al­Qasim ("Abulcasis") al­ Kitab al­Tasrif (1000 AD).
Zahrawi[111] (936–1013) Chirurgia magna
Guy de Chauliac[112] (1300–
 Guy de Chauliac[112] (1300–
1368)
Ambroise Paré (1510–1590)
John Hunter (1728–1793)
Joseph Lister (1827–1912)
William Stewart Halsted (1852–
1922)
See also Father of modern
surgery
Toxicology Paracelsus (1493/1494 – 1541)
Physics and astronomy [edit]
Person/s
Field
considered "father" or "mother"
Acoustics Ernst Chladni[120]
Atomic bomb Enrico Fermi
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Leslie Groves
Edward Teller
Aerodynamics Nikolai Zhukovsky
George Cayley[121]
Civil engineering John Smeaton[122]
Classical mechanics Isaac Newton (founder)[123]
Electrical Engineering Michael Faraday[124][125]
Pre­Maxwell André­Marie Ampère[126]
Electrodynamics
Energetics Willard Gibbs[127]
Meteoritics Ernst Chladni[128]
Modern astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus[130]
Leader in surgical techniques, especially
the treatment of wounds.[113]
Experimental, scientific approach to
surgery.[114][115]
Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic.[116][117]
Introduction of residency system in the
United States.[118]
[119]
Rationale
For important research in vibrating plates
For their role in the Manhattan Project
Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the
study of airflow, was the first engineer
scientist to explain mathematically the
origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley
Investigated theoretical aspects of flight
and experimented with flight a century
before the first airplane was built
Described laws of motion and law of gravity
in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (1687)
Invented the generator, the first DC electric
motor, the transformer, and also discovered
Faraday's Law of Induction (1831)
Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory
of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely
Deduced from Experience (1827)
Publication: On the Equilibrium of
Heterogeneous Substances (1876)
First to publish in modern Western thought
(in 1794) the then audacious idea that
meteorites are rocks from space.[129]
Developed the first explicit heliocentric

Nuclear physics Ernest Rutherford[131]
Nuclear science Marie Curie
Pierre Curie[132]
Optics Ibn al­Haytham (Alhazen)[133]
Physical cosmology Georges Lemaître (founder)
Albert Einstein
Henrietta Leavitt (mother)[134]
Edwin Hubble (father)[134]
Physics (modern) Galileo Galilei[135]
Plasma physics Irving Langmuir
Hannes Alfvén[136]
Quantum mechanics Max Planck[137]
Relativity Albert Einstein (founder)[138]
Spaceflight (rocketry) Robert Hutchings Goddard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Hermann Oberth
Wernher von Braun
Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot (founder)[141]
Rudolf Clausius (one of the
founding fathers)
model in De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (1543)
Developed the Rutherford atom model
(1909)
Correctly explained vision and carried out
the first experiments on light and optics in
the Book of Optics (1021).
Monsignor Lemaître is considered "the
Father of the Big Bang" and the first to
derive what is now known as Hubble's law.
Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables, the
"Standard Candle" by which Hubble later
determined galactic distances. Einstein's
general theory of relativity is usually
recognized as the theoretic foundation of
modern cosmology.
His development and extensive use of
experimental physics, e.g. the telescope
Langmuir first described ionised gas as
plasma and observed fundamental plasma
vibrations, Langmuir waves.
Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description
of plasma by developing
magnetohydrodynamics.
Stated that electromagnetic energy could
be emitted only in quantized form
Pioneered special relativity (1905) and
general relativity (1915)
Goddard launched the first liquid­fueled
rocket.
Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket
equation.
Oberth was the first, who presented
mathematically analyzed concepts and
designs of space ships.[139]
Braun´s V2 rocket was the first man made
object in space.[140] He lead the Apollo
program.
Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire
and Machines Fitted to Develop that
Power(1824)
Restated Carnot's principle known as the
 Carnot cycle and gave so the theory of heat
a truer and sounder basis. His most
important paper, "On the Moving Force of
Heat",[142] published in 1850, first stated the
second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he
introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870
he introduced the virial theorem, which
applied to heat.[143]

Formal sciences [edit]

Mathematics [edit]

Person/s
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Algebra Muhammad Al­Khwarizmi Full exposition of solving quadratic
(see also The father of (Algorismi)[144] equations in his Al­Jabr and recognized
algebra) Diophantus[145][146] algebra as an independent discipline.
First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his
Arithmetica.
Algebraic topology Henri Poincaré[147] Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[148]
introducing the concepts of homotopy and
homology, which are now considered part
of algebraic topology.
Analysis Augustin­Louis Cauchy[149]
Karl Weierstrass[150]
Analytic geometry René Descartes For their independent invention of the
Pierre de Fermat[151] (founders) Cartesian Coordinate System
Calculus Isaac Newton[152] See Leibniz and Newton calculus
Gottfried Leibniz controversy.
Classical analysis Madhava of Developed Taylor series expansions of
Sangamagrama[153] trigonometric functions
Computer science Charles Babbage In the history of computer science Babbage
Alan Turing is often regarded as one of the first
pioneers of computing and Turing invented
the principle of the modern computer and
the stored program concept that almost all
modern day computers use.
Computer Ada Lovelace Work on Charles Babbage's proposed
programming mechanical general­purpose computer, the
Analytical Engine
Cryptanalysis Al­Kindi[154][155][156] Developed the first code breaking algorithm
based on frequency analysis. He wrote a
book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering
Cryptographic Messages", containing
 Cryptographic Messages", containing
detailed discussions on statistics.
Descriptive geometry Gaspard Monge[157] Developed a graphical protocol that creates
(founder) three­dimensional virtual space on a two­
dimensional plane
Fractal geometry Benoit Mandelbrot
Geometry Euclid[158] Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of
Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.
Graph theory Leonhard Euler[159] See Seven Bridges of Königsberg
Italian school of Corrado Segre[160] Publications and students developing
algebraic geometry algebraic geometry
Modern algebra Emmy Noether[161] Provided the first general definitions of a
Emil Artin commutative ring, and suggested that
topology be studied algebraically.[162]
Combined the structure theory of
associative algebras and the representation
theory of groups into a single arithmetic
theory of modules and ideals in rings
satisfying ascending chain conditions.[163]
Non­Euclidean János Bolyai, Independent development of hyperbolic
geometry Nikolai Lobachevsky[164] geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is
(founders) not true
Number theory Pythagoras[165]
Probability Gerolamo Cardano Fermat and Pascal co­founded probability
Pierre de Fermat theory, about which Huygens wrote the first
Blaise Pascal book
Christiaan Huygens[166]
(founders)
Projective geometry Girard Desargues[167](founder) By generalizing the use of vanishing points
to include the case when these are infinitely
far away
Set theory Georg Cantor
Tensor calculus Gregorio Ricci­Curbastro[168] Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus
(founder)
Trigonometry Hipparchus[169][170] Constructed the first trigonometric table.
Vector algebra, Willard Gibbs[171] For their development and use of vectors in
vector calculus Oliver Heaviside[172] algebra and calculus
(founders)

Systems theory [edit]

Person/s
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Chaos theory Henri Poincaré[173]
Mary Cartwright[174][175]
Edward Lorenz[176]
Cybernetics Norbert Wiener[177]
Dynamic programming Richard E. Bellman
Fuzzy logic Lotfi Asker Zadeh
Information theory Claude Shannon[178]
Optimal control Arthur E. Bryson[179]
Robust control George Zames[citation needed]
Stability theory Alexander
Lyapunov[citation needed]
System dynamics Jay Wright Forrester[181]
Poincaré's work on the three­body problem
was the first discovered example of a
chaotic dynamical system. Cartwright made
the first mathematical analysis of dynamical
systems with chaos. Lorenz introduced
strange attractor notation.
Book Cybernetics: Or the Control and
Communication in the Animal and the
Machine. 1948.
Article: A Mathematical Theory of
Communication (1948)
Book: Applied Optimal Control[180]
Small gain theorem and H infinity control.
Lyapunov function
Book: Industrial dynamics (1961)

Social sciences [edit]

Person/s
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Anthropology Herodotus[182]
Abū Rayhān al­Bīrūnī[183][184]
Bibliometrics Paul Otlet The term bibliométrie was first used by
Paul Otlet in 1934[185] and defined as "the
measurement of all aspects related to the
publication and reading of books and
documents".[186]
Demography Ibn Khaldun[187] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
Egyptology Father Athanasius Kircher[188] First to identify the phonetic importance of

Jean­François the hieroglyph, and he demonstrated

Champollion[citation needed] Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian,

before the Rosetta stone's discovery.
Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone.
Historiography Thucydides Thucydides has been dubbed the father of
"scientific history" by those who accept his
claims to have applied strict standards of
impartiality and evidence­gathering and
analysis of cause and effect, without
reference to intervention by the deities, as
outlined in his introduction to his work.
History Herodotus (who also coined the
term)
Indology Al­Biruni[184][189] Wrote the Indica[190]
International law Alberico Gentili Influential contributions to the theory of
Francisco de Vitoria international law, war and human rights
Hugo Grotius
Linguistics (early) Panini Wrote the first descriptive grammar (of
Sanskrit)
Linguistics (modern) Ferdinand de Saussure

Noam Chomsky

Political science Aristotle Aristotle is called the father of political

Niccolò Machiavelli*
Thomas Hobbes**
science largely because of his work
entitled Politics. This treatise is divided into
eight books, and deals with subjects such
as citizenship, democracy, oligarchy and
the ideal state.[191]

*Machiavelli is considered the 'modern

father of political science'[192]

**Hobbes is considered the Father of

Modern Political Philosophy for his
postulation of the State of Nature in
Leviathan.

Sociology Ibn Khaldun[187][193] Wrote the first sociological book, the

Adam Ferguson[194] Muqaddimah (Prolegomena).
Auguste Comte (who also "Father of modern sociology"
coined the term)[195] Introduced the scientific method into
Marquis de Condorcet sociology.
(founder)[196]

Economics [edit]

Person(s)
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Accounting and Luca Pacioli (c. 1447–1517)[197] Establisher of accounting and the first
bookkeeping person to publish a work on
bookkeeping.[197]
Economics (early) Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)[198] Publication: Muqaddimah (1370)
Chanakya / Kautilya (375 BCE – Publication: Arthashastra (400 BCE – 200
283 BCE)[199] CE)
Economics (modern) Richard Cantillon (1680s – First specific treatise on economics.
1734)[200] The National Gain (1765), a pamphlet that
Anders Chydenius (1729– included key ideas about free trade.[203]
1803)[201]
 1803)[201] The Wealth of Nations (1776).
Adam Smith (c. 1723–1790)[202]
Evolutionary Nicholas Georgescu­Roegen The Entropy Law and the Economic
economics ꞏ (1906–1994)[204][205][206][207][208] Process (1971)
Ecological economics
ꞏ Thermoeconomics ꞏ
bioeconomics
Macroeconomics John Maynard Keynes (1883– Author of The General Theory of
1946)[209] Employment, Interest and Money and
groundbreaking economist, Keynes
spearheaded a revolution in economic
thinking. Prior to Keynes, the general
consensus among economists was that the
economy was self­fixing. During the Great
Depression, when people began to realize
that the economy would not fix itself,
Keynes proposed that the government
needed to intervene to combat excessive
boom and bust. This idea was the largest
influence in U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt's New Deal.[210][211]
Mathematical Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) Forerunner of the Tableau économique.[212]
economics
Monetary economics Nicole Oresme (c. 1322– Oresme's De Moneta.
1382)[213] "Irving Fisher [...] spent his career studying
Irving Fisher (1867–1947) questions about money and the economy ­
Milton Friedman (1912–2006) how money affects interest rates, how
money affects inflation, and the impact of
money on overall economic activity. For this
work, he is regarded as the father of
monetary economics."[214]
"[...] no less an authority than the University
of Chicago's Milton Friedman, the father of
monetary economics, [...]"[215]
Microcredit Muhammad Yunus (born Founded Grameen Bank
1940)[216]
Personnel economics Edward Lazear (1948–2020) Published the first paper in the field.
Family and consumer Ellen Swallow Richards (1842– Founded the American Association of
science 1911) Home Economics, currently the American
Association of Family & Consumer
Sciences. "Bringing science into the home,
Richards hoped to '...attain the best
physical, mental, and moral development'
for the family, which she believed was the
basic unit of civilization."[217]
Schools of thought [edit]

Field
Austrian School
School of Salamanca
Person(s)
Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Carl Menger (1840–1921)[218]
Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1483– Highly influential teacher and lecturer on
1546)[219] commercial morality

Theories [edit]

Person(s)
Field Rationale
considered "father" or "mother"
Expectations theory Thomas Cardinal Cajetan Recognised the effect of market
(1469–1534)[220] expectations on the value of money
Modern portfolio Harry Markowitz (born
theory 1927)[221]
Social choice theory Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017) Created the field with his 1951 book Social
Choice and Individual Values.
Game theory John von Neumann (1903– Von Neumann and Morgenstern created
1957) the field with their 1944 book Theory of
Oskar Morgenstern (1902– Games and Economic Behavior.
1977) Nash created the Nash equilibrium.
John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928–
2015)

See also [edit]

Founders of statistics

Notes [edit]

1. ^ A name suggested in 1802 by the German naturalist Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus and introduced as a
scientific term later that year by Jean­Baptiste Lamarck.

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