BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

NUMERACY AND DATA ANALYSIS

UoS

Due Date: 11th May 2020

I state that this project is all my individual work and I have accredited all materials used from
the printed or unprinted works of other. All sites are appropriately declared.

1
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page Pages
Table of Contents 2
Bill Payment Data 3
Column chart representation of bill payment 4
Scatter chart representation of Mobile Phone bill payment 4
Mean 5
Median 5
Mode 6
Range 6
Standard deviation 6
Standard Deviation table representation 8
Forecasting 10
Linear forecasting model table representation 10
Linear forecasting model Calculation 11
Linear forecasting model Calculation 12
References 13

2
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

Table 1.0: Mobile Phone Bill Data

Bill/Expenses
Months (£)
1 50.50
2 15.99
3 20.50
4 10.00
5 18.80
6 45.00

7 24.00
8 30.00
9 40.00
10 10.00

3
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

Chart Title
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Column2

Figure 1.0 Column representation of Mobile Phone bill payment

Bill/Expenses
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Figure 1.1 Scatter chart representation of Mobile Phone bill payment

4
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

I). Mean: Arithmetic mean is simply an average by adding all the values in
the data set divided by the number of observations
Mathematically:

x́ =
∑x Where ∑x = Sum of all observations
n
n = number of observations
n
x 1 + x 2+ …+ x n ∑ xi
x́ =
n = i=1
n

x́ =

50.50+15.99+ 20.50+10.00+18.80+45.00+ 24.00+ 30.00+40.00+10.00

10

264.79
x́ =
10

x́ = £26.48

II). Median Position: occupies the middle position when all the
observations are arranged in an ascending/descending order.
n+1
Median = ( 2 )th

Calculation:

50.50, 15.99, 20.50, 10.00, 18.80, 45.00, 24.00, 30.00, 40.00, 10.00
Rearrange the data in an ascending order to get the median, mode
and range.
10.00, 10.00, 15.99, 18.80, 20.50, 24.00, 30.00, 40.00, 45.00, 50.50
n =10
n+1
Median position = ( 2 )th value
10+ 1
=
2

5
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

11
= 2

= 5.5th

The median position is the 5.5th value in the data set

Thus, the median position lies between 20.50 and 24.00.

fifth value+ sixth value

Average =
2
20.50+ 24.00
=
2
44.5
= 2

Median Position = £22.25

III). Mode: This is a list of numbers refers to the integers that occur most frequently.

Calculation: -

10.00, 10.00, 15.99, 18.80, 20.50, 24.00, 30.00, 40.00, 45.00, 50.50

The mode is £10.00 because it appears most often which is twice.

IV). Range: is the difference between the lowest and highest values in a
dataset.
• In symbols, Range (R) = HV – LV.
Where HV = Highest value.
LV = Lowest value.

Calculation: -

10.00, 10.00, 15.99, 18.80, 20.50, 24.00, 30.00, 40.00, 45.00, 50.50
R = HV – LV
HV = 50.50
LV= 10.00
R = 50.50 – 10.00

6
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

Range = £40.50

V). Standard deviation: denoted as σ is a measure that summarises the amount by which
every value within a dataset varies from the mean. It is the square root of its variance.
Formula:

∑ ( x i− x́ )2
σ =
√ n−1
Where x i = each value in the population,
x́ = mean value of the sample,
Σ = summation (or total),
n-1 = number of values in the sample minus 1.

7
 BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

2
Value of (xi) Mean x́ ( x i−x́ ) ( x i−x́ )

50.50 26.48 24.02 576.96

15.99 26.48 -10.49 110.04

20.50 26.48 -5.98 35.76

10.00 26.48 -16.48 271.59

18.80 26.48 -7.68 58.98

45.00 26.48 18.52 342.99

24.00 26.48 -2.48 6.15

30.00 26.48 3.52 12.39

40.00 26.48 13.52 182.79

10.00 26.48 -16.48 271.59

264.79
10
=26.479 1869.25
Table 1.1 Standard Deviation table representation

Calculations:
50.50+15.99+ 20.50+10.00+18.80+45.00+ 24.00+ 30.00+40.00+10.00
Mean ( x́ ) = 10
264.79
= 10
x́ = 26.48

∑ ( x i− x́ )2
σ =
√ n−1

Let recall

∑ ( x i− x́ )2 = 1869.25

n = 10

8
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

Therefore:

1869.25 1869.25 =
σ =
√ 10−1
=
√ 9
√ 207.69

σ = 14.41

Basically, a small standard deviation 14.41 means that the values in a statistical data set are
close to the mean 26.48 of the data set, on average.

9
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

4) Forecasting
Table 1.2: Linear forecasting model table representation

Month £
(x) ( y) xy x2

1 50.50 (1 × 50.50) = 50.50 ( 12 ) = 1

2 15.99 (2 ×15.99 ) = 31.98 ( 22 ) = 4

3 20.50 (3 ×20.50 ) = 61.50 ( 32 ) = 9

4 10.00 (4 ×10.00 ) = 40.00 ( 4 2 ) = 16

5 18.80 (5 ×18.80 ) = 94.00 ( 52 ) = 25

6 45.00 (6 × 45.00 ) = 270.00 ( 62 ) = 36

7 24.00 (7 ×24.00 ) = 168.00 ( 72 ) = 49

8 30.00 (8 ×30.00 ) = 240.00 ( 82 ) = 64

9 40.00 (9 × 40.00 ) = 360.00 ( 92 ) = 81

10 10.00 (10 ×10.00 ) = 100.00 ( 102 ) = 100

55 £264.79 1415.98 385

Calculations:
y= mX + c

c=
∑ y−m ∑ x
N
N ∑ xy −∑ x ∑ y
m= 2
N ∑ x 2− ( ∑ x )

Where y = dependent variable ; x = x axis value of each data

c = y intercept ; y = y axis value of each data
m = slope
X = independent variable (date)
N = number of observations

10
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

c=
∑ y−m ∑ x
N
N ∑ xy −∑ x ∑ y
m= 2
N ∑ x 2− ( ∑ x )

Let recall ∑ xy = 1415.98 (From the table)

∑x = 55

∑y = 264.79

∑ x2 = 385 (From the table)

N = 10
Therefore:
10 ×1415.98 – ( 55× 264.79 )
m=
10 ×385 – ( 55 )2

14159.8 – (14563.45 )
m=
3850 – ( 3025 )

14159.8 – 14563.45
= 3850 – 3025

−403.65
= 825

m = £-0.49 ------------------------------------------------ (I)

Interpretation: Therefore, if the month increases by 1, the expenses is predicted to decrease

by £0.49 on average.

Let us therefore insert m = -0.49 into c =

∑ y−m ∑ x
N

y−m x
c= ∑ N ∑
55−(−0.49 ×264.79 )
c= 10

11
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

55−(−129.75 )
= 10
55+ 129.75
= 10
184.75
= 10

c = £18.48 ------------------------------------------------ (II)

Interpretation: if the month is 0, then the model predicts that the expenses is approximately
18.48

From the initial equation y= mX + c

m = -0.49
c = 18.48
X = months
y=−0.49 X+ 18.48

Future expenses for Month 12 (12th Month)

y12 = mX + c
= (-0.49 × 12) + 18.48
= -5.88 + 18.48

y12 = £12.60 ------------------------------------------------ (III)

Future expenses for Month 14 (14th Month)

y14 = mX + c
= (-0.49 × 14) + 18.48
= -6.86 + 18.48

y14 = £11.62 ------------------------------------------------ (III)

12
BAB Foundation UOS NDA Project

REFERENCES:
Asif, M. and McHale, I. G. (2019) ‘A generalized non-linear forecasting model for limited
overs international cricket’, International Journal of Forecasting, 35(2), pp. 634–640.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2018.12.003.

LEÓN-CASTRO, E. et al. (2019) ‘A New Measure of Volatility Using Induced Heavy

Moving Averages’, Technological & Economic Development of Economy, 25(4), pp.
576–599. doi: 10.3846/tede.2019.9374

Spiliotis, E., Assimakopoulos, V. and Makridakis, S. (2020) ‘Generalizing the Theta method
for automatic forecasting’, European Journal of Operational Research, 284(2), pp.
550–558. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.01.007.

13