REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
Peace-Work-Fatherland
Paix-Travail-Patrie
MINISTRY OF HIGHER
MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT
SUPERIEUR EDUCATION
UNIVERSITE DE NGAOUNDERE UNIVERSITY OF NGAOUNDERE
INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGIE TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY INSTITUT OF TECHNOLOGY (UIT)

******

B.P : 455 Ngaoundéré

Tel. (237) 77512108 / 77112217 / 74916057
E-mail:

STUDENT PERSONAL WORK

GROUPE 3
ENGLISH 1

COURSE : GIM1
MENTION & LEVEL : GEL 1

N FIRST & LAST NAME MATRICULE SIGNATURE

1 NEGASSITIKE TROUMBA 23GEL038IU
NESTOR
2 NGNAWE NGNASIRKREO 23GEL039IU
3 NGOYE WILFRIEDE 23GEL040IU
4 NNANGA OYONO THERESE 23GEL041IU
MANUELLA
5 NOMO NOMO EVOA FREDERIC
6 ORNE EMMANUEL 23GEL062IU
7 OUSMANOU ISSA 23GEL043IU
8 OWONA BEKONO FRANCIS 23GEL044IU
VINCENT BIENVENU
9 SEKVOU VAGAÏ MAX ASER 23GEL046IU
10 SIGNING JORDAN 23GEL047IU
11 SOP FODOUOP EPHATHA 23GEL059IU
12 TAYE POM ILIASSA YAYA 23GEL049IU
13 TEBOKBE WANBA 23GEL052IU
14 VACHALADA NGANDE MAURICE

FRAMER : Dr. BENGA Academic Year : 2023/2024

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 WORK PLANS

THEME : ENERGY TRANSPORT IN CAMEROON

I- INTRODUCTION
(PRESENTED BY SEKVOU VAGAÏ MAX ASER)
II- TYPES OF ENERGY TRANSPORT IN CAMEROON (PRESENTED BY
NEGASSITIKE TROUMBA NESTOR)
A. AIR TRANSPORT
(PRESENTED BY NGNAWE NGNASIRKREO)
B. UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION
(PRESENTED BY NGOYE WILFRIEDE)
III- TYPES OF LINES AND VOLTAGE CARRIED
(PRESENTED BY NOMO NOMO EVOA FREDERIC )
A. HIGH TENSION (PRESENTED BY ORNE EMMANUEL)
B. MEDIUM VOLTAGE (PRESENTED BY ORNE EMMANUEL)
C. LOW VOLTAGE (PRESENTED BY ORNE EMMANUEL)
IV- THE ROLE OF THE TRANSFORMER IN THE TRANSPORT OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(PRESENTED BY OUSMANOU ISSA)
A. DEFINITION
B. THE BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPE OF TRANSFORMERS
C. TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
V- TYPES OF CABLE TO USE IN THE TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
(PRESENTED BY OWONA BEKONO FRANCIS VINCENT BIENVENU)
VI- THE TYPES OF SUPPORTS USED (PYLON AND POLE)
(PRESENTED BY NNANGA OYONO THERESE MANUELLA)
VII- THE DANGERS RELATED TO THE TRANSORT OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
(PRESENTED BY SIGNING JORDAN)
VIII- MEANS OF PROTECTIONS OF THE LINES AND THE POPULATION
(PRESENTED BY SOP FODOUOP EPHATHA)

2
IX- ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT
COMPARED TO UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT (PRESENTED BY
TAYE POM ILIASSA YAYA)
X- THE ROLE OF INTERCONNECTION CENTERS IN THE TRANSPORT
OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(PRESENTED BY TEBOKBE WANBA)
XI- DISPATCHING ROLE IN THE TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(PRESENTED BY VACHALADA NGANDE MAURICE)
CONCLUSION

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 I- INTRODUCTION

Production plants and consumer centers are usually separated geographically.

The position of a factory depends in fact on raw material resources (rivers, coal
or natural gas), while the consumption centers are the big cities where the big
industrial regions hence the need to transport energy from the production
centers to the consumption centers. On the other hand, the electrical energy of
hydraulic origin has a low production cost compared to other types of
production. it can be produced with greater power, so it is preferable to speed
up hydraulic production and slow down thermal production,which is more
expensive However, the hydraulic production being variable according to the
seasons, it is necessary to constantly adjust the production to consumption,
increasing or reducing the thermal production.

(PRESENTED BY SEKVOU VAGAÏ MAX ASER)

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 II- TYPES OF ENERGY TRANSPORT IN CAMEROON
Energy transport is the massive movement of electrical energy frome a production
site such as a power plant to an electrical substation .They lines (electric cables) for
the transport of electrical energy are interconnected in such an a way as to facilitate
the circulation and allthe interconnected wires form an electrical energy transport
network .However ,ther are two types of electrical in cameroon which are : -The
transport of electrical energy by air so the ease in their maintenance ; -The transport
of electrical energy undergraund, it schould be noted that this types of transport of
electrical energy is less used on cameroonian territory .Depending on the types of
electrical enery transport chosen ,the characteristics of the electrical cable must be
taken into account.Please note, theb cable remains the only means of transporting
electrical energy in cameroon and the cables used in this way are very high voltage
cables

(PRESENTED BY NEGASSITIKE TROUMBA NESTOR)

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 A- THE AIR TRANSPORT

More economical than underground pipelines, they are used for BTB and BTA
distribution, as well as for HTA, HTB transport. Installation and maintenance are
easy; However, they present the disadvantage of being unattractive and unsafe. In
general, an overhead pipeline line includes: bare or insulated conductors, insulators,
spark gaps, fittings, supports, poles or pylons.

1) Conductors ensure the conduction of electrical energy.

2) insulators insulating the conductors from each other and from the support.

3) support or post preventing people from touching the driver.

4) The fittings fixing the conductors with their insulators on the support

(PRESENTED BY NGNAWE NGNASIRKREO)

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 B- THE UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION

Underground electrical power transmission is a common method for moving electricity

over long distances while minimizing the visual impact of power lines. Underground
cables are often used in urban areas and in regions where overhead lines are not
practical.

The benefits of underground transportation include increased reliability, improved

safety and reduced weather disruption. However, it is more expensive to install and
maintain than overhead lines, and its transmission capacity may be limited compared
to overhead lines.

(PRESENTED BY NGOYE WILFRIEDE)

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 III- TYPES OF LINES AND VOLTAGE CARRIED

Definition and some examples of high voltage, medium voltage and low voltage on
the production of electrical energy in Cameroon

Definition :

High voltage is used for long-distance transmission, medium voltage for

distribution in urban and industrial areas, and low voltage for powering domestic
equipment and small businesses. These different voltage levels play an essential role
in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity in Cameroon.

A- High Tension

High Tension in Cameroon In Cameroon, high voltage lines are used to transport
energy over long distances between production plants and consumption centers.

For example, the high voltage line connecting the Song Loulou hydroelectric power
station to the city of Yaoundé transports electricity at a voltage of 225 kV.

B- Medium voltage

Medium Voltage in Cameroon: In urban and industrial areas of Cameroon, medium

voltage distribution networks are used to supply businesses and public infrastructure
with electricity. For example, 15 kV medium voltage lines serve residential
neighborhoods and commercial areas in the city of Douala.

C- Low voltage

Low Voltage in Cameroon Low voltage is used to power household equipment and
small businesses. In Cameroon, low voltage 230 V distribution networks are
commonly used to provide electricity to homes, local businesses and small
businesses.

(PRESENTED BY NOMO NOMO EVOA FREDERIC AND ORNE EMMANUEL )

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 IV- THE ROLE OF THE TRANSFORMER IN THE TRANSPORT OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
To be able to transport electrical energy following the types of lines listed previously
for specific uses, we will have to use electrical transformers.
A- Definition
The transformer: is a static electrical device with electromagnetic induction allowing
the transformation of one electrical quantity into another without changing frequency.
B- The basic operating principle of transformers:
The transformer is a static converter. It transforms a sinusoidal voltage and current
into another sinusoidal voltage and current of different effective value. It is made up
of a primary circuit and another secondary connected by another ferromagnetic
circuit. This is why it is used for these different electrical energy transmission lines in
order to adapt each of its lines according to their sector of use.

Fig1: General view of a transformer

C- types of transformers
- voltage step-up transformer: is a transformer whose number of turns in the
primary is less than that in the secondary. In this case, the voltage obtained by the
secondary being greater than that which was applied to the primary.

- Voltage step-down transformer: is a transformer whose number of primary

turns is greater than that of the secondary. In this case, the voltage obtained by the
secondary being lower than that which was applied to the primary.

In short, it is thanks to the presence of transformers in the network that electricity can
be transported and then distributed without risk or loss. The role of transformers is

(PRESENTED BY OUSMANOU ISSA)

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 V- TYPES OF CABLE TO USE IN THE TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
- THE TRANSPORTATING OF ENERGY IN CAMEROON INVOLVES
DIFFERENTS TYPES OF CABLES TO CONVENY ELECTRICITY. THERE ARE HE
MAIN TYPES OF CABLES USED:
1- Underground electrical cables: these cables are buried underground and are
used for transporting electricity over short distances in urban areas.
2- Overhead electrical cables: these cables are mounted on pylons and are used
for transporting electricity over long distances, especially across rural Region.
3- High-voltage cables: theses cables are designed to carry large quantities of
electricity at high voltages, minimizing energy losses over long distances.
- EACH TYPE OF CABLE HAS ITS AVDVANTAGES AND
DESADVANTAGES DENDING ON THE SPECIFIC APPLICATION AN
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
1- Underground electrical cables have the following advantages:
-aesthetic: they do not disrupt the urban landscape
-less susceptible to weather-related damage or accidents
-less susceptible to electromagnetic interference. However, they also have
disadvantages
-Limited load capacity compared to overhead cables
2- as for overhead electrical cables, their advantages include:
-lower installation cost
-ease of maintenance and repairs
-higher load capacity
But they also have disadvantages:
-visual impact on the environment -susceptibility to weather and accidental
damage -more prone to electromagnetic disturbances. 3- As for high-voltage
cables, their advantages include: - Ability to transport large quantities of
electricity over long distances - -Lower energy losses compared to low-voltage
cables. However, their disadvantages include: - High cost - - Need for special
insulation and protection due to the high voltage involved

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 - THE CABLES USED FOR ENERGY TRANSPORTATION IN CAMEROON CAN
BE MADE FROM DIFFRERENT MATERIALS DEPENDING AND THEIR SPECIFIC
APPLICATIONS, THERE ARE SOME OF THE COMMONLY USED MATERIALS
FOR POWER CABLES:

Aluminum: Aluminum cables are light weight and cost-effective, making them
popular for large-scale energy transportation
1- Copper: copper cables are known for their high conductivity, making them
suitable for application that required efficient energy transmission

- EACH OF THESE MATERIALS HAS ITS ADVANTAGES AND

DESADVANTAGES DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE ENERGY
TRANSPORTATION PROJET
Aluminum
- advantages: Aluminum is lightweight, less expensive than copper; and suitable for
high-voltage lines. It is also resistant to corrosion
-Disadvantages: less conductive than copper, requires a larger diameter for the
same energy transport capacity, and can be prone to oxidation.
2- copper -advantages: copper offers high conductivity, better heat resistance, and
high durability. it is suitable for application requiring efficient energy transmission.
-disadvantages: Heavier than aluminum, more expensive, and more susceptible to
corrosion under certain condition

(PRESENTED BY OWONA BEKONO FRANCIS VINCENT BIENVENU)

11
VI- THE TYPES OF SUPPORTS USED (PYLON AND POLE)

To ensure the safety of property and people when transporting energy, electrical,
we use of the following media

- the metal pylon made up of an assembly of frames and Carnières forming tubes.
It is intended for high and low lines medium AC voltage.

- electric poles are vertical supports carrying the conductors of a low voltage
overhead line. We distinguish several types of pylons using the example of

* Classic pylon

* Harbored V-shaped pylon

* Crossing pylon

The role of the pylon is to support the conductive cable and ensure insulation
electrical of the frame

(PRESENTED BY NNANGA OYONO THERESE MANUELLA)

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VII-THE DANGERS RELATED TO THE TRANSORT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

There are several dangers associated with the transportation of energy through
underground and overhead power lines. Some of the key risks include:

1. Electrocution: The most significant danger is the risk of electrocution for

individuals who come into contact with live power lines. This can happen if a person
accidentally touches a power line or if equipment comes into contact with the line.

2. Fire hazards: Overhead power lines can pose a fire hazard if they come into
contact with trees, vegetation, or other flammable materials. Underground power
lines can also be at risk of causing fires if damaged by excavation or other activities .
3. Equipment failure: Power lines can be damaged by severe weather events, such
as storms or high winds, leading to equipment failure and power outages. This can
pose risks to public safety and disrupt essential services.

4. Environmental impact: The installation and maintenance of energy transportation

infrastructure can have negative environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction,
soil erosion, and water pollution.

5. Health risks: There is some concern about the potential health risks associated
with exposure to electromagnetic fields generated by power lines. While research in
this area is ongoing, some studies suggest a possible link between long-term
exposure to electromagnetic fields and certain health conditions. Overall, proper
maintenance, regular inspections, and adherence to safety regulations are essential
to minimize the risks associated with the transportation of energy through
underground and overhead power lines

(PRESENTED BY SIGNING JORDAN)

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 VIII- MEANS OF PROTECTIONS OF THE LINES AND THE
POPULATION

Electrical cables can be installed in many types of potentially a brasive environments.

Or is there for often necessary top rotet them from mechanical and environment
aldamage.

There are many methods for this:

Spiral conduit : it is used to group cables together so that they do not gets
nagged.This method protection agains the atand abrasion The braided she a: flexible
braiding for example with polymide fiber soffers good protection agains the atand
abrasion

Plastic conduits: these light weight tube sprovide light mechanical protection and
chemical resistance

(PRESENTED BY SOP FODOUOP EPHATHA)

14
 IX- ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT
COMPARED TO UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT

Advantages and disadvantages of air transport compared to underground Lines are

subject to short-term interruptions more frequently than cables. However, cables
require a longer repair time than lines, which can have a detrimental effect on the
security of the system. Long-term overloads are more critical underground than above
ground. Aging cables risk being strongly affected. On the other hand, short-term
overloads are more easily supported by cables

(PRESENTED BY TAYE POM ILIASSA YAYA)

15
 X- THE ROLE OF INTERCONNECTION CENTERS IN THE
TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

The transmission of energy always remains in series with the interconnection hence
the connection of the power plants in them. Interconnection remains the operation of
connecting several lines with or without different voltage levels thanks to the power
transformer and the connection devices, which allows us to exchange energy
between regions or betweennetwork, exchange to neighboring countries (exports of
electrical energy). In Cameroon, we have as many interconnection stations such as:
Logbaba; Garoua and Bekoko, these lines of different voltages like a 110KW line
which are: Lagdo -Garoua1; Lagdo -Garoua2; Lagdo -Ngaoundere . In the absence
of interconnections, the failure of a power plant would result in the disappearance for
all customers.

(PRESENTED BY TEBOKBE WANBA)

16
 XI- DISPATCHING ROLE IN THE TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

1. Centre de répartition (dispatching national)

Dispatch center (national dispatching) This is where specialized operators monitor

and manage the electricity network, 24 hours a day. To do this, they listen to the
network in order to adjust production offers to demands of consumption.

2. Definition

Dispatching: is an organization ensuring, from a single office, the distribution of

electrical energy, the broadcasting to aircraft in flight of all institutions on the routes to
follow, etc.

3. Role
In the world of energy, dispatching, or network management, covers actions
linked to maintaining the supply-demand balance, controlling the voltage plan
and transits on national networks and European interconnections .

(PRESENTED BY VACHALADA NGANDE MAURICE)

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CONCLUSION
In summary, the transmission of electrical energy in Cameroon is managed by energy companies and
government agencies that are responsible for the production and distribution of electricity in the
country. Power transmission infrastructure uses specific technologies to transport electrical energy
across the country, but the sector faces challenges such as lack of investment and financing to
upgrade infrastructure.

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