STS Part 3: ONE HEALTH
1. Chemical Hazards
ONE HEALTH APPROACH
- Concept was created in 2004
- Design and implement programs, policies,
legislation, and research in which multiple
sectors work together to achieve better
public health outcomes
Main Working Organizations
1. World Health Organization (WHO)
2. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
3. World Organization for Animal Health
(OIE)
4. United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP)
The current pandemic has reminder us of the deep
connections between the health and the
environment. Adopting a One Health approach is
critical not only to prevent outbreaks in zoonotic
diseases, but also urgent environmental issues
including food safety and antimicrobial resistance
HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
health – a state of complete physical, mental, and
social wellbeing and not merely the absence of
disease or infirminity
wellbeing – in contrast to the state of human health,
describes a situation in which people are free to
choose to do and be what they value
GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING CO-
DETERMINE EACH OTHER
Wellness - holistic integration of physical, mental,
and spiritual well-being
- Fuels the body, engages the mind, and
nurtures the spirit
Health hazards are wellness risks which are usually
expressed as probabilities/chances
Probability of suffering harm from an agency that
can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or
damage
GENERAL CATEGORIES
1. Chemical hazards
2. Natural hazards
3. Cultural hazards
4. Lifestyle choices
5. Biological hazards
- From harmful chemicals in air, water, soil,
food, and human-made products
2. Natural Hazards
- Such as fire, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and storms
3. Cultural Hazards
- Such as unsafe working conditions, unsafe
highways, criminal assault, and poverty
4. Lifestyle Choices
- Such as smoking, making poor food choices,
drinking too much alcohol, and having
unsafe sex
5. Biological Hazards
- From more than 1400 pathogens that can
infect humans (pathogen is a biological
agent that can cause disease in another
organism)
o Bacteria
o Viruses
o Parasites
o Protozoa
o Fungi
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS THROUGH
ZOONOSES AND EMERGING DISEASES
- Zoonoses – diseases or infections that are
naturally transmissible from animals to
humans
- Health risks through deep interconnections
of human, animal, and environmental health
- 60% existing human infectious diseases are
zoonotic
- 75% of emerging infectious diseases
(including Ebola, HIV, Influenza, COVID-
19) have an animal origin
- pathogens is a biological agent that can
cause disease in another organism
SOME DISEASES CAN SPREAD FROM ONE
PERSON TO ANOTHER
1. Infectious Disease
2. Bacteria
3. Viruses
 1. Infectious Disease – when a pathogen such
as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the Role of thomasian scientists in providing clarity on
body and multiplies in its cells and tissues covid-19 pandemic in the Philippines
(tuberculosis, flu, malaria, measles)
UST CoV-2 Model
2. Bacteria – single-cell organisms are found - Epidemiological Model
everywhere. Most are harmless or beneficial. o That predicts the future behavior of a
A bacterial disease results from an infection viral pandemic by examining how it
as the bacteria multiply and spread has spread in the past
throughout the body. - NCR
o Over a tenth of the country’s
3. Viruses – are smaller than bacteria and work population lived
by invading a cell and taking over its genetic o Epidemiological center of the
machinery to copy themselves. They then Philippine pandemic
multiple and spread throughout one’s body,
causing a viral disease such as flu or AIDS What is the best vaccine?
- Immediately available
Transmissible Disease – infectious bacterial or - Prevents severe condition/symptoms
viral disease that can be transmitted from one - Prevents hospitalization
person to another. Communicable - Prevents death
Non-Transmissible Disease – caused by an ALL the FDA-approved brands guarantee these
agent/event other than a living organism and does vaccine functions
not spread from one person to another.
Noncommunicable 8 DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS
1. Emotional
INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE STILL MAJOR 2. Financial
HEALTH THREATS 3. Social
- Infectious diseases remain as serious health 4. Spiritual
threats, especially in less-developed 5. Occupational
countries 6. Physical
- Spread through air, water, food, and body 7. Intellectual
fluids 8. Environmental
- A large-scale outbreak of an infectious
disease in an area  epidemic 1. EMOTIONAL
- A global epidemic such as AIDS and - coping effectively with life and creating
tuberculosis  pandemic satisfying relationships
- Many disease-carrying bacteria have
developed genetic immunity to widely used 2. FINANCIAL
antibiotics and many disease-transmitting - Satisfaction with current and future financial
species of insects such as mosquitoes have situations
become immune to widely used pesticides
that once helped to control their populations. 3. SOCIAL
- Developing a sense of connection,
SDG 3 – Good Health and Well-Being belonging, and a well-developed support
system
COVID-19
- First case  Wuhan, China 4. SPIRITUAL
- People with pneumonia - Expanding our sense of purpose and
meaning in life
DR. RAUL DESTURA
- Local and quality pRT-PCR Detection Kit 5. OCCUPATIONAL
- Developed by Thomasian alumnus
 - Personal satisfaction and enrichment from
one’s work
6. PHYSICAL
- Recognizing the need for physical activity,
diet, sleep, and nutrition
7. INTELLECTUAL
- Recognizing creative abilities and findings
ways to expand knowledge and skills
8. ENVIRONMENTAL
- Good health by occupying pleasant,
stimulating environments that support well-
being
ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE
An important aspect of animal health and
welfare is the protection of biodiversity
- Variation of life forms within a given
ecosystem, biome, or for the entire earth
- Used as a measure of the health of biological
systems
- Current biodiversity is the product of nearly
3.5 billion years of evolution
Levels of Biodiversity
1. Ecosystem diversity
2. Species
3. Genetic
1. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
- Different habitats, niches, species
interactions
2. SPECIES DIVERSITY
- Different kinds of organisms, relationships
among species
3. GENETIC DIVERSITY
- Different genes and combination of genes in
species
HOW MUCH DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE
WORLD’S BIODIVERSITY?
- Approximately 1.7-2 million species are
named and discovered
- Estimated total: 100 million species
- The majority are yet to be discovered
HOW DID BIODIVERSITY EMERGE AND
WHERE CAN WE FIND THEM?
- Different physiochemical and climatic
conditions brought about unique and diverse
habitats
- Diverse habitats drive evolution and
contribute to species endemicity.
IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINING
BIODIVERSITY
- Provides necessary ecosystem services to
sustain human life and ecosystem balance
- Ecosystem services include
1. Supporting
2. Provisioning
3. Cultural and aesthetics
4. Regulating
- SDG 13 – climate action
- SDG 14 – life below water
- SDG 15 – life on land
EXAMPLES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
1. PROVISIONING
- Bees are important pollinators of food and
medical plants
2. SUPPORTING AND REGULATING
- Predators prevent overpopulation of grazing
animals, allowing many plant species to
recover
3. PROVISIONING AND SUPPORTING
- Coral reels provide habitat to economically
important fishes
4. CULTURAL AND AESTHETICS
- Some endemic species serves as national
symbols and are part of a country’s cultural
heritage
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
- Anthropogenic Impacts bring about
population size reductions and species
extinctions
o Hunting and overharvesting
o Habitat loss
o Pollution
o Invasive species
o Climate change
Illegal Wildlife Trade

REASONS WHY WILD NATIVE PLANTS

ARE POPULAR AND SALEABLE
1. Cheap price
2. Easy to access through online shopping
3. Short delivery duration
4. Can sometimes be available on roadsides
and garden centers
5. Practical alternative to popular exotic
species

EFFECTS OF THE CURRENT BOOM IN

NATIVE PLANTS GARDENING
1. May cause localize extinction of native
species
2. Disruption of food chains and food webs
3. Habitat destruction
4. May damage our natural heritage
5. Ethical and moral standards downgrade

BIODIVERSITY LOSS CONSEQUENCE

- Nutrition and food production
- Health research and traditional medicine
- Emergence of infectious diseases
- Climate change