1: One Health (Pandemics; Human and Non-

Human Animal Welfare)

I. ONE HEALTH
A. Definition 5. Environmental health
 global 'paradigm' for challenge- 6. Chronic diseases
driven 'teamwork' 7. Mental health
 integrated, unifying approach 8. Occupational health
 closely linked and interdependent
D. Facts
B. Aims 1. Animals play an important role in our
 aims to sustainably balance and lives (Recognizes the benefits of
optimize the health of people, human-animal bond)
animals and ecosystems  Food
 recognizes the health of humans,  Fiber
domestic and wild animals, plants,  Companionship
and the wider environment  Livelihood
(including ecosystems)  Entertainment
 mobilizes multiple sectors, 2. Human and animal health are linked
disciplines and communities to the environment.
at varying levels of society to work  Environmental changes =
together disease transmission
 foster well-being and tackle 3. Humans and animals share many
threats to health and ecosystems same diseases.
 addressing the collective need for:  Antibiotic-resistant germ can
1. clean water, energy and air, spread among people,
2. safe and nutritious food, animals, and environment
3. taking action on climate
changes and contributing to E. Quadripartite one health joint
sustainable development. plan of action
1. Food and Agriculture Organization of
C. Issues the United Nations
1. Zoonotic diseases 2. UN Environmental Programme
2. Antibiotic resistance 3. World Health Organization
3. Food safety and security 4. World Organisation for Animal Health
4. Vector -borne diseases

II. ANIMAL WELFARE

A. Definition
 how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives
 in a good state of welfare if:
1. healthy, 5. able to express innate
2. comfortable, behavior,
3. well-nourished, 6. not suffering from unpleasant
4. safe, states

VMED 101. Animal Welfare 2nd Semester 2324 | ipluna

 B. Reasons
1. Often based on human self-interest, e.g.:
 animals “properly” slaughtered have ”better” meat quality
 properly treated work animals live longer
 Well-treated pets (kept outside of the house) have and therefore, are more fun
2. Our times characterized by a swing of the pendulum
 from pampering of pets,
 the rise of the animal rights movement, and
 to a realization that pandemics are tied to animal or non-human animals

III. EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Epidemiology - study of epidemics.
 Outbreaks - violent start of something unwelcome such as a war, disease, etc.
 Epidemics - widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time;
any undesirable phenomena; Epi = “among”, “close to”, “in proximity” | Demia = population,
people
 Pandemics - an epidemic affecting a whole country or the world.
 Endemic - occurring frequently in a particular region or population; eg. CoViD-19

A. The Plague/ Black Death B. Small Pox/Red Plague

 Caused by bacteria, Yersinia pestis  Caused by Variola virus; killed
 Zoonotic, transmitted through: millions through the centuries
1. rat fleas  16th C in CN: variolation (using
2. contact with infected tissues pustules from an infected person)
3. inhalation of infected for prevention
respiratory droplets  PH: imposed mass vaccination
 Two clinical manifestations: (20,000), inspections, border
1. Bubonic, refers to the controls, vaccines using animals
inflamed lymph nodes (cattle).
(buboes).  declared globally eradicated in
2. Pneumonic, when lungs are 1980
invaded  Balmis expedition 1803-1806
 Three pandemics of the Plague sponsored by Carlos IV of Spain:
1. 6th cent (25 M); 1. smallpox inoculated onto
2. 1349-1353 (75-200 M) – witches?; Spanish children to bring to
3. 19th-20th centuries (12 M); Mexico and Latin America
Philippines: last report in 1912 2. Mexican children inoculated
for another voyage to the
Philippines and China.
3. Vaccination boards
established at every port, and
copies of a booklet on
variolation were left behind

VMED 101. Animal Welfare 2nd Semester 2324 | ipluna

 C. Cholera
 Caused by bacteria Vibrio cholerae
 diarrheal disease with high fatality
 Spread through contaminated
water, eating undercooked
shellfish living in affected
waterway
 more common with urbanization
 The American authority in the
Philippines:
1. burning down houses of the
poor, if there was an infected
person
2. the rich had their houses
sprayed with disinfectant
3. drove people to flee to the
countryside, which further
spread the disease
E. Subsequent Flu Pandemics
Flu Pandemic Year (s) Deaths
“Asian flu” 1957- 1.1 M
(H2N2) ’58
“Hongkong 1968- 4M
flu” (H3N2) ’69
‘Swine flu” 2009- 151,700 to 575,000 (80
(H1N1 novel) ’10 % in younger age grou
ps)
F. Coronavirus Pandemics
 1960 - a coronavirus identified as
one of the viruses causing the
common cold
 2002 - SARS. SARS-CoV1 (originally
SARS-Cov). 774 deaths
 2012 - MERS-Covid.
 2019 - Covid-19. Caused by SARS-
CoV2.
 Zoonotic spillovers:
1. Etiologic agents crossed
species barrier, from animals
to humans.
2. 2009 flu virus also went from
humans to animals
3. reverse zoonosis/ “back spill”
– more on this next meeting
4. Viruses and microorganisms
travel as fast as animals do.
5. 20th century pandemics have
spread so much more rapidly
D. Recent Influenza Pandemics
 1918 “Spanish flu” (inaccurate
term) H1N1. Driven by World War I.
 Virus started as an avian flu
 3 waves: the last one in 1920-
21,relatively mild
 “Mother of all flu pandemics” –
those that circulate seasonally are
“descendants” of the 1918
influenza A virus
 Pigs are “mixing vessels” – can be
infected by both avian and human
influenza viruses, with more
virulent pathogens emerging
Notes
Mixed age group; disappeared
mostly elderly; continues to circulate
misnomer because it was an avian strain passed
to humans, who then passed on to swine;
virus still circulates
because of the speed of
human travel.
Dr. Wu Lien-Teh (1879-1960) - the Manchurian
Pneumonic Plague and “Wu” masks, the
forerunner of N95 mask
G. Rinderpest/Cattle Plague
 Governments knew the political
costs of failing to control both
human and animal epidemics.
 was considered one of the US
colonial occupation’s early
victories in public health (and
public relations)
 Reason why the UP CVM was
established!
 Impact greatest for farmers whose
carabaos were saved
 Global eradication declared as of
June 2011
VMED 101. Animal Welfare 2nd Semester 2324 | ipluna
IV. IMPORTANCE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
A. Philippines’ Constraints
1. Demographic: Large population,
mostly young, congested urban
poor slums.
2. Geographic: Resources for
transport between islands
3. Safety nets: Lack of safety nets
which complicated response for
the poor and vulnerable, e.g.,
unemployment insurance, health
financing,
4. PhilHealth (Philippine Health
Insurance Corporation) plagued by
corruption and plunder; owes
private hospitals at least P21 billion
B. Philippine Public Health System
1. Research was neglected until
recently (need for establish a
Center for Disease Prevention and
Control and a Virology Institute)
2. Majority of human & vet medicines
are imported
3. Need to boost the preventive
aspects like providing health
education, immunization
campaigns, etc.
C. Strong Military (fear tactics and
threats)
1. can backfire, mainly by causing
people to go “underground”
2. Harder contact tracing and
treatment of patients
D. Political agenda may get in the
way
 HMD (Hoof and Mouth Disease)
rather than the internationally
accepted term FMD (Foot and
Mouth Disease)

V. BIOWARS/POLITICAL WARS

A. Accusations of “leakages” of
SARS-CoV2 from biological labs have C. Effective health education
been part of the new Cold War between messages
China and the US 1. clearly explained; countering the
infodemic (plague of
B. Microorganisms with pandemic misinformation and disinformation)
potential have in fact been studied 2. Positive, encouraging people for
healthy behavior
as part of biological warfare 3. Doaable and practical
1. Rinderpest 4. Based on science
2. Anthrax

VI. MAJOR BLIND SPOT: VENTILATION

A. Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV
 confirmed as a significant risk in March 2020 (in Japan) and global (June 2020)
 slow responses from international authorities, and even slower in the Philippines
 Only two HVAC (heat, ventilation, air conditioning) Engineers in the Philippines

B. Necklace air purifiers

 required by Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia
 PSMID and DOH say they are useless
VMED 101. Animal Welfare 2nd Semester 2324 | ipluna
C. During the 1918 flu pandemic
 doctors advocated open air treatment, with patients treated outdoors
 same principle with TB sanitaria before anti-TB drugs were developed.

Sanmitsu - avoid: closed spaces w/poor ventilation; crowds,; close-contact

VMED 101. Animal Welfare 2nd Semester 2324 | ipluna