NAME: Collin Jasper C.

Pachingel DATE ACCOMPLISHED: January 26, 2022

DEGREE AND SECTION: BSN-1C SCORE: _______________________________

ANSWER SHEET FOR EVALUATION SHEET NO. 1 FROM LECTURE 1 (SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY)

I. Part 1
a. As the active component, a microorganism such as a bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan can
control a wide range of pests, however each active ingredient is rather specialized for its target
pest. There are fungi that control weeds and others that kill specific insects.
b. Microorganisms decompose organic materials to recycle nutrients in the environment.
Decomposing bacteria break down organic items like animal carcasses and tree trunks, and they're
also in charge of getting rid of industrial and residential garbage. Microbes consume nutrients and
chemical compounds available in the environment for their own life through a process known as
biodegradation.
c. The normal microbiota is the community of bacteria that live on healthy people's skin and mucous
membranes. The normal microbiota acts as a first line of defense against microbial infections, aids
digestion, and aids immune system maturation.
d. Microorganisms are the backbone of wastewater treatment systems and anaerobic digesters,
where they remove pollutants and pathogens, recover nutrients and energy, and generate clean
water.
e. Recombinant DNA is a technique discovered by scientists that allows a human gene to be inserted
into the genetic material of a common bacteria. The protein represented by the human gene might
now be produced by this "recombinant" microbe. The gene is then used by the recombinant
bacteria to start manufacturing human insulin.
f. Vaccines are created from dead or inactive microorganisms that are incapable of causing illness.
The antigen in the vaccine matches the antigen on the disease-causing microbe's surface. The
vaccination causes the body to develop antibodies against the vaccine's antigen.
g. By providing protection and boosting the bacterium's ability to live and evolve in the plant
environment, biofilms provide survival sites for both helpful and opportunistic harmful bacteria.
II. Critical thinking
1. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, was one of the first to enunciate the doctrine of spontaneous
genesis, the idea that life might emerge from nonliving elements. According to Aristotle, life can
arise from nonliving matter if it has pneuma ("vital heat").
2. They could see how dirty they were and when they didn’t disinfect their hands after each patient,
they thought that they might be transmitting infections from one patient to another. They both
wanted to have a healthier staff for their patients.
3. People used to believe that disease was the result of someone's sins because they believed that
living things exist spontaneously. It wasn't until Louis Pasteur and Koch confirmed the
biogenesis theory by performing several experiments to prove that living cells are produced only
from another living cell that they realized disease was the result of someone's sins. This
supported the germ hypothesis of illness, which states that disease is caused only by microbes or
germs.
4. Acetobacter aceti chocolate
Acetobacter aceti vinegar
Acetobacter cerevisiae beer
 5. Tuberculosis XDR. Three reasons are new technology is always being developed to aid in the
detection of new illnesses, [people are arriving from other nations, and we are catching illnesses
from them, and diseases are evolving.

III. Clinical Application

1.
a. Penicillin was used to treat the infection. It would not have been cured with penicillin if it had
been arthritis; nevertheless, the rash and condition were treated with penicillin, hence it was not
arthritis.
b. Lyme disease is a bacterial illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia. If left untreated, it can cause
stiffness and joint discomfort.
c. Because the disease-transmitting bug or tick is more abundant during those months. Young ticks
thrive during this period, feeding on animals and speeding up the transmission of illness.

2. When Lister received an article by Louis Pasteur indicating that rotting happens when
microorganisms are present, he was a professor of surgery at the University of Glasgow. Pasteur
disproved the misconception that rotting was a natural process by demonstrating the importance
of germs. Pasteur proposed three strategies for eliminating these microorganisms:
1. filtration
2. being exposed to heat
3. chemical solutions exposure

After reading Pasteur's study, Lister hypothesized that wound infections may be caused by
germs, like Pasteur's rotting germs. Lister was motivated by Pasteur's study to conduct
experiments to discover if bacteria in wound infections might be eliminated by chemical
treatments (method 3). He played about with carbolic acid (phenol), which was used to deodorize
sewage water at the time. In 1867, Lister discovered that phenol reduced the frequency of
gangrene in wounds, and he published his findings.

Koch's studies in the 1870s shown that specific germs may cause specific illnesses. For example,
he worked on Vibrio cholerae, the cholera-causing bacteria. Koch was one of the first to isolate
these bacteria and grow them on agar plates to study them in a pure culture setting.