INTRODUCTION TO PIPING STRESS Tne inyjacs of highs piping steesses on operating pipin stems can be dramatic and costly. Yet for mane pip: ig designers, piping sires analysis is the werstood ares of piping knowledge. 4 thoroue! st ly analysed phant will last longer and be more cost effective. Neglecting the impact ofthe weight uf pipe and 1 thermal expansion of hot pipe can cause six: cant maintenance problems. Some examples of typ ical maintenance problems due to high piping stress ae the Following + Pump bearings wearing out th tures, © Flanges leaking flammable liquids. + Pipe permanently deforming. ine cracks developing in vessel and nae re The piping layout designer and the stress engineer ¢ work together as a team during the design cycle, “This team is critical successful stress analysis. tis critical because the solulion 10 many pipe stess pry Jems is an adjustment of the pipe layout. This chapter's purpose is (0 reduce the cycle tine beoween the layout designer's proposed layout an! the stress engineer's approved layout. This seainn wilh accomplish this goal by providing stress buekxrour| ind! easily used stress analysis tools to the designer. Using these tools will assure the designer shat his or her proposed layout will need title oF no revision hecause of a stress engineer's comments. We define pipe siress as the force per unit area lied to the cross-section of a piping component. En. neers Iypically express stress in pounds per spin incl (psi) Many of the codes limit the design siesson cearbon stect pipe w 20000 ps or less. This limit associated with stress clue to pressure and weight. This allowable cin change based on attached ejuipment, temperstures, load applications, and many exer fa CHAPTER Stress Analysis sors. Som allow stresses express in this «ty ter are not aulressed oe defied ye the cove, Ro we chone some of these fower Knits «sity, costcfective, piping kaye Before going farther with sess frst adress he work process analysis ise be PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS WORK PROCESS ‘here are many steps in understanding how to ka aa plant with minimal piping, sites revisions, The step is to understand the work process on a projet ‘The steps the designer takes w assure quality stress alysis during the design of a petrochemical plant ina. vary. The steps vary with the size ana con! of the plant, Client requiremems also can alflect the ‘work process. The process described in the followin steps isa rypical process fora plant design resalting in 3,000 isometries. Other processes may wark equally well. Ueshibit 16-1 shows that dhe frst tep in the stress ysis work process is to identity the fines on the crt lines list The critical Fines list st lis of tine numbers ahat are fkely to receive formal cateulaions by the stress engineer. THis list of lines is important t9 the designer. It Identifies those lines that have the most potential for layout revision requests. The revision requests typically come feom he strexs engineer on the project. The designer will usually apply the tech niques describe later tthe fines in the critical fines lis. Whe shes eniweet oorealy spp lines fst, AC times the critical Hines fst nc The designer exe shen ase the following uedctine he crn fines, The designer woes the fest table fr Fines aitiched to rotating eqaipmeat, suct as pumps, 389390 EXINBIT 16-1 vipe Steess Work Proceds Flow Diagram Attochment A: Pipe Stress Work Process Flow Diagram at ae Revie Review 30 Seer on Melt an ‘Conenp ‘Sober Seder Schane sas shown ia Exhibit 16-2. He uses the second table for all other lines ay indicated in Exhibit 163. Because pumps are more sensitive t pipe loading than other equipment, pump lives are often more difficult to lay out, Many of the lines on a critical Hines list will be Duin suction apd dlietawrge fines, “To read the chart, the designer aligns the pipe size (not the nozzle size) and the upset dine temperature. Tithe intersection of the wu lines is not in the shade! svar het the fine iy erica Stress Isomietrics The stress engineer Uses the stress isometries 10 serve as thy bntsis fora Formal calculation. The piping layout designer draws the preliminary Isometries as shown in enti Woe The creat of dese Sometries iS the step in he work process that requifes most Of the designer's stress knowiedge. A good layout at this stage reduces turnaround time between the stress group and the design group. Analysis and Revision ‘the stress engineer will usually analyze exitical lines wil computer: Over de last decade, the piping in dusty fas made significant progress in. comput aided engineering (CAE) programs. The CAF Drogas have resuked in stress engineers analyzing, increasing amounts of linear footage. Stress engineers sre also performing more iterations of analysis on the same stress isometrie Lower costs in computer equip nent and inerewsing, hardware performance: ae the primary reasons for this inereased level of analysis, ‘What is the impact to the designer? The impact és more eco op391 revisions 1 his or her original design as the steess engineer attempis (0 improve the computer results. This step in the work process requires close teamwork Derween the designer and the resppasible area stress engin Conceptual Studies ‘The piping layout designer will generate conceptual conhographic drawings (planning studies) based on ‘Root layout practice and the recommendations of the pipe sess engineer. The plant design supervisor cr- culates these docunients to the other disciplines. ‘The engineer will often write requests on this doc- # for adltional steel, alitional nozate reinforce: mien, cette! pipe support locattons, and other itens, Refer to Eshibit 9 for an example of a “panning, study.” Feedinaek frm the different engineering ce sign ReOUpS coNcUMing stress analysis KeqUests. nsxy the designer's piping layout, 1p to thi point the stress engincer has reviewed EXHIBIT 16-2 Pipe Steess Review xiveria Rotating Equiparent Piping lines, The concepaual study contains layouts for noacrtical as well ay eritial lines. There fore, the layout designer may reccive a stress engl- racers feeuback on the aoneritical lines at this the authors designed the tools given in this chapter to reduce this feedhiack to a nuinimum, ‘Theee-Dimensional (3-D) Modeling ‘he 3 designer builds the 3D models based on the approved conceptual studies. The designer includes the pipe supports in the model. Ar this point, revisions to layout due to siress problems are unust Isometric traction and Approval Plant design extracts the isometries from the 3.1 clec tronic motel automatically. The isamettic checker re views each Isometric. ‘the stress engineer then signs caf on the isomeric, The extracted isomettic also in: Process Plant Layout and Piping Desig. ress Analmw ° . 3 } , BOF ; @ | 3°. @ | e | | { . Hl i | ei e@ ‘EXHIBIT 16-3 ° i Pipe: Review i (Crlteria. Ali Piping Except e | e Pipe Slzo (Nominal Diamaten) IMPACY'S OF EXCESSIVE PIPE STRESS We have diseusest wiiy stress analysis is important We Tuve also reviewed! the work provess steps the designer and tly: stwess engineer take to accomplish {quality stress alysis. The next step is 40 addsess tive siress analyst specifically looks for when snalyeing pipe. ‘Ihis section will provide the basis Yor Understanding what stress analysis tools the lay out designer shoul use when performing. piping lesign, The fullowinyg parsigiaphs discuss the three basic sey of problents that the stress engineer faces, These vblexas are oscrstressed piping components, | wersteessed vessel iezlen, and everloeding the now } Aes on mechanical equiprsccn, There are a wide va | ety of ores problians that he MFeNs engineer | aaddresses on a typical petrochemical projec. How: | «ver, these tice types of problems are often the cust ' i | lor piping tayout revisions Process Plaat Layout and Piping Desig Hi oi °, @| \ eo 1 1 o| Overstressing Piping Components 1 The first item a stress engineer avoids is oversiressing «a piping component. Various forces aet on a pipe from its own weight, thermal grow, wind, and other © ceases. AS the forces are applied, the piping system begins to deflect or sag. The more forces, the more the eo pie detects. The greater the pipe deflection, the higher the stress becomes in the pipe material. Once } the stress in the pipe reaches a maximum limit, the these eaves, the standard specification defines the al Nawal These alfiwcahle forces on mechanical ceeprnient ovale often result ia-an eqguivalent pipe stress tt is a salt, This equusattent pipe stress is typically a si pie. ther piping layout that imum allowable neer on a typical Petuctentid jeecct spends much of his time on portion nt tie allowable stress for tl Hay sonevines thunk 19 sieve oll satisty the memnnlaterer’s ay vey on a noerle. ‘The sttess eng CAUSES OF PIPE STR SS, here are neany euses Uf pipe stress in a piping +> tom, The Gs ment Cannon cases are weight and” a ar Pa al Pd De thermal causes, These QO GausES are also Ihe pws! ‘common reson for loads on eqaipimeste nee Weight Weight causes the pipe t© sag, which puts stress inte the piping materia and forces pnto equipment oz. vies. Proper spacing and desiga of supports, and care- {ul auention wo concentrated foads ean take care ot muosc eeviglie pele. ‘Thermal Whew a piece of pipe gets hot, grows. The pipe itself physically becomes longer as the temperature af the Pipe material gets hoiter. As the pipe grows it pushes sinst the noes and supports that restrain it from fvicing, Wal act improperly stressanalyzed system, this “pushing” will cause pump bearings to wear out quicker, vessel nozzles (0 leak, and perhaps even the Dipe OF vessels themselves to upture. AIO, the re- straint of shis growth causes the pipe to deflect i liections different from an unrestrained pipe. his Getleetion canses adaitionat st ess fo the Other tive frst ewer ges of pipe stress problems vate mnt oF the pipe stress elfort, However, dere are exter Canes, The following paragraphs Hist some ol these ‘Wine pushing on a pipe can exert lage forces on poping, system, Exhibit 165 shows dhe approsinate Jones exerted on different pipe sizes 100 fe above sound during hurrieaye force wind of 75 miles et howe mph Vives lols inerease with higher elevations of pie sud with insulated pipe. The Code requires thas the esigner considers the wind te the desige oF pipitet stems, Wind! loading tha eeaehes 70-mph is rot wi evcccecccccccccccce Mm 2 2 © 8 9 © @eooee | @ © © @O 0 eo .ou 395 TXINBIT 16.5 Wind Force on Pipe NOMINAL DIAMETER 7 3 4 6 wo on wh ‘BIND FORCE UBAIN I oe 012016 22 _hay_ a_i 850mm usual. Piping guides and anchors res ing on the piping system. ‘The petrochemical piping codes require that the cle- signer considers the loads due to earthquakes. The Code allows a simplified version of seismic analysis for ‘petrochemical plants, otherwise known as a static anal- ysis. For areas of high earthquake activity, static analysis usually results in lateral loads that are about a third of the piping system weight, Pipe support engineers de- sign pipe anchors and guides to resist these forces. ‘There are some dynamic loads that a petrochemical stress engineer encounters regularly. Pulsation Joad- ing due to reciprocating compressors Is a common stress concern, The back-and-forth motion of the com> pressor pistons compresses the gas, The compressor pushes the gas into the piping system in pulses. The ppulses usually happen around six times a second. This ‘means that the pulsing frequency is six pulses per second. As a tuning fork has a natural vibrating fre ‘quency, every piping system has a natural vibrating Frequency. If the piping system natural frequency is the same as the compressor pulsing frequency, lange piping deflections occur. The stress engineer strives to ‘make the piping system frequency different from the compressor pulsing frequency by adding and subtract- ing supports, the wind lod LAYOUT SOLUTIONS FOR WEIGHT STRESS Pipe stress engineers cin resolve most weight problems by the addition of pipe supports. Fi Piping liyout designer, this solution may change t outing of the piping system. Layout problems due to weight stress typicaly arise for piping systems that the designer has elevated, The pipe stress ‘easily suppont systems that are close to the zou! by using foundations or pawing, When the piping layout is higher than 6 fi, the stress engineer usually supports fom existing strucwures. Therefore, the kyo de signer must route the piping system clase to these structures. Except piperacks, a designer will want to avoid a situation in which construetion would h thuild a structure to support one oF two lines So, how often does a designer have to provitle pie support access to an existing structure? What is the allowable span for piping systems? The answers to these questions depend on the way the designer routes che system, the size of the pipe, the contents af the pipe, the pipe material, the temperature of the pipe, the insilation on the pipe, what the pipe con eats 10, andl several other Factors For oue purposes here, we will ake conser’ assumptions about many of these variables. Let us fi cus on the dlfferent types of pipe routing tne the st pact different pipe sizes have on the span. ‘ii signer will use diferent piping, spans for caf size of pipe for three hasic types of pipe routing. ‘These three wypes of routing, are piperack spans, beat spans, shel unsupport Speans Piperack Pipe Allowable Spans The first ype Die that i of pipe routing typirally encountered r ‘continuously supported.” This is the type ‘of routing associated with pipes in it piperack, Hy con ] «1 e[ a] [elu] [|| a swe fol a[n|o[s[~fasfs[ofolsls[s[a]o 1 Caeulaions of pipe spas ate based on the following 1 theough 6" pipes, Wall Thickness Schedule 40 ‘through 12" pipes, Wall Thickness Schedule 30 4 through 2¢ piges, Wall Thickness Schedule 20 ‘The table axsumes ha pipes ae filled wath water and lute for 407 The spans inthe table above ae lke by longlnal henge of <= 910 al by accept pipe deletion beaween wappaics determina (om past experience. 41 Supporting ofthe end span of coowiaious run of pine In the main pipensy shal be given spe wal consideration, raphs will determine how long the other pieces of aE Dipe in the system need to be, EXHIBIT 16-10 Unsupported Overhang Determining the Thermal Growth of a Pipe The first step is to determine the amount of pipe skfowih ina given direction for a piping system. This, Calculation (8 in wo pans, First, determine the ten perature to use, Second, determine the everall prowsh beuween the anchors for esch global direction (north. south, east-west, and up-down), ‘Temperatures to use Choosing the correct temper- ature is critical 10 successful stress analysis, For pre- liminary layout purposes, the designer should use the operating temperature for piping attached to rotating ‘equipment nozzles, For other piping systems, the de- signer should use the maximum upset temperature ‘inforninatcly, the docomentation of all empers: ture cases is not always available at the prclin Piping layourt stage, If this isthe ease, use the temper ature shown on the process flow diagrams. Typically, the design temperatures shown on pieces of equip ment are too conservative for this fon. Process Plant Layout and Piping, De Sires hnatyateOVERHRNG-FT TIT 16-1 © Unsupported Ov crags Atiowabte Span SCHED. 49 CURVES Sree wy ie rede OVERHANG-FI cerve Wh aie war ceocccvcccccce em 2 > ° » @ @ee401 EXINBIT 16-12 Piping System Showings, “Thece Dilfeeent Span types Growth charts Once the designer temperature, he or she goes to the growth charts. Th designer must know the temperature andl the materia Checking the Piping Layout on Rotating ofthe pipe. With the temperature and the material thc Tipment lesignet looks up the growth per 100 linear ft of pipe + determine the amount of leg need to satisfy the sence Exhibit 16-5). Imp nove allowables, the designer mus Hirst kar 1 Plant Layout and Piphig Desig. Stress Analysts| EXHIBIT 16-13 Supporting Concenteated Loads gunna berate the neazale allowable loads, Once the designer knows ‘he cotating eqaipment allowable loads, he can enter a seanograph and determine the amount of keg needed! satis eae Tes Rotating Fayuipment Note Allowable Yoads As ts cused are, the designer should use the equipment manufacturers publisid allowable loads, Hotrever, these fads may not fe avaiable at dhe “planning © of piping layout For this example, we will make the fallen asoumption. The maxiniam allowable fram ean einen oes 0) (the pominal nozzle size), ‘The maximum limit for ‘the allowable load is 2000. Example of Silowables Calculation 300# RE, CS nozzle 200% 2 = 400 Ib likin, 150# RE, CS nozzle 200 X 18 = 3,600 Ib, exceecds the allowable limit, Use 2000 Ib, Process Plant Lavon andl Piping D The maximum allowable foree on east iron equip ‘ment nozzle is (50 Ib) x (nominal nozzle size). The Jimi is 500 Ib Example of Allowables Calculation 4in, 1254 FF, Cl nozzle 50 x 4 = 200 Ib 12 in, 250# FF, CI nowe 50 x 12 = 600 Ib, exceeds the allowable lim Use $00 Ib. Rotating Equipment Nozzle Example Calculation * ‘This section describes how to determine the pipe length requiced for achieving a flexible pump layout (Reference Exhibit 16-16 for example diagram.) Step 10 Caleutate the allowable force on the pump, (10in pump nozzle) x (200) = 2,000 Ib maximum force allowed Sep 20 Calculate the expansion in the north souls direction The 15 f 6 in legis the only run in the north-south lirection, (Reference Exhibit 16-15 for thermal growth table.) 115 f6 in) X (0.046) = 0.713 in expansion Step 3.0 Calculate the total absorbing legs that are 90° es ie 15 eon leg. These legs are the east-west leg (11 £0) hus Ue vertical feg (7 £3 in). Due to the rigid valves and nozzles in the system, neglect the 6°87 vertical ley wwailable absorbing legs = (11 ft) + (7H Sin = BRB in 40 y the chart shown in exhibit 16-17 to determine it Absorbing Jeg required is less than the toral awa: absorbing legs determined earlier, Refer 1 the numbers on the chart eocccecccccccceds ee eec0a403 EXHIBIT 16-16 Pump Piping step 41 On the Force scale locate the maximum allowed force on pump nozzle: 2,000 Ib. (point 4:1) Step 42 ‘On the Total Thermal Expansion scale locate expan sion in inches: 0793 in, (poim 4.2) Step 43 ‘Draw a line from point 4.1 10 point 4:2. Where this line crosses the Pivot Line, locate point 43. Step 44 ‘On the Nominal Pipe Diameter scale, locate the line size 12 in. When the schedule of the pipe is other than the standard weight, use the Pipe Moment of Inertia scale. sup 45 ‘Draw line (rom Point 43 on the Pivot Line to point 44 on the Nomins} Pipe Diameter scale. This hocates point 4.5 on the Pipe Length scale. Read 23 fon the Pipe Len scale asthe minimum required absorb ing pipe length ee EXHIBIT 16-15 Thermal Growth Chart Table Notes 1 Carbon stel (CS.) = Carbon-maly steels hrough 39% Ce} 2 Yow chicane (Cs, = Hresmistte alloy tes (5% Ce. through 9% Ce. Mo.) 4 Ili chome (5LCr) = suri VER Cry 18 CS an 2% Ce Le, [ater cs [os 1.099" 0009 [sin T aon 0017 | oa fimn fob | orm | oar cts | 083 fiaon | oxen | oom [ome ‘tox [oon Mao one [over Loe aon [oo fifo | oni | ovr cost [00g piven’ [oun [over [ ovo s,_| ter, | wer. ‘0067 [ 00st [ 0056 ‘oom | 007 | once Incr of grosth per ee hx Process Plant Layout and Piping Design, siress Analysis404 within the ngsinnu norale. ‘the 6-4" vertical may De sutlicient flexibility, despite the presence of rigicl valves Frcs Plant ayant rnd Paphig Design Calculation for Pump Piping Seep 5.0 requited for the expan: The 1 ft leg is the only rection: (118) X (0046) = 0.506 in expansion, Fok low the procedure described In steps 3.0 and 4.0 co Find the minimum required absorbing pipe length (21 ty >;405 “and Piping Deaton, Sires Aa abe a “Vien Ewe — 3 Zz _wikeren Bdidqeninen “Aare aaa on A SNA Lone Wwraare. | 3 Gt See “a cS OR | HO; “RS z 40 ao 220'°| . | st” < =3 _beeve | -} b= ES: | a, 4 oo / | af 2 2 mers - 7 | = Do eee ve | et * : eo | oi a — 2o a Zz -—-T 4 oe 2 aoe bo = . No 6 FR oo 3 7 + eos: ” ws . é AGE ae ot at ort # : ont ae ol ecog en g| Se 24) 2 Bl weet. a» 2 2 a 7 2] ecm £ : B | coe ne | cece Pp 2 3: ae L B= | cco t fF 3 BE Beidd data ho eee ant oniniediad ted Leio' | 406 sep Oo cloulate the absorbing leg, required (or the expan: sion leg in the vertical direction, Ct Via} & GHB In) + (7 HS in) + C4 i) (OMG) = 1828 ft Follow the procedure described in steps 3.0 and 40 to find tae minimum resuircd absorbing pipe length 501), Checking the Piping Layout on Omer = Henwunt of leg needed to satisly the allowables, the designer must first know (Owable vessel nozzle loads. Once the designer hnows the allowable Yoads, he or she can eniter a no- mograph and determine the amount of leg needed 10 ssuisly the loads Vessel equipment nozzle allowable loads The ma unum allowable load ow a nozzle Of a vessel is ex: pressed in sess. Hatlier, we expressed the rotating equiproem allowables is pounds, However, far this seein it is uselul to express vessel nozzle allowable si pounds per quae inch oF stress. The maximum allowable stress on a steel equip seu eal iy 4,009 ps Vessel equipment nozzle example calculation “This seutint describes how to deterinine the pipe length Feynned tor achieving 2 hexthte piping Fayour that wall have a anininium impact on the attached vessels. Ref: rence Exinbit 16-10 for the exainple diageam, Seep 10 Deterjuine the wnount ofespansivt in the north-south direction, The distance to consider is from the an- chored side of the exchanger to the centerline of the venical vase! Rehvsence Exits 16-15 forthe thermal growth Goble, TDN) A ADOBGSY 6 (20H 4 SH) x CONOR) + (02) ® (00065) = 0.1790 in Proweas Pla rayon anal Piptng Bestar Step 20 Next, determine she length of the absorbing legs. The ‘wo legs 90 to the north-south expansion are the cast west leg (25 f0) plus the vertical legs (80 {0 + 4M) ‘oral available absorbing legs = (25 f) + (80 R + 4 ft) = 109 ft Step 30 : Given these numbers and the known allowable of 14 (00 psi for vessel nozzles, we can now enter the nomograph shown in Exhibit 16-19 and determine if the available absorbing legs we summed earlier is suf- ficient Step 3.0 On the pipe sicess scale locate the maximum atoms able stress on the steel equipment: 14,000 psi (poin au) step 3.2 ‘On the ‘Fotal Thermal Expansion scale locate the ‘expansion in inches: 0,179 in (point 3. step 33 Draw a line from point 3.1 10 point 3.2. Where this, line crosses the Pivot Line locate point 33. sep 3-4 (On the Nominal Pipe Diamerer seale locate the size: 30 in (point 3.4), step 3.5 Draw a line from point 3.3 on the Pivot Line t© point 34on the Nominal Pipe Diameter scale. "this locates point 35 om the Pipe Lenggh scale, Read 18 fon the Pipe Length scale as the minimum required absorb: pipe length, Sup 40 Now we determine the amount of expansion in the ceastovest direction. The 18 f legis the only run in the ceastowest direction, f) x (0003) = 0.075 expansion, Say - 0.1 10.099 900090808280900P —-@--0-0--0.-0—0-.0--0~.0..€ )\ @7e-0-0-0-€ \407 EXHIBIT 16-18 Example Theemal Calculation for Vessel Siping pire pecan waveeeiae, #0 Step $.0 ’ Follow the procedure describe in step 3.0 to deter mine that the minimum required absorbing pipe engl és 13 ft Step 60 ‘The last step is 10 determine the vertical expansion and its Impact on the vessel nozzles. (20 1) * (0.046) + (30 A) * (W027) 4 (25) (00065) ~ (80 ft + 4 fy) x (0003) ~ (6M) x (0.0065) = 1.6015-in expansion Follow the procedure descsibedl in step 30. the ‘ninimum required absorbing. pipe length i852 ft "The wwailable absorbing leg is (20 (0) + (2510) + 5 ft = 50 H These abutting legs are smalls than the mininnwnn Process Plant Enyout wad Piping Design, ress Analysisyr VEC CT TC CTC re ee coereccccce cen s 8a Bape | ea ere aniigne = eee ia NEES ZaTTRT : i a 2 ween 4 oosks ost € oe ete 4 eotiy “oO ! ? ecctr . Leo Oe : Le mre | ° [= ad 6 oot ao < an 3 cosy Ls. i 3 ao LATS pr? i i ‘ ‘ = Bo fect “ | cio} 3 eo eres a | cz o econ | b# me Yooc's, | E- 2 oor 1 Eo E 2 een bs —s - re e008 re | I § ONGd “Bann BO INERT SL BIN ALES: Tos tI? | |required pipe length. Therefore, sll st leagt2 fin dhe sorth-south or east-west direction tobe within the: imum allowable stress on sieel equipment nozzles. Checking the Piping Layout in Piperacks ‘This section will describe how to size a piperack loop. ‘The first step is to determine the location of the an- pT Te y= >= [= p= pas » ls jo ja fas fw ja fos [° w | jo fo fo as @ [» |s [« [~ [ew [m [om [om [aw | | 20 | 20 |aw | a0 Step 22 Draw a tine fron thy pipe size (assume 6-n pipe) fon the Kadius of Gytation (46) line through the in tenection on tie Reference Line. Bxtend this Hine theouigh the Length of Leg (4) line, Read the £ di: mension of 16 ft ‘This 1s the allowable span for a steel pipe wil uy concentra weights step 23 iharly, check cacl of the portions of the pipe ovalings for the correct spa. heel Stress the Jing Layout for Wind Depending oa the legion of the pia the designer ‘can design pipang systems o withstand! more than 100: tuph winds, The designer must plice guides on the pipe at Intervals to help brace the piping sys fem, Piping. systems lsat (evel down vertical columns, we particulily susceptible 1 vibrations because of gh winds. To prevent tbis vibration, the igner nist place guldes on the pipe at intervals smaller than the guide spacing for horizontal pipe Layout suggestions for reducing wind stress Al: ‘tough most wind guides placed in a system have litle impact on proposed piping routing, vertical pipe on columns requires some special consideration, Guides oon vertical pipe are physically larger than guides on hhosizontal pipe. Also, the guide spacing is smaller on vertical pipe than on horizontal pipe. Therefore, the piping layout designer must carefully consider where the support designer will place the guides. Some col nn piping such as overhead vapor lines are large, therefore generating large lateral loads, These loads ‘can result in very large steuctural guides that may im pede access on column platforms. Exhibit 16:24 isa suggested spacing char for guides ‘on vertical column piping, Also provided for compar- ison is the spacing chart for horizontal lines. The pip: ing layout designer should consult with the pipe support designer to contirm dhe guide locations. This shoal happen ducing the preliminary layout phase of the piping desig. ¥,. of eo? @ a en