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Scanned with CamScannerExample 7.2 What will be the expected fringe shift on the basis of stationary ether hypothesis in Michelson-Morley experiment if the effective length of each path is 8 m and wavelength of light used is 3000 A. Given v =3x10* m/s. [GGSIPU, Dec. 2013 (2.5 marks)] Solution. Given d=8m, 2=8000A=8.00x10-"m, c=3x10% m/s, v=3x10'm/s The fringe shift in Michelson-interferometer experiment is 2Qdv? __2x8xBx10*)? An (3x108)? x(8x10~ =2.x108 «10716 x10” =2.0%107 Example 7.3 Calculate the expected fringe shift in a Michelson-Morley experiment ifthe d path is 2 metres and light has wavelength 6000 A. Given v =3x10* m/s, c=3x10° m/s Scanned with CamScanner378 ENGINEERING PHYSICS - 1 Solution. Given d=2m, v=3x104m/s, 2.=6000A=6.0x107 m The fringe shift in Michelson-Morley experiment is _2dv? __2x2x(Bx10*)? se =0.07 Ch (3x108)? x6.0x107 Scanned with CamScannerExample 7.4 Show that (x? + y? + 2? - c?1)is invariant under Lorentz transformation. IGGSIPU, Dec. 2013 (6.5 marks)} Solution. Let (x, y, z, t)and (x’, y, z', #')be the space-time coordinates of an event observed by two observers in reference frames S and S respectively, the frame S’ moving constant velocity v telative to S. Using Lorentz transformation equations, we have to simply prove that xr yr 22 PP awe ye 22 PH? The Lorentz equations are 2 yo vey ger nad p= A/D) 4 -v? /c*) (=v? /c?) Scanned with CamScanner382 ENGINEERING PHYSICS ~ I Then, we have: x'?+ 2+ 2/?— c2#? af, x2)? * : to } (x-vt) 2 BeGStae Page th co) 1-(v? Jc?) [ 1-(v? /c?) 2y2 at [Pasta 2[is BP 2B yee z a 2 2 ae 2 7 242 2 . . forg]eree 2 4. y? +2 — ct? hence proved. =—> [22+ s2—200 - 2-22 +200 +yt2? =(x?-¢ Example 7.5 As measured by O, a flash bulb goes off at x= 100 km, y=10 km, z=1 km at t=5x10~* s. What are the coordinates x', y', z' and t' of this event as determined by a second observer, O', moving relative to Oat —0.8 c along the common x-x' axis ? Solution. From the Lorentz transformations ) x-vt _100km~-(~0.8x3x10° km/s)(5« 10~*s) 8)°) =367 km _ (0.8)(100km) 3x10° km/s va-0.8)") 5x10-*s =12.8x10"4 s and Scanned with CamScannerExample 7.6 Calculate the length contraction and orientation of a rod of length 5 m in a frame of referenc which is moving with a velocity 0.6 c in a direction making an angle 30° with the rod. IGGSIPU, Nov. 2013 (3 marks) ; Dec. 2013 (6 marks) Solution. The length contracts only in the direction of motion. The component of length in the direction of motion . ._ v3 _ sen age 3d 1, =Beos30°==, ly =5sin30°=> when seen from the stationary observer, Ie 18) 88 fi-05? 248 => I =ly= a Hence I= i+ = favs) «(2) =42m oR 072 or 6 =tan1(0,72)=35,8° Example 7.7 Calculate the velocity of rod when its length appears three-fourth of its proper length. IGGSIPU, Dec. 2015 (3 marks)] Solution. A rod of proper length | appears to get contracted to a length I for an observer with respect to whom it is moving with velocity v, such that and v . = e *. The rod moves with a velocity 0.66 c Scanned with CamScannerExample 7.10 A clock is moving with a s it ple peed 0.95c rel ic speed is increased by 5% by what % does time area pera ? aenee atime on Sent Solution. Given v=0.95c and v'=1.05x v We know that time dilation formula At At’ or = 3: At 2 Now vy! = 1.05 v =1.05 x 0.95¢=0.9975¢ (on increment of 5% velocity) At’ New Then (¥) el At = 44 {1 - 0.9975) wa 2 100 =77.3% % time dilation increases = 8 5 travels in the laboratory with speed 0.96 c. How particle is reduced to half times of the initial value. 1 7.11 A beam of particle of half life 2.0 x 10" [GGSIPU, Nov. 2011 (3 marks)] Exampl travel before the number of} ‘much distance does the beam proper half life of the particles i, the time interval in the in which its flux reduces to half of its initial flux. The ordinary Solution. 2.0x10~* s is the d proper half life At’ are related by the relation particles own frame of reference i half in the laboratory frame At an z v AteAt J3-> 2 8 At __ 20x10 731x108 s. {1-(.96) red by the beam in this time in the laboratory frame 20.45 m. :. The distance travel =0.96 ex7.1x10-* Scanned with CamScannerExample 7.19 Find the speed that a proton must be given if its mass is to be twice its rest mass of 1.6710” kg. What energy must be given the proton to achieve this speed ? Solution. Given m=2my, m, =1.67x10- kg We know that the variation of mass with velocity => v=2.6x108 m/s — Scanned with CamScannerTo achieve this speed, the energy given to proton =mc* 2 = Moo _1.67x10 «(3x 108)? 2 12, 4 (2:6x10° 3x10 =3.01x10"" J=1.88 Gev Scanned with CamScannerProblem 7.1 Show that if(x1,yq,24,t;)and (x,,yq,2,t,) s 1 be the coordinates of one event in S, frame and the corresponding event in S, frame respectively, then the expression 2 _ gy? (2 2 2442 4S} = dx? + dy? + dz? —cat? is invariant under a Lorentz transformation of coordinates, Or Show that space-time interval in Lorentz transformation is invariant. IGGSIPU, Dec. 2011 (4.5 marks)] Solution. The inverse Lorentz transformation equations are : and of) Differentiating, v dt, +5 tty 0 and dt, = ey voll re } z é 2 2 2 dx, + vdt, 22 ¢ ast =| 2S | +dyh raed | -— v (- J (3) é On simplification, dS? = dx? + dy? + dz} -c7dt? =dS>. Hence proved. Scanned with CamScannerProblem 7.3 Calculate the percentage contraction of a rod moving with a velocity 0.8 c in a direction inclined at 60° to its own length. [GGSIPU, Dec. 2016 reappear (3.5 marks)] Solution. The component of the length of the rod to its direction of motion. 1 =1cos60°=+1 cos60°=> and the component of its length, perpendicular to its direction of motion . 3 7 = 33) Isin60°=7> where I= length of the rod, placed along the x-axis in S frame (at rest). ret other component 1, Total length of the rod in frame S’ (moving) frame is I =(12 +1)! 5 = o3n?+(21) = Joo? +3? =J08t1=0921 2 4 «. Percentage contracted produced in the length of the rod 91651 ———— «100 =8.3%. Scanned with CamScannerProblem 7.6 Calculate the speed of the article if its total energy is exactly twice of its rest mass energy. r At what speed a body must move so as to have its mass double ? I[GGSIPU, Dec. 2009 (3.5 marks)] Or Find the speed of an electron having mass double its rest mass. [GGSIPU, Dec. 2012 (2.5 marks)] Or What is the speed of an electron having mass double its rest mass? [GGSIPU, Dec. 2011 (2 marks)] Or At what speed the mass of an electron shall be double its rest mass? . [GGSIPU, Dec. 2004 (3 marks)] Or The total energy of particle is exactly twice its rest energy. Calculate the velocity of particle. (GGSIPU, Dec. 2015 (3 marks)] Solution. The total energy E of a moving particle is mc? while its rest energy Ey is mc?. When E=2E,, then me? =2mgc? or m=2m, The mass of the moving particle is related to its rest mass m, by Here m=2my Scanned with CamScanner