What is Dynamics?

:
Fundamentals of Dynamic Force Metrology
Nick Vlajic and Ako Chijioke
Mass and Force Group
Quantum Measurement Division
Physical Measurement Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology

SIM Dynamic Force Workshop

Gaithersburg, MD, Oct. 29- Nov. 2, 2018
Learning Objectives
1. To define a dynamic measurement
2. To understand fundamental challenges in dynamic force
measurements
3. To understand solutions to mitigate challenges in dynamic
force measurements
Definition of Dynamic Force
“A measurement where [the force] varies with time and where this
variation may have significant effect on the measurement result and its
associated uncertainty.” – T. J. Esward
Does using a constant sensitivity give a measured force to within an
acceptable uncertainty?
YES – not dynamic by this definition
NO – dynamic by this definition

Measured Force using

Force Applied to Sensor Static Sensitivity

FORCE
SENSOR
Definition of Dynamic Force
To aid in understanding dynamic phenomena, it helps to envision force
transducers as a mechanical assembly of masses, springs, and dampers.

Force Transducer:

Mechanical Model:
Challenges in Dynamic Force Metrology
The dynamic sensitivity of force transducers is dependent upon the
configuration in which it is used, and upon the structure to which it is mounted.

The additional components of the system

Lathe-turning Example: change the sensitivity.
Challenges in Dynamic Force Metrology
The dynamic sensitivity of force transducers is dependent upon the
configuration in which it is used, and upon the structure to which it is mounted.

Additional Mass
Clamp

Force Transducer
Granite Block
Steel Plate
Challenges in Dynamic Force Metrology
The dynamic sensitivity of force transducers is dependent upon the
configuration in which it is used, and upon the structure to which it is mounted.

Proposed Solutions:
• Model-Based Calibration
• Create a model for the transducer and identify parameters
Physical Transducer: Approximate Model: Governing Equations:

• Perform in-situ Calibration

• Calibrate the working transducer in the application
• Transfer standards
• Portable primary dynamic force standards
Calibrating Transfer Standards
Instrumented hammers can serve as suitable transfer standards, as they are
designed to have a sensitivity that is invariant to the configuration in which it is
used.

Shaker Systems: Cut-Wire: Impacting System:

Sinusoidal Forces Step Forces Pulse Forces
Transfer Standards
Instrumented hammers can serve as suitable transfer standards, as they are
designed to have a sensitivity that is invariant to the configuration in which it is
used.

Sensitivity (V/N) k = 2 uncertainty < 2.1 % up to 5 kHz

Frequency (Hz)

Vlajic, N., & Chijioke, A. (2017). Traceable calibration and demonstration

of a portable dynamic force transfer standard. Metrologia, 54(4), S83.
Mee, D. J. (2003). Dynamic calibration of force balances for impulse
hypersonic facilities. Shock Waves, 12(6), 443-455.
Portable Dynamic Force Standard
Portable dynamic force standards can be used to generate and measure an SI-
traceable dynamic force in the application setting.

Kibble’s method: Implementation into Portable Device:

Target Performance:
Amplitude: 10 N
Frequency: 10 kHz
Uncertainty: < 1 %
In-situ Calibration: Charpy Testing
An in-situ calibration was performed on an instrumented striker in a Charpy
impact testing machine.

Typical Sensor Output During Facture:

Credit: Geoffrey Wheeler

Sample Specimens: Force Sensor:

Collaboration with Enrico Lucon in the NIST Fatigue and Fracture Group.
Summary

• A dynamic force measurement depends on rate of applied force and the

necessary uncertainty.

• Dynamic sensitivity of devices can change depending on the application

that they are used.

• In-situ standards:
• Transfer standards
• Portable primary dynamic force standards

Thank you!