THE EARLY

NATIONALISTS
MADE BY – MOHD ARHAN
CLASS – 8
SECTION – B
PERSONAL NUMBER - 18317
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my principal, Head of department and

my history teacher to give me this topic. It is my honour to
make a project on such informative topic. I would also like
to thank my subject teachers for teaching us in these tough
times.
The Early Nationalist Phase
(Petitioners) (1885-1905)
The Early Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, were a
group of political leaders in India active between 1885 and
1907. Their emergence marked the beginning of the organised
national movement in India.
i) The early nationalists had faith in sense of justice, fair play,
honesty and integrity of the British.
ii) It was their hope that the British would grant 'Home Rule' to
Indians.
iii) They believed that the British rule had many benefits. For
eg. it aided in cleansing social ills like sati, untouchability.
iv) They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods to
achieve their aims. The early nationalists relied on
constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their aims.
They made use of the three P's i.e. Petitions, Prayers and
Protests to achieve their objectives.
 Discuss about administrative demands during early nationalists
phase

Discuss about administrative demands during early nationalists phase

i) Demand for Indianisation of services through simultaneous Indian Civil Service
examinations in England and India.
ii) Complete separation of the executive and the judiciary.
iii) Increase in the powers of local (municipal) bodies.
iv) Repeal of the Arms and License Act.
v) Spread of primary education among the masses.

Objectives and demands of early nationslists

They were also called as the moderates because their demands were modest and mild and
they wanted to bring about changes peacefully. The Early Nationalists wanted a larger share
of Indians in the governance of the country; reduction in taxes and government
expenditure; economic growth through trade protection; protection of civil rights, etc.
The Assertive Nationalists
The efforts made by the Early Nationalist leaders through their writings, agitation and petitions to the
British government, exposed the true character of the British rule in India. It was felt that the British
rule was responsible for the economic ruin of India and her growing poverty. The main objective of the
Assertive Nationalists was the immediate attainment of ''Swaraj'. They wanted to intensify the struggle,
to take it to the common people, to awaken the masses politically, to secure their participation in the
national movement and to force the government to bow before public opinion.

They adopted the methods of Swadeshi, boycott, national

education and passive resistance to achieve their goals.
i) Swadeshi means producing necessary items in one's own
country without being dependent on foreign goods.
ii) Swadeshi and boycott were two sides of the same coin. It
meant boycotting the use of foreign cloth and liquor.
iii) A large number of national schools were established in
East Bengal, Punjab. Efforts were made to give education in
vernacular languages.
EMERGENCE OF MAHATMA GANDHI AND HIS METHODS

Gandhi did get his start in politics as a lawyer in South

Africa, where he supported the local Indian community's
struggle for civil rights. Returning to India in 1915, he
carried over his desire to improve the station of the lower
classes. Gandhi quickly became a leader within the
Indian National Congress, a growing political party
supporting independence, and traveled widely with the
party to learn about the local struggles of various Indian
communities.
Finding extreme poverty and famine in his own Gujarat
province, Gandhi led an initiative to clean up the area,
install new schools and build hospitals. He was ultimately
arrested by British-appointed landlords for causing
unrest, but talked his way out of jail and negotiated
better conditions for the Indian farmers. When news
about this sneaky feat spread through India, he earned
the nickname "Bapu" — or Father.
 Circumstances Leading To the Non-Cooperation Movement

There was not just one reason behind initiating the Non-cooperation movement that happened over the past
years before the non-cooperation movement was established. Here are some significant causes of this
movement you should know about Non-cooperation movement for UPSC:
World War 1 – During world war 1 Indian soldiers fought from the British side & though as a token for Indian
support, Britishers might return the favor in the form of India’s independence.
Economical Issues – After world war 1, there were several economical issues across India. Every product price was
shooting up & on the other hand, farmers were not able to get the required wage for their agricultural products.
Rowlatt Act – Rowlatt Act denied the freedom of Indians to another level. According to this act, Britishers
can arrest anyone & keep them prisoned without the right to a proper trial. This led to one of the major
causes of the Non-cooperation Movement.
Jallianwala Bagh Incident – The incident that fueled & filled every Indian with rage was the jallianwala Bagh
massacre that occurred in 1919, April 13. The minimal faith in the British government was shattered.
Khilafat Agitation – The religious head of Muslims at that time was considered the sultan of turkey. In the
first world war when the turkey was defeated by the Britishers, a committee was formed known as the
Khilafat movement led by Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal
Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. This movement acted in unity between Hindus & Muslims as the leaders of the
khilafat movement joined the non-cooperation movement.
Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India Movement was launched by

Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August, 1942 at the
Bombay session of the All India Congress
Committee (AICC). Also known as the Bharat
Chhodo Andolan, this movement was a mass
civil disobedience that took place in the country.
During the launch of the movement, the father
of the nation delivered a speech amid a 'do or
die' situation. He demanded that the British
must leave India immediately or face dire
consequences. As a part of this movement, a call
for mass agitation was followed by violence that
took over the country after which Indian
National Congress leaders were arrested.
Details on what happened during this movement:
The main reason for the Quit India Movement to begin was because the Britishers were planning to
drag the country into World War II without consent to fight on behalf of the United Kingdom (UK).
During that time, more than 87,000 Indian soldiers were martyred in World War II including people
from Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
Also, the Cripps Mission which was led by Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the War Cabinet in March
1942, made an attempt to secure India's cooperation in World War II. Following this, Cripps was sent
to India to discuss and support the British Government's Draft Declaration with Indian leaders.
Moreover, the declaration also granted India Dominion Status after the war. To which, Congress
denied discussing any terms unless given total freedom.
After the meeting with Indian leaders, the sentiment of
anti-British and full-independence gained popularity
across India and its people. Also, during that time, the
economy of India was in a bad state.
Revolutionary protests were already taking place
by renowned leaders in different parts of the country,
after which it simply got channelised with the Quit India
Movement that had a huge impact on all.
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