Types Habitat Mode of Virulence factors Antibody sensitivity Causative diseases/CP Specific diagnostic features

transmission pattern

Skin Staphylococci Gram Skin commensal Direct contact Protein A Amoxicillin Abscess Culture: blood agar
/wound positive S.aureus : axilla, groin Capsule Or Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Community acquired Tests: *Catalase +ve
infection cocci S.epidermis : skin Peptidoglycan Or Vancomycin pneumonia *Coagulase +ve
Teichoic acid UTI
Membrane active toxin Otitis media

Streptococci Gram Skin Commensals Direct contact M-protein Amoxicillin Scarlet fever Culture: blood agar (beta-
positive Mouth c-carbohydrate Or Amoxicillin-Clavulanic AGN hemolysis)
cocci upper respiratory tract. Ingestion of SPE (streptococcal Or Vancomycin Rheumatic fever Tests: *Catalase -ve
alimentary Cow-milk pyrogen exotoxin) Pharyngitis *Anti-streptolysin O .
genitourinary tracts Hemolysin S, O Reactive arthritis , antibody ASO
*AntiDNase B antibody

Methicillin Gram Skin Community- Leucocidin Vancomycin Skin infection (Necrotizing PCR
resistant positive (Nares) acquired Altered PBP Or Linezolid fasciitis) Antimicrobial susceptibility
Staphylococcu cocci PV toxin pneumonia test
s aureus Hospital- -Resistant to Methicillin Sepsis Oxacillin screen agar
(MRSA). acquired Latex agglutination test for
PBP2a
Pseudomonas Gram- Wound P.aeruginosa: -Pseudomonas Agar F, Blood
aeruginosa, negative contamination Exotoxins include agar, McConkey, and
Clostridium (P. pyocyanin, Cetrimide Agar (green
perfringens aerugino pyoverdine, and colonies).
sa), elastase. Biofilm Swelling, -Clostridium perfringens:
Gram- formation. Flagella. Blood, TSC and agar under
positive Clostridium Redness, Pain, Anaerobic conditions
(C. perfringens: Alpha- Pus Formation
perfringe Toxin (Phospholipase
ns) C)/ Beta-Toxin
(Perfringolysin O),
enterotoxin and Spores
UTI E. coli Gram GIT Feco-oral UTI/ Frequent Urination, Urine specimen
Types negative Painful Urination, Cloudy Gram staining
bacilli Food-borne Heat-labile toxin Urine Culture in MacConkey
Shiga toxin- Klebsiell (EHEC) Heat-stable toxin Diarrhea And blood agar
producine E. a gm-ve Water-borne Shiga-like toxin Quinolones HUS
coli (STEC) Staph.S: (ETEC) Macrolide (for EIEC) Abdominal infection
GM =ve Lipopolysaccharide Pneumonia
enterohemorrh Ascending rout: Meningitis
colonized periureteral
agic E. coli area to UT, bladder,
(EHEC). kidney
Descending rout:
(blood to kidney)
Enterotoxigeni
c E.coli
(ETEC)
 Enteropathoge
nic E. coli
(EPEC)

Enteroaggregat
ive E. coli
(EAEC)

Enteroinvasive
E.coli (EIEC)

Diffusely
adherent E.
coli (DAEC)
Klebsiella.p
Staphylococcu
s saprophyticus

Klebsiella Gram Skin Direct contact Cephalosporins UTI ( especially in Culture: MacConkey [pink]
negative Respiratory tract Lipopolysaccharide Carbapenems hospitalized pt. ) Tests: *Urine specimen
bacilli GIT Hospital- Endotoxin Quinolones Pneumonia *LPS endotoxin
(nonmotile) acquired Atrophic rhinitis
Rhinoscleroma

Proteus Gram GIT Direct contact Urease Aminoglycosides UTI ( uncomplicated & *swarming on media
negative Swarming Cephalosporins nosocomial)
bacilli Feco-oral Hemolysin Carbapenems
(Swarming ) Adhesin
Pseudomonas Gram In environment Direct contact exotoxin A MDR Otitis media Culture: MacConkey
aeruginosa negative (Soil-water-plant) (to inactivate Aminoglycosides Health care-acquired [colorless]
bacilli Feco-oral eukaryotic elongation Cephalosporin pneumonia/ventilation- Tests: *oxidase +ve
factor 2 Carbapenem, Monobactam acquired pneumonia.UTI *lactose ferm. -ve
exoenzyme: degrade Quinolone Bronchiectasis
plasma membrane)
Gram positive *Pneumonia: most common cause of
Pneumonia Streptococcus diplococci
Respiratory tract Droplets Ig A protease penicillin, erythromycin, community-acquired acute pneumonia.
Culture: blood agar
pneumonia (upper) ceftriaxone *Meningitis Tests: catalase -ve
*Otitis media
PCR
Gram negative *Pneumonia: most common bacterial cause
H. Flu coccobacillus
Respiratory tract Droplet Ig A protease 2nd &3rd of acut exacerbations of COPD.
Culture: chocolate agar
(upper) cephalosporins *Meningitis (babies and young children) Tests: Kovac’s Oxidase test
Elisa

Gram nagtive *Pneumonia: most common cause of

Moraxella kidney bean-
Respiratory tract Droplet Outer membrane Amoxicillin clavulanate. bacterial pneumonia in the elderly and the
Culture: blood agar
catarrhalis shaped (upper & lower) proteins, IGA 1 2nd second most common cause of acute /chocolate agar
diplococci. exacerbations of COPD
protease, Beta- & 3rd generation *Otitis media Tests: catalase +ve
Lactamase, and cephalosporins *Meningitis. Butyrate disk test: +ve
adhesin. (TMP/SMZ)

Gram-negative *Pheumonia: Local epidemics in closed

Mycoplasma spindle shaped
Respiratory tract Contaminated CARDS toxin, Macrolides (e.&.. communities (schools, military camps,
Culture Eaton's agar
pneumonia mucus & urogenital diary food adhesion proteins, azithromycin): prisons PCR
*ITP
 *Acute hepatitis
biofilm, nuclease, Children and adults *AIHA
H2O2, immune Tetracyclines: Older
evasion (hiding) children and adults
Fluoroquinolones:
Adult
Gm -ve
Legionella Droplet effector proteins Buffered Charcoal Yeast
pneumophila infection prevent the fusion of Extract (BCYE) Agar
the phagosome with
lysosomes
Meningitis Listeria Gram In environment Contaminated Ampicilli Meningitis Culture
monocytogen positive (Soil-water-plant) diary food PCR
bacilli
Vertical
Neisseria Gram Nasopharynx Droplets LOS Rifampin Meningiti Culture: blood agar plate and
meningitis negative OMPS Ciprofloxacin a chocolate agar plate
cocci IgA Protease Ceftrixone Thayer–Martin agar
Capsule
is a Mueller–Hinton
Pili
agar with 5%
chocolate agar

Kovac's oxidase test:

+ve

GIT Campylobacter Gram Animal intestine Feco-oral: Enterotoxin: heat Azithromycin Bloody (inflammatory) Skirrow’s media
infection jejuni negative poultry labile diarrhea
comma- (chicken) Cytotoxins: cytolethal
shaped distending toxin CDT
Salmonella Gram Intestine Feco-oral: eggs, Lipopolysaccharide Ceftriaxone, Bloody (inflammatory) Culture: McConkey’s agar
negative poultry, meat O antigen flouroguinolone diarrhea +: Endotoxin
bacilli Water-borne H antigen

E. coli -see above - - - - - -

Shigella Gram Intestine Feco-oral Shiga toxin Ceftriaxone, Bloody (inflammatory) Culture: McConkey’s agar
negative flouroquinolone diarrhea XLD agar
bacilli Adhesin +: Shiga toxin, Endotoxin
Clostridium Gram Intestine Feco-oral Metronidazole. Bloody (inflammatory) Toxin assay : toxin A&B
diff. see above positive Vancomycin diarrhea
bacilli
V. Cholera Gram Intestine Contaminated Outer Oral rehydration Watery (non- Culture TCBS agar Alkaline
negative water or inflammatory) diarrhea Peptone Water
comma- uncooked food membrane enterotoxin
shaped proteins, and
Pili, Adhesins
toxins A,B,
mucinase