Arboviruses

Mr. Abdualmoniem Omer Abdalla

M.Sc. in Medical Microbiology.

Department of Medical Microbiology.

Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences (Kassala University).

Director of The General Administration of Laboratories and Blood Banks, Ministry of Health, Kassala State.

PhD student (Molecular Virology), Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences (Gezira University).
 Definition

Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne viruses) are

define as viruses “which are maintained in
nature principally, or to an important extent
through biological transmission between
susceptible vertebrate hosts by hematophagous
arthropods.
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They multiply in the tissues of arthropods, and

are passed onto new vertebrates by the bites of
arthropod after a period of extrinsic incubation.
Hantavirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae
are not transmitted by arthropods,
but are maintained in nature within rodent
reservoirs.
 CLASSIFICATION
Arboviruses are classified within five families, Most are
members of the families Togaviridae (Chikungunya)
Flaviviridae (Yellow Fever, Dengue) and Bunyaviridae (Rift
valley fever virus).

The remaining two families are Reoviridae and

Rhabdoviridae.
 General properties of arboviruses
Intracerebral inoculation in suckling mice is the most
sensitive method for their isolation in the laboratory.
Most arboviruses agglutinate the red cells of goose or day
old chicks.
They can be grown in the yolk sac or chorioallantoic
membrane of chick embryo, in tissue cultures of primary cells
and in cultures of appropriate insect tissues.
Many arboviruses multiply in continuous tissue cultures of
mosquito cells when incubated at 34°C or lower temperatures.
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Mosquitoborne arboviruses multiply after oral feeding or
intrathoracic injection of several Aedes and Culex mosquito species.

In general, arboviruses are labile, being readily inactivated at room

temperature and by bile salts, ether and other lipid solvents.
 Dengue Virus
It is Flaviviridae.
+ssRNA.
Enveloped.
Icosahedral.
Transmitted by mosquitoes.
Break-bone fever

Bone marrow Spleen

Liver
Attacks Lymph nodes
 Dengue virus
Classic Dengue Fever

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

Serotypes of Dengue Virus
 Pathogenesis
A) Primary infection B)Secondary infection

Dengue
Hemorrhagic
Classic Dengue fever
fever
Dengue Shock Syndrome
(DSS)
 Primary infection
Transmission:

• Aedes aegypti

• Aedes albopictus
 Primary Infection

Infects by
DENV-1
Person develops dengue
manifestation(I.P= 4-7 days)
Manifestations
 Primary Infection
 Immunity
against DENV-1
(Persist Ab) IgG
2nd Infection by
DENV-1
 Secondary infection
2 nd
Infection by
DENV-2

Weakly binding
(Non-neutralizing Ab)
Antibody Dependent Enhancement(ADH)
 Viral load B.M

 Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia

PLT > 100,000 cubic\mm

 High viral load > releasing NS1 Ag

Formation of immune complexes

Myalgia
arthralgia
 Secondary Infection
Viral load
APC
Ag presentation
Dengue
1. High
Shock Cytokines grade
2. Increase in
permeability
Syndrome fever

plasma leakage
PCV > 20% over baseline pleural effusion
 Secondary Infection
Hypovolemic shock
Permeability
Intravascular volume
Organ
failure Oxygen delivery to cell
 Lab diagnosis
IgM after > IgG after >
Thrombocyto
leukopenia
penia
4 days of 7 days of
symptoms symptoms

NS1 Ag for
early
diagnosis
0– 5 days
 Treatment

Paracetamol

Avoid NSAID
Drink plenty of fluids (Rehydration)

Intravenous fluids(IV).

Blood pressure monitoring.

Blood transfusion.