UNIT 5: The Teacher as a Professional

A. The Professionalization of Teaching (Daniela Tambis)

1. Decree Professionalizing Teaching (PD 1006)

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/09/22/presidential-decree-no-1006-s-1976/

PROVIDING FOR THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF TEACHERS, REGULATING THEIR

PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

WHEREAS, the Constitution provides that “All educational institutions shall be under the

supervision of; and subject to regulation by, the State”, and requires that “the State shall

establish and maintain a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant

to the goals of national development”;

WHEREAS, in the pursuit on these objectives, the Department of Education and Culture

has adopted ways and means of overseeing all the educational institutions in the

country;

WHEREAS, this supervisory function of the DEC has been primarily beamed towards

ensuring that the educational institutions inculcate in the studentry love of the country,

teach the duties of citizenship, and develop moral character, personal discipline, and

scientific, technological and vocational efficiency;

WHEREAS, to implement these objectives, the institutions have relied upon their

teachers whose direct and continuing interaction with the young people and the children

make them potent forces for the development of proper attitudes among the citizenry;
WHEREAS, this accounts for the tremendous growth of the teaching population,

comprising in the civil service sector alone more than 300,000 teachers deployed all over

the country;

WHEREAS, to insure that in the immediacy and urgency of teacher recruitment

qualitative requirements are not overlooked, it has become necessary to regulate the

teaching profession;

WHEREAS, although teaching requires a number of years of collegiate study, it is the

only course that it is not yet considered a profession;

WHEREAS, in recognition of the vital role of teachers in nation-building and as an

incentive to raise the morale of teachers, it is imperative that they be considered as

professionals and teaching be recognized as a profession.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of

the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby decree and order:

Section 1. Title. This Decree shall be known as the Decree Professionalizing Teaching.

Section 2. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared a policy that teacher education

shall be given primary concern and attention by the government and shall be of the

highest quality, and strongly oriented to Philippine conditions and to the needs and

aspirations of the Filipino people even as it seeks enrichment from adoptable ideas and

practices of other people.

Section 3. Definition of Terms. As used in this Decree, the following shall be construed

as follows:

(a) Teaching refers to the profession primarily concerned with the classroom instruction,

at the elementary and secondary levels, in accordance with the curriculum prescribed by
National Board of Education, whether on part-time or full-time basis in the public or

private schools.

(b) Teachers refers to all persons engaged in teaching at the elementary and secondary

levels, whether on a full-time or part-time basis, including guidance counselors, school

librarians, industrial arts or vocational teachers and all other persons performing

supervisory and/or administrative functions in all schools in the aforesaid levels and

legally qualified to practice teaching under this Decree.

(c) Board refers to the National Board for Teachers duly constituted under this Decree.

Section 4. Creation of the National Board for Teachers. There is hereby created a National

Board for Teachers, hereinafter called the Board, to be composed of the following:

1) Secretary of Education and Culture Co-Chairman

2) Chairman, Civil Service Commission

3) Commissioner, Professional Regulations Commission Member

4) Two members representing the private sector to be

appointed by the President
Section 5. Powers and Duties. The Board shall have the following powers and duties:

(a) Appoint a set of examiners for every examination who will determine and prepare the

contents of the Board examination for teachers, hereinafter referred to as examination, in

the elementary and secondary levels of instruction, to be held at least once a year;

(b) Determine and fix the places and dates of examination, appoint supervisors and room

examiners from among the employees of the Government who shall be entitled to a daily

allowance to be fixed by the Board for every examination day actually attended, use the
buildings and facilities of public and private schools for examination purposes, approve

applications to take examination, and approve the release of examination results;

(c) Look from time to time into the conditions affecting the practice of the teaching

profession, adopt such measures as may be deemed proper for the enhancement of said

profession, and/or maintenance of the professional standards and ethics;

(d) Issue, suspend, revoke, replace or reissue Professional Teachers Certificate, and

administer oaths;

(e) Appoint, subject to the provisions of existing laws, such officials and employees as

are necessary in the effective performance of its functions and responsibilities, prescribe

their duties and fix their compensation;

(f) Prescribe and collect examination and other fees as it may deem proper; and

(g) Promulgate rules and regulations, and exercise such other powers, functions and

duties as may be necessary to carry into effect the purposes of this Decree.

Section 6. Qualification requirements for examination applicants. No applicant shall be

admitted to take the examination unless, on the date of filing of the application, he shall

have complied with the following requirements:

(a) Except those who have been engaged in teaching as herein defined for at least five

years in schools in the Philippines not organized exclusively for nationals of a foreign

country at the time of the effectivity of this Decree, the applicant must be a citizen of the

Philippines;

(b) That he is of good moral character;

(c) That he is free from any physical and/or mental defect which will incapacitate him to

render efficient service; and

(d) That he possesses the following minimum educational qualifications:

1) For teachers in the kindergarten and elementary grades, Bachelor’s degree in

Elementary Education (B.S.E.Ed.) or its equivalent;

2) For teachers of the secondary schools, Bachelor’s degree in Education or its

equivalent with a major and minor, or a Bachelor’s degree in Arts or Sciences with at

least eighteen units in professional education; and

3) For teachers of secondary vocational and two-year technical courses, Bachelor’s

degree in the field of specialization with at least eighteen units in professional education.

All applications shall be filed with an office or offices designated by the Board, preferably

the offices of the Civil Service Commission and the Department of Education and

Culture.

These offices shall screen and approve such applications and issue the corresponding

permits to take the examination to qualify applicants.

Section 7. Appointment of examiners. The Board shall appoint a set of examiners for

every examination who are recognized authority in teacher education, and their names

shall not be disclosed until after the release of the results of the examination. They shall

each receive as compensation the sum of not less than P5.00 for each examinee as may

be determined by the Board but in no case shall each examiner receive more than

P18,000 per examination. Any examiner who is in the service of the Government shall

receive the compensation herein provided in addition to his salary.

Section 8. Scope of the examination. The examination shall consist of written tests, the

scope of which shall be determined by the Board, taking into consideration the teaching

plan of the schools legally constituted in the Philippines.

Section 9. Ratings in the examination. In order that a candidate may be deemed to have

successfully passed the examinations, he must have obtained a general average of at

least 70 per cent in all subjects, with no rating below 50 per cent in any subject.

Section 10. Report of the results of the examination. The examiners shall report the

ratings obtained by each candidate to the Board within 150 days after the last day of the

examination, unless extended by the latter.

Section 11. Issuance of Certificates. Teachers who have passed examinations given by

the Civil Service Commission or jointly by the Civil Service Commission and the

Department of Education and Culture shall be considered as having passed the board

examinations for teachers. The Board may consider their certificates of rating as

certificates of eligibility or issue an entirely new certificate upon registration of the

teacher and payment of the corresponding fees.

This provision shall likewise apply to those teachers who have permanent appointment

under the Magna Carta For Public School Teachers and all others who may be qualified

for registration as professional teachers under this Decree.

Section 12. Registration. The Civil Service Commission shall, as an arm of the Board,

register holders of Professional Teacher Certificate which registration shall evidence that

the registrant is entitled to all the rights and privileges of a Professional Teacher until

and unless the certificate is suspended or canceled by the Board for just cause.

Section 13. Reissuance of revoked certificates and replacement of lost certificates. The

Board may, for reason of equity and justice, and upon proper application therefor, issue
another copy, original or duplicate, upon payment of the required fee, of a certificate

which has been revoked. A new certificate to replace a lost, destroyed or mutilated

certificate may be issued subject to the rules of the Board.

Section 14. Registration by reciprocity. The Civil Service Commission shall, upon

approval of the Board, effect the registration, without examination, of a teacher validly

registered under the laws of any foreign state or country; Provided, That the

requirements for registration in said foreign state or country are substantially the same

as those required and contemplated by this Decree, and the laws of such foreign state or

country allow citizens of the Philippines to practice the profession on the same basis and

grant the same privileges as the citizens or subjects of such foreign state or country;

Provided finally, That the applicant shall submit competent and conclusive documentary

evidence, confirmed by the Department of Foreign Affairs, showing that his country’s

existing laws permit citizens of the Philippines to practice teaching profession under the

rules and regulations governing citizens thereof.

Section 15. Prohibition. Three years after the effectivity of this Decree, no person shall

engage in teaching and/or act as a teacher as defined in this Decree, whether in the

public or private elementary or secondary school, unless he is holder of a Professional

Teacher Certificate or is considered a Professional Teacher under this Decree.

Section 16. Penal Provision. Any person who shall practice the teaching without a valid

Professional Teacher Certificate, or any person presenting as his or her own the

certificate of another, or any person giving any false or forged evidence in order to obtain

a Professional Teacher Certificate or admission to an examination, or any person

assuming himself as a registered professional teacher or any person violating any

provision of this Decree shall be penalized by a fine of not less than One Thousand

Pesos nor more than Five Thousand Pesos with subsidiary imprisonment or to suffer an
imprisonment of not less than six months nor more than two years, or both such fine and

imprisonment at the discretion of the Court.

Section 17. Repealing Clause. All Acts, Decrees, Executive Orders, Administrative

Orders, rules and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this

Decree are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Section 18. Separability Clause. In case any provision of this Decree or any portion

thereof is declared unconstitutional by a competent court, other provisions shall not be

affected thereby.

Section 19. Effectivity. This Decree shall take effect January 1, 1977.

DONE in the City of Manila, this 22nd day of September, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen

hundred and seventy-six.

“Teachers are the most responsible and important member of the society because their
professional efforts affect the fate of the future”
-Helen Caldicot

2. The Philippine Teacher’s Professionalism Act (RA 7836)

https://www.teachpinas.com/code-of-ethics-for-professional-teachers-ra-7836/

Article 1: Scope and limitation

Section 1: The Philippine Constitution provides that all educational institutions

shall offer quality education for all competent teachers. Committed to its full
realization, the provision of this Code shall apply, therefore, to all teachers in
schools in the Philippines.

Section2. This code covers all public and private school teachers in all
educational institutions at the preschool, primary, elementary, and secondary
levels whether academic, vocational, special, technical or non-formal. The term
“teacher” shall include industrial arts or vocational teachers and all other persons
performing supervisory and/ or administrative functions in all schools at the
aforesaid levels, whether on full time or part-time basis.

Article 2: The Teacher and the State

Section 1. The schools are the nurseries of the future citizens of the state; each
teacher is a trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is
under obligation to transmit to learners such heritage as well as to elevate
national morality, promote national pride, cultivate love of country, instill
allegiance to the constitution and for all duly constituted authorities, and promote
obedience to the laws of the state.

Section2. Every teacher or school official shall actively help carry out the declared
policies of the state, and shall take an oath to this effect.

Section 3. In the interest of the State and of the Filipino people as much as of his
own, every teacher shall be physically, mentally and morally fit.

Article 2: The teacher and the State

Section 4. Every teacher shall possess and actualize a full commitment and
devotion to duty.

Section 5. A teacher shall not engage in the promotion of any political, religious,
or other partisan interest, and shall not, directly or indirectly, solicit, require,
collect, or receive any money or service or other valuable material from any
person or entity for such purposes.

Section 6. Every teacher shall vote and shall exercise all other constitutional
rights and responsibility.

Section 7. A teacher shall not use his position or official authority or influence to
coerce any other person to follow any political course of action.

Section 8. Every teacher shall enjoy academic freedom and shall have the
privilege of expounding the product of his researches and investigations;
provided that, if the results are inimical to the declared policies of the State, they
shall be brought to the proper authorities for appropriate remedial action.

Article 3: The teacher and the community

Section1. A teacher is a facilitator of learning and of the development of the youth;
he shall, therefore, render the best service by providing an environment
conducive to such learning and growth.

Section 2. Every teacher shall provide leadership and initiative to actively

participate in community movements for moral, social, educational, economic and
civic betterment

Section 3. Every teacher shall merit reasonable social recognition for which
purpose he shall behave with honour and dignity at all times and refrain from such
activities as gambling, smoking, drunkenness, and other excesses, much less
illicit relations.Section 4. Every teacher shall live for and with the community and
shall, therefore, study and understand local customs and tradition in order to have
a sympathetic attitude, therefore, refrain from disparaging the community.

Section 5. Every teacher shall help the school keep the people in the community
informed about the school’s work and accomplishments as well as its needs and
problems.

Section 6. Every teacher is an intellectual leader in the community, especially in

the barangay and shall welcome the opportunity to provide such as leadership
when needed to extend counseling services as appropriate and to actively be
involved in matters affecting the welfare of the people.Section 7. Every teacher
shall maintain harmonious and pleasant personal and official relations with other
professionals, with government officials, and with the people, individually or
collectively.

Section 8. A teacher possesses freedom to attend church and worships as

appropriate, but shall not use his positions and influence to proselyte others.

Article 4. A Teacher and the Profession

Section1. Every teacher shall actively ensure that teaching is the noblest
profession, and shall manifest genuine enthusiasm and pride in teaching as a
noble calling.

Section 2. Every teacher shall uphold the highest possible standards of quality
education, shall make the best preparations for the career of teaching, and shall
be at his best at all times and in the practice of his profession.

Section 3. Every teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional

Education (CPE) program of the Professional Regulation Commission, and shall
pursue such other studies as will improve his efficiency, enhance the prestige of
the profession, and strengthen his competence, virtues, and productivity in order
to be nationally and internationally competitive. Section 4. Every teacher shall
help, if duly authorized, to seek support from the school, but shall not make
improper misrepresentations through personal advertisements and other
questionable means.

Section 5. Every teacher shall use the teaching profession in a manner that makes
it dignified means for earning a decent living.

Article 5. The Teachers and the Profession

Section 1. Teachers shall, at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional
loyalty, mutual confidence, and faith in one another, self-sacrifice for the common
good; and full cooperation with colleagues. When the best interest of the learners,
the school, or the profession is at stake in any controversy, teachers shall support
one another.

Section 2. A teacher is not entitled to claim credit or work not of his own, and shall
give due credit for the work of others which he may use.

Section 3. Before leaving his position, a teacher shall organize for whoever
assumes the position such records and other data as are necessary to carry on
the work.
Section 4. A teacher shall hold in violation all confidential information concerning
associates and the school, and shall not divulge to anyone documents which have
not been officially released, or remove records from files without permission.

Section 5. It shall be the responsibility of every teacher to seek correctives for

what may appear to be an unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associate.
However, this may be done only if there is incontrovertible evidence for such
conduct.Section 6. A teacher may submit to the proper authorities any justifiable
criticism against an associate, preferably in writing, without violating the right of
the individual concerned.

Section 7. A teacher may apply for a vacant position for which he is qualified;
provided that he respects the system of selection on the basis of merit and
competence; provided, further, that all qualified candidates are given the
opportunity to be considered.

Article 6: the Teacher and Higher Authorities in the Profession Section

Section 1. Every teacher shall make it his duty to make an honest effort to
understand and support the legitimate policies of the school and administration
regardless of personal feeling or private opinion and shall faithfully carry them
out.
Section 2. A teacher shall not make any false accusations or charges against
superiors, especially under anonymity. However, if there are valid charges, he
should present such under oath to competent authority.
Section 3. A teacher shall transact all official business through channels except
when special conditions warrant a different procedure, such as when special
conditions are advocated but are opposed by immediate superiors, in which case,
the teacher shall appeal directly to the appropriate higher authority
Section 4. Every teacher, individually or as part of a group, has a right to seek
redress against injustice to the administration and to the extent possible, shall
raise grievances within acceptable democratic powers. In doing so, they shall
avoid jeopardizing the interest and the welfare of learners whose right to learn
must be respected.

Section 5. Every teacher has a right to invoke the principle that appointments,
promotions, and transfer of teachers are made only on the basis or merit and
needed in the interest of the service.

Section 6. A teacher who accepts a position assumes a contractual obligation to

live up to his contract, assuming full knowledge of employment terms and
conditions.

Article 7: School Officials, Teachers, and Other Personnel Section

Section 4. No school officials shall dismiss or recommend for dismissal a teacher

or other subordinates except for cause.

Section 5. School authorities shall ensure that public school teachers are
employed in accordance with pertinent civil service rules, and private school
teachers are issued contracts specifying the terms and conditions of their work;
provided that they are given, if qualified, subsequent permanent tenure, in
accordance with existing laws.

Article 8: The Teachers and Learners

Section 4. A teacher shall not accept favors or gifts from learners, their parents or
others on their behalf in exchange for requested concessions, especially if
undeserved.

Section 5. A teacher shall not accept, directly or indirectly, any remuneration from
tutorials other than what is authorized for such service.

Section 6. A teacher shall base the evaluation of the learner’s work only in merit
and quality of academic performance.
Section 7. In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop
between teacher and learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost professional
discretion to avoid scandal, gossip and preferential treatment of the learner.

Section 8. A teacher shall not inflict corporal punishment on offending learners

nor make deductions from their scholastic ratings as a punishment for acts which
are clearly not manifestation of poor scholarship.

Section 9. A teacher shall ensure that conditions contribute to the maximum

development of learners are adequate, and shall extend needed assistance in
preventing or solving learner’s problems and difficulties.

Article 9: The Teachers and Parents

Section 1. Every teacher shall establish and maintain cordial relations with
parents, and shall conduct himself to merit their confidence and respect.

Section 2. Every teacher shall inform parents, through proper authorities, of the
progress and deficiencies of the learner under him, exercising utmost candor and
tact in pointing out the learner’s deficiencies and in seeking parent's cooperation
for the proper guidance and improvement of the learners.

Section 3. A teacher shall hear parent’s complaints with sympathy and

understanding, and shall discourage unfair criticism.

Article 10: The Teacher and Business

Section 1. A teacher has the right to engage, directly or indirectly, in legitimate

income generation; provided that it does not relate to or adversely affect his work
as a teacher.

Section 2. A teacher shall maintain a good reputation with respect to the financial
matters such as in the settlement of his debts and loans in arranging satisfactorily
his private financial affairs.

Section 3. No teacher shall act, directly or indirectly, as agent of, or be financially

interested in, any commercial venture which furnish textbooks and other school
commodities in the purchase and disposal of which he can exercise official
influence, except only when his assignment is inherently, related to such
purchase and disposal; provided they shall be in accordance with the existing
regulations; provided, further, that members of duly recognized teachers
cooperatives may participate in the distribution and sale of such commodities.

Article 11: The Teacher as a Person

Section 1. A teacher is, above all, a human being endowed with life for which it is
the highest obligation to live with dignity at all times whether in school, in the
home, or elsewhere.

Section 2. A teacher shall place premium upon self-discipline as the primary

principle of personal behavior in all relationships with others and in all situations.

Section 3. A teacher shall maintain at all times a dignified personality which could
serve as a model worthy of emulation by learners, peers and all others.

Section 4. A teacher shall always recognize the Almighty God as guide of his own
destiny and of the destinies of men and nations.

Article 12: Disciplinary Actions

Section 1. Any violations of any provision of this code shall be sufficient ground
for the imposition against the erring teacher of the disciplinary action consisting
of revocation of his Certificate of Registration and License as a Professional
Teacher, suspension from the practice of teaching profession, or reprimand or
cancellation of his temporary/special permit under causes specified in Sec. 23,
Article 3 or R.A No. 7836, and under Rule 31, Article 8, of the Rules and
Regulations Implementing R.A7836.

Article 13: Effectivity

Section 1. This Code shall take effect upon approval by the Professional
Regulation Commission and after sixty (60) days following its publication in the
official Gazette or newspaper of general circulation, whichever is earlier.

Now you have the information about the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers,
what you should do now is reflect on this guide. Be a good role model and use
your great influence to instill positive values in the learners.
 3. Amendments to certain Sections of RA 7838 (RA 9293)
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2004/04/21/republic-act-no-9293/

Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-eighth day of July, two

thousand three.

[REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9293]

AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN SECS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SEVENTY-EIGHT

HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIX (R.A. NO. 7836), OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE

“PHILIPPINE TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT OF 1994”

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress

assembled:

SECTION 1. Section 15, (e) (3) of Republic Act No. 7836 is hereby amended as follows:

“SEC. 15. Qualification Requirements of Applicants. – No applicant shall be admitted to

take the examination unless, on the date of filing of the application, he shall have

complied with the following requirements:

“(e) A graduate of a school, college or university recognized by the government and

possesses the minimum educational qualifications, as follows:

(1) For teachers in preschool, a bachelor’s degree in early childhood education

(BECED) or its equivalent;

(2) For teachers in the elementary grades, a bachelor’s degree in elementary education

(BSEED) or its equivalent;

(3) For teachers in the secondary grades, a bachelor’s degree in education or its

equivalent with a major and minor, or a bachelor degree in arts and sciences with at

least eighteen (18) units in professional education; and

(4) For teachers of vocational and two-year technical courses, a bachelor’s degree in

the field of specialization or its equivalent, with at least eighteen (18) units in

professional education.”

SEC 2. Section 26 of the same Act is hereby amended to read as follows:

“SEC. 26. Registration and Exception. – No person shall engage in teaching and/or act

as a professional teacher as defined in this Act, whether in the preschool, elementary

or secondary level, unless the person is a duly registered professional teacher, and a

holder of a valid certificate of registration and a valid professional license or a holder

of a valid special/temporary permit.

Upon approval of the application and payment of the prescribed fees, the certificate of

registration and professional license as a professional teacher shall be issued without

examination as required in this Act to a qualified applicant, who is:

(a) A holder of a certificate of eligibility as a teacher issued by the Civil Service

Commission and the Department of Education, Culture and Sports; or

(b) A registered professional teacher with the National Board for Teachers under the

Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) pursuant to Presidential Decree

No. 1006.

Professional teachers who have not practiced their profession for the past five (5)

years shall take at least twelve (12) units of education courses, consisting of at least

six (6) units of pedagogy and six (6) units of content courses, or the equivalent training

and number of hours, to be chosen from a list of courses to be provided by the Board

and the Department of Education, before they can be allowed to practice their

profession in the country.

Those who have failed the licensure examination for professional teachers, with a

rating of not lower than five percentage points from the passing general average

rating, shall be eligible as para-teachers upon issuance by the Board of a two-year

special permit, renewable for a non-extendible period of two (2) years. The

para-teachers shall be assigned to areas where there is a shortage or absence of a

professional teacher, as identified and provided by the Department of Education and

the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) education department to the

Board for professional teachers and to the Commission. The special permit shall

indicate the area of assignment of the para-teacher.

A special permit may also be issued by the Board to a person who has excelled and

gained international recognition and is a widely acknowledged expert in his or her

respective field of specialization.”

SEC 3. Section 31 of the same Act is hereby amended to read as follows:

“SEC. 31. Transitory Provision. – Special permits, with a validity of three (3) and five

(5) years, issued to para-teachers by the Board for Professional Teachers before the

effectivity of this Act shall be allowed to expire based on the period granted therein:

Provided, That only special permits with a validity of three (3) years may be renewed

upon expiration for a non-extendible period of two (2) years.”

SEC 4. References to the term “Department of Education, Culture and Sports”, in

section 4 (a) and section 25, and the term “DECS” in section 20, of the same Act, are

hereby amended to read as “Department of Education” and “DepEd”, respectively.

SEC 5. Separability Clause. – If, for any reason, any section or provision of this Act or

the application of such section or provision to any person or circumstance is declared

unconstitutional or invalid, no other section or provision of this Act shall be affected

thereby.

SEC 6. Repealing Clause. – All laws, decrees, circulars, administrative orders, rules and

regulations, and other issuances which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act

are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

SEC 7. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect upon approval.

Approved: APR 21 2004

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Professional Ethics (Trisha Sigue)
1. Code of Conduct for Public Officials and Employees (RA 6713)

Source: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6713_1989.html

Republic Act No. 6713 (February 20, 1989)

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC
OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC
OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR
EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND
PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees."

Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of
ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the
people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and
loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over
personal interest.

Section 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the term:

(a) "Government" includes the National Government, the local governments, and all other
instrumentalities, agencies or branches of the Republic of the Philippines including
government-owned or controlled corporations, and their subsidiaries.lawphi1.net

(b) "Public Officials" includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or
temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel,
whether or not they receive compensation, regardless of amount.

(c) "Gift" refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously, or any act or liberality, in favor of
another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition
thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in
anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor from a public official or employee.

(d) "Receiving any gift" includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly, a gift from a person
other than a member of his family or relative as defined in this Act, even on the occasion of a
family celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is neither nominal nor
insignificant, or the gift is given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor.
(e) "Loan" covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing
arrangements or accommodations intended to ensure its approval.

(f) "Substantial stockholder" means any person who owns, directly or indirectly, shares of stock
sufficient to elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also apply to the parties to a voting
trust.

(g) "Family of public officials or employees" means their spouses and unmarried children under
eighteen (18) years of age.

(h) "Person" includes natural and juridical persons unless the context indicates otherwise.

(i) "Conflict of interest" arises when a public official or employee is a member of a board, an
officer, or a substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owner or has a substantial interest
in a business, and the interest of such corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein,
may be opposed to or affected by the faithful performance of official duty.

(j) "Divestment" is the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by voluntarily, completely
and actually depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or title to it in favor of a person or
persons other than his spouse and relatives as defined in this Act.

(k) "Relatives" refers to any and all persons related to a public official or employee within the
fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, including bilas, inso and balae.

Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. - (A) Every public official and
employee shall observe the following as standards of personal conduct in the discharge and
execution of official duties:

(a) Commitment to public interest. - Public officials and employees shall always uphold the
public interest over and above personal interest. All government resources and powers of their
respective offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically,
particularly to avoid wastage in public funds and revenues.

(b) Professionalism. - Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties
with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter
public service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to discourage
wrong perceptions of their roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.

(c) Justness and sincerity. - Public officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all
times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone,
especially the poor and the underprivileged. They shall at all times respect the rights of others,
and shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy,
public order, public safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors
on account of their office to their relatives whether by consanguinity or affinity except with
respect to appointments of such relatives to positions considered strictly confidential or as
members of their personal staff whose terms are coterminous with theirs.

(d) Political neutrality. - Public officials and employees shall provide service to everyone without
unfair discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or preference.

(e) Responsiveness to the public. - Public officials and employees shall extend prompt,
courteous, and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when
required by the public interest, public officials and employees shall provide information of their
policies and procedures in clear and understandable language, ensure openness of information,
public consultations and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and
systematize policy, rules and procedures, avoid red tape and develop an understanding and
appreciation of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country, especially in the
depressed rural and urban areas.

(f) Nationalism and patriotism. - Public officials and employees shall at all times be loyal to the
Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced goods, resources and
technology and encourage appreciation and pride of country and people. They shall endeavor to
maintain and defend Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion.

(g) Commitment to democracy. - Public officials and employees shall commit themselves to the
democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of public accountability, and manifest
by deeds the supremacy of civilian authority over the military. They shall at all times uphold the
Constitution and put loyalty to country above loyalty to persons or party.

(h) Simple living. - Public officials and employees and their families shall lead modest lives
appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious
display of wealth in any form.

(B) The Civil Service Commission shall adopt positive measures to promote (1) observance of
these standards including the dissemination of information programs and workshops authorizing
merit increases beyond regular progression steps, to a limited number of employees recognized
by their office colleagues to be outstanding in their observance of ethical standards; and (2)
continuing research and experimentation on measures which provide positive motivation to
public officials and employees in raising the general level of observance of these standards.

Section 5. Duties of Public Officials and Employees. - In the performance of their duties, all
public officials and employees are under obligation to:lawphi1.net

(a) Act promptly on letters and requests. - All public officials and employees shall, within fifteen
(15) working days from receipt thereof, respond to letters, telegrams or other means of
communications sent by the public. The reply must contain the action taken on the request.
(b) Submit annual performance reports. - All heads or other responsible officers of offices and
agencies of the government and of government-owned or controlled corporations shall, within
forty-five (45) working days from the end of the year, render a performance report of the agency
or office or corporation concerned. Such report shall be open and available to the public within
regular office hours.

(c) Process documents and papers expeditiously. - All official papers and documents must be
processed and completed within a reasonable time from the preparation thereof and must
contain, as far as practicable, not more than three (3) signatories therein. In the absence of duly
authorized signatories, the official next-in-rank or officer in charge shall sign for and in their
behalf.

(d) Act immediately on the public's personal transactions. - All public officials and employees
must attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of their offices and must, at all
times, act promptly and expeditiously.

(e) Make documents accessible to the public. - All public documents must be made accessible
to, and readily available for inspection by, the public within reasonable working hours.

Section 6. System of Incentives and Rewards. - A system of annual incentives and rewards
is hereby established in order to motivate and inspire public servants to uphold the highest
standards of ethics. For this purpose, a Committee on Awards to Outstanding Public Officials
and Employees is hereby created composed of the following: the Ombudsman and Chairman of
the Civil Service Commission as Co-Chairmen, and the Chairman of the Commission on Audit,
and two government employees to be appointed by the President, as members.

It shall be the task of this Committee to conduct a periodic, continuing review of the
performance of public officials and employees, in all the branches and agencies of Government
and establish a system of annual incentives and rewards to the end that due recognition is given
to public officials and employees of outstanding merit on the basis of the standards set forth in
this Act.

The conferment of awards shall take into account, among other things, the following: the years
of service and the quality and consistency of performance, the obscurity of the position, the level
of salary, the unique and exemplary quality of a certain achievement, and the risks or
temptations inherent in the work. Incentives and rewards to government officials and employees
of the year to be announced in public ceremonies honoring them may take the form of bonuses,
citations, directorships in government-owned or controlled corporations, local and foreign
scholarship grants, paid vacations and the like. They shall likewise be automatically promoted to
the next higher position with the commensurate salary suitable to their qualifications. In case
there is no next higher position or it is not vacant, said position shall be included in the budget of
the office in the next General Appropriations Act. The Committee on Awards shall adopt its own
rules to govern the conduct of its activities.
Section 7. Prohibited Acts and Transactions. - In addition to acts and omissions of public
officials and employees now prescribed in the Constitution and existing laws, the following shall
constitute prohibited acts and transactions of any public official and employee and are hereby
declared to be unlawful:

(a) Financial and material interest. - Public officials and employees shall not, directly or
indirectly, have any financial or material interest in any transaction requiring the approval of their
office.

(b) Outside employment and other activities related thereto. - Public officials and employees
during their incumbency shall not:

(1) Own, control, manage or accept employment as officer, employee, consultant, counsel,
broker, agent, trustee or nominee in any private enterprise regulated, supervised or licensed by
their office unless expressly allowed by law;

(2) Engage in the private practice of their profession unless authorized by the Constitution or
law, provided, that such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict with their official functions; or

(3) Recommend any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a regular or
pending official transaction with their office.

These prohibitions shall continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after resignation,
retirement, or separation from public office, except in the case of subparagraph (b) (2) above,
but the professional concerned cannot practice his profession in connection with any matter
before the office he used to be with, in which case the one-year prohibition shall likewise apply.

(c) Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information. - Public officials and employees shall
not use or divulge, confidential or classified information officially known to them by reason of
their office and not made available to the public, either:

(1) To further their private interests, or give undue advantage to anyone; or

(2) To prejudice the public interest.

(d) Solicitation or acceptance of gifts. - Public officials and employees shall not solicit or accept,
directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value
from any person in the course of their official duties or in connection with any operation being
regulated by, or any transaction which may be affected by the functions of their office.

As to gifts or grants from foreign governments, the Congress consents to:

(i) The acceptance and retention by a public official or employee of a gift of nominal value
tendered and received as a souvenir or mark of courtesy;
(ii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of a gift in the nature of a scholarship or
fellowship grant or medical treatment; or

(iii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grants or expenses for travel taking
place entirely outside the Philippine (such as allowances, transportation, food, and lodging) of
more than nominal value if such acceptance is appropriate or consistent with the interests of the
Philippines, and permitted by the head of office, branch or agency to which he belongs.

The Ombudsman shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the
purpose of this subsection, including pertinent reporting and disclosure requirements.

Nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or prohibit any educational, scientific or cultural
exchange programs subject to national security requirements.

Section 8. Statements and Disclosure. - Public officials and employees have an obligation to
accomplish and submit declarations under oath of, and the public has the right to know, their
assets, liabilities, net worth and financial and business interests including those of their spouses
and of unmarried children under eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.

(A) Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Financial Disclosure. - All public officials and
employees, except those who serve in an honorary capacity, laborers and casual or temporary
workers, shall file under oath their Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and a
Disclosure of Business Interests and Financial Connections and those of their spouses and
unmarried children under eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.

The two documents shall contain information on the following:

(a) real property, its improvements, acquisition costs, assessed value and current fair market
value;
(b) personal property and acquisition cost;
(c) all other assets such as investments, cash on hand or in banks, stocks, bonds, and the like;
(d) liabilities, and;
(e) all business interests and financial connections.

The documents must be filed:

(a) within thirty (30) days after assumption of office;
(b) on or before April 30, of every year thereafter; and
(c) within thirty (30) days after separation from the service.

All public officials and employees required under this section to file the aforestated documents
shall also execute, within thirty (30) days from the date of their assumption of office, the
necessary authority in favor of the Ombudsman to obtain from all appropriate government
agencies, including the Bureau of Internal Revenue, such documents as may show their assets,
liabilities, net worth, and also their business interests and financial connections in previous
years, including, if possible, the year when they first assumed any office in the Government.

Husband and wife who are both public officials or employees may file the required statements
jointly or separately.

The Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and the Disclosure of Business Interests
and Financial Connections shall be filed by:

(1) Constitutional and national elective officials, with the national office of the Ombudsman;
(2) Senators and Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the Senate and the House of
Representatives, respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of Court of the Supreme Court; Judges,
with the Court Administrator; and all national executive officials with the Office of the President.
(3) Regional and local officials and employees, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective
regions;
(4) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, with the Office of the
President, and those below said ranks, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective regions;
and
(5) All other public officials and employees, defined in Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, with
the Civil Service Commission.

(B) Identification and disclosure of relatives. - It shall be the duty of every public official or
employee to identify and disclose, to the best of his knowledge and information, his relatives in
the Government in the form, manner and frequency prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.

(C) Accessibility of documents. -

(1) Any and all statements filed under this Act, shall be made available for inspection at
reasonable hours.
(2) Such statements shall be made available for copying or reproduction after ten (10) working
days from the time they are filed as required by law.
(3) Any person requesting a copy of a statement shall be required to pay a reasonable fee to
cover the cost of reproduction and mailing of such statement, as well as the cost of certification.
(4) Any statement filed under this Act shall be available to the public for a period of ten (10)
years after receipt of the statement. After such a period, the statement may be destroyed unless
needed in an ongoing investigation.

(D) Prohibited acts. - It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or use any statement filed
under this Act for:
(a) any purpose contrary to morals or public policy; or
(b) any commercial purpose other than by news and communications media for dissemination to
the general public.
Section 9. Divestment. - A public official or employee shall avoid conflicts of interest at all
times. When a conflict of interest arises, he shall resign from his position in any private business
enterprise within thirty (30) days from his assumption of office and/or divest himself of his
shareholdings or interest within sixty (60) days from such assumption.

The same rule shall apply where the public official or employee is a partner in a partnership.

The requirement of divestment shall not apply to those who serve the Government in an
honorary capacity nor to laborers and casual or temporary workers.

Section 10. Review and Compliance Procedure. - (a) The designated Committees of both
Houses of the Congress shall establish procedures for the review of statements to determine
whether said statements which have been submitted on time, are complete, and are in proper
form. In the event a determination is made that a statement is not so filed, the appropriate
Committee shall so inform the reporting individual and direct him to take the necessary
corrective action.

(b) In order to carry out their responsibilities under this Act, the designated Committees of both
Houses of Congress shall have the power within their respective jurisdictions, to render any
opinion interpreting this Act, in writing, to persons covered by this Act, subject in each instance
to the approval by affirmative vote of the majority of the particular House concerned.

The individual to whom an opinion is rendered, and any other individual involved in a similar
factual situation, and who, after issuance of the opinion acts in good faith in accordance with it
shall not be subject to any sanction provided in this Act.

(c) The heads of other offices shall perform the duties stated in subsections (a) and (b) hereof
insofar as their respective offices are concerned, subject to the approval of the Secretary of
Justice, in the case of the Executive Department and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in
the case of the Judicial Department.

Section 11. Penalties. - (a) Any public official or employee, regardless of whether or not he
holds office or employment in a casual, temporary, holdover, permanent or regular capacity,
committing any violation of this Act shall be punished with a fine not exceeding the equivalent of
six (6) months' salary or suspension not exceeding one (1) year, or removal depending on the
gravity of the offense after due notice and hearing by the appropriate body or agency. If the
violation is punishable by a heavier penalty under another law, he shall be prosecuted under the
latter statute. Violations of Sections 7, 8 or 9 of this Act shall be punishable with imprisonment
not exceeding five (5) years, or a fine not exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000), or both, and,
in the discretion of the court of competent jurisdiction, disqualification to hold public office.

(b) Any violation hereof proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall be sufficient cause
for removal or dismissal of a public official or employee, even if no criminal prosecution is
instituted against him.
(c) Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as co-principals, accomplices or
accessories, with public officials or employees, in violation of this Act, shall be subject to the
same penal liabilities as the public officials or employees and shall be tried jointly with them.

(d) The official or employee concerned may bring an action against any person who obtains or
uses a report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (D) of this Act. The Court in which such
action is brought may assess against such a person a penalty in any amount not to exceed
twenty-five thousand pesos (P25,000). If another sanction hereunder or under any other law is
heavier, the latter shall apply.

Section 12. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations, Administration and Enforcement of

this Act. - The Civil Service Commission shall have the primary responsibility for the
administration and enforcement of this Act. It shall transmit all cases for prosecution arising from
violations of this Act to the proper authorities for appropriate action: Provided, however, That it
may institute such administrative actions and disciplinary measures as may be warranted in
accordance with law. Nothing in this provision shall be construed as a deprivation of the right of
each House of Congress to discipline its Members for disorderly behavior.

The Civil Service Commission is hereby authorized to promulgate rules and regulations
necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act, including guidelines for individuals who render
free voluntary service to the Government. The Ombudsman shall likewise take steps to protect
citizens who denounce acts or omissions of public officials and employees which are in violation
of this Act.

Section 13. Provisions for More Stringent Standards. - Nothing in this Act shall be construed
to derogate from any law, or any regulation prescribed by any body or agency, which provides
for more stringent standards for its official and employees.

Section 14. Appropriations. - The sum necessary for the effective implementation of this Act
shall be taken from the appropriations of the Civil Service Commission. Thereafter, such sum as
may be needed for its continued implementation shall be included in the annual General
Appropriations Act.

Section 15. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act or the application of such
provision to any person or circumstance is declared invalid, the remainder of the Act or the
application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected by such
declaration.

Section 16. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees and orders or parts thereof inconsistent
herewith, are deemed repealed or modified accordingly, unless the same provide for a heavier
penalty.
Section 17. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after thirty (30) days following the completion
of its publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

------------------------------
Source:https://www.prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Resolution%20no.%20435%20Code%20of%2
0Ethics.pdf
-https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/philippines_code_of_ethics_fo_professio
nal_teachers.pdf

2. Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (e), Article 11, of R.A. No. 7836, otherwise known as
the Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994 and paragraph (a), section 6, P.D. No.
223, as amended, the Board for Professional Teachers hereby adopt the Code of Ethics for
Professional Teachers.

Preamble
Teachers are duly licensed professionals who possesse dignity and reputation with high moral
values as well as technical and professional competence in the practice of their noble
profession, and they strictly adhere to, observe, and practice this set of ethical and moral
principles, standards, and values.

Article I: Scope and Limitations

Section 1. The Philippine Constitution provides that all educational institution shall offer quality
education for all competent teachers. Committed to its full realization, the provision of this
Code shall apply, therefore, to all teachers in schools in the Philippines.

Section 2. This Code covers all public and private school teachers in all educational institutions
at the preschool, primary, elementary, and secondary levels whether academic, vocational,
special, technical, or non-formal. The term “teacher” shall include industrial arts or vocational
teachers and all other persons performing supervisory and /or administrative functions in all
school at the aforesaid levels, whether on full time or part-time basis.

Article II: The Teacher and the State

Section 1. The schools are the nurseries of the future citizens of the state; each teacher is a
trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is under obligation to
transmit to learners such heritage as well as to elevate national morality, promote national
pride, cultivate love of country, instil allegiance to the constitution and for all duly constituted
authorities, and promote obedience to the laws of the state.
Section 2. Every teacher or school official shall actively help carry out the declared policies of
the state, and shall take an oath to this effect.

Section 3. In the interest of the State and of the Filipino people as much as of his own, every
teacher shall be physically, mentally and morally fit.

Section 4. Every teacher shall possess and actualize a full commitment and devotion to duty.

Section 5. A teacher shall not engage in the promotion of any political, religious, or other
partisan interest, and shall not, directly or indirectly, solicit, require, collect, or receive any
money or service or other valuable material from any person or entity for such purposes.

Section 6. Every teacher shall vote and shall exercise all other constitutional rights and
Responsibility.

Section 7. A teacher shall not use his position or official authority or influence to coerce any
other person to follow any political course of action.

Section 8. Every teacher shall enjoy academic freedom and shall have privilege of expounding
the product of his researches and investigations; provided that, if the results are inimical to the
declared policies of the State, they shall be brought to the proper authorities for appropriate
remedial action.

Article III: The Teacher and the Community

Section 1. A teacher is a facilitator of learning and of the development of the youth; he shall,
therefore, render the best service by providing an environment conducive to such learning and
growth.

Section 2. Every teacher shall provide leadership and initiative to actively participate in
community movements for moral, social, educational, economic and civic betterment.

Section 3. Every teacher shall merit reasonable social recognition for which purpose he shall
behave with honour and dignity at all times and refrain from such activities as gambling,
smoking, drunkenness, and other excesses, much less illicit relations.

Section 4. Every teacher shall live for and with the community and shall, therefore, study and
understand local customs and traditions in order to have sympathetic attitude, therefore,
refrain from disparaging the community.

Section 5. Every teacher shall help the school keep the people in the community informed
about the school’s work and accomplishments as well as its needs and problems.
Section 6. Every teacher is intellectual leader in the community, especially in the barangay,
and shall welcome the opportunity to provide such leadership when needed, to extend
counselling services, as appropriate, and to actively be involved in matters affecting the
welfare of the people.

Section 7. Every teacher shall maintain harmonious and pleasant personal and official relations
with other professionals, with government officials, and with the people, individually or
collectively.

Section 8. A teacher possesses freedom to attend church and worships as appropriate, but
shall not use his positions and influence to proselyte others.

Article IV: A Teacher and the Profession

Section 1. Every teacher shall actively insure that teaching is the noblest profession, and shall
manifest genuine enthusiasm and pride in teaching as a noble calling.

Section 2. Every teacher shall uphold the highest possible standards of quality education, shall
make the best preparations for the career of teaching, and shall be at his best at all times and
in the practice of his profession.

Section 3. Every teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional Education (CPE)
program of the Professional Regulation Commission, and shall pursue such other studies as will
improve his efficiency, enhance the prestige of the profession, and strengthen his competence,
virtues, and productivity in order to be nationally and internationally competitive.

Section 4. Every teacher shall help, if duly authorized, to seek support from the school, but
shall not make improper misrepresentations through personal advertisements and other
questionable means.

Section 5. Every teacher shall use the teaching profession in a manner that makes it dignified
means for earning a decent living.

Article V: The Teachers and the Profession

Section 1. Teachers shall, at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, mutual
confidence, and faith in one another, self-sacrifice for the common good; and full cooperation
with colleagues. When the best interest of the learners, the school, or the profession is at
stake in any controversy, teachers shall support one another.

Section 2. A teacher is not entitled to claim credit or work not of his own, and shall give due
credit for the work of others which he may use.
Section 3. Before leaving his position, a teacher shall organize for whoever assumes the
position such records and other data as are necessary to carry on the work.

Section 4. A teacher shall hold inviolate all confidential information concerning associates and
the school, and shall not divulge to anyone documents which has not been officially released,
or remove records from files without permission.

Section 5. It shall be the responsibility of every teacher to seek correctives for what may
appear to be an unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associate. However, this may be
done only if there is incontrovertible evidence for such conduct.

Section 6. A teacher may submit to the proper authorities any justifiable criticism against an
associate, preferably in writing, without violating the right of the individual concerned.

Section 7. A teacher may apply for a vacant position for which he is qualified; provided that he
respects the system of selection on the basis of merit and competence; provided, further, that
all qualified candidates are given the opportunity to be considered.

Article VI: The Teacher and Higher Authorities in the Profession

Section 1. Every teacher shall make it his duty to make an honest effort to understand
and support the legitimate policies of the school and the administration regardless of
personal feeling or private opinion and shall faithfully carry them out.

Section 2. A teacher shall not make any false accusations or charges against superiors,
especially under anonymity. However, if there are valid charges, he should present such under
oath to competent authority.

Section 3. A teacher shall transact all official business through channels except when special
conditions warrant a different procedure, such as when special conditions are advocated but
are opposed by immediate superiors, in which case, the teacher shall appeal directly to the
appropriate higher authority.

Section 4. Every teacher, individually or as part of a group, has a right to seek redress against
injustice to the administration and to extent possible, shall raise grievances within acceptable
democratic possesses. In doing so, they shall avoid jeopardizing the interest and the welfare of
learners whose right to learn must be respected.

Section 5. Every teacher has a right to invoke the principle that appointments, promotions, and
Transfer of teachers are made only on the basis of merit and needed in the interest of the
service.
Section 6. A teacher who accepts a position assumes a contractual obligation to live up to his
contract, assuming full knowledge of employment terms and conditions.
Article VII: School Officials, Teachers, and Other Personnel

Section 1. All school officials shall at all times show professional courtesy, helpfulness and
sympathy towards teachers and other personnel, such practices being standards of effective
school supervision, dignified administration, responsible leadership and enlightened directions.

Section 2. School officials, teachers, and other school personnel shall consider it their
cooperative responsibility to formulate policies or introduce important changes in the system at
all levels.

Section 3. School officials shall encourage and attend the professional growth of all teachers
under them such as recommending them for promotion, giving them due recognition for
meritorious performance, and allowing them to participate in conferences in training programs.

Section 4. No school officials shall dismiss or recommend for dismissal a teacher or other
subordinates except for cause.

Section 5. School authorities concern shall ensure that public school teachers are employed in
accordance with pertinent civil service rules, and private school teachers are issued contracts
specifying the terms and conditions of their work; provided that they are given, if qualified,
subsequent permanent tenure, in accordance with existing laws.

Article VIII: The Teachers and Learners

Section 1. A teacher has a right and duty to determine the academic marks and the
promotions of learners in the subject or grades he handles, provided that such determination
shall be in accordance with generally accepted procedures of evaluation and measurement. In
case of any complaint, teachers concerned shall immediately take appropriate actions,
observing due process.

Section 2. A teacher shall recognize that the interest and welfare of learners are of first and
foremost concern, and shall deal justifiably and impartially with each of them.

Section 3. Under no circumstance shall a teacher be prejudiced or discriminate against a

Learner.

Section 4. A teacher shall not accept favours or gifts from learners, their parents or others in
their behalf in exchange for requested concessions, especially if undeserved.

Section 5. A teacher shall not accept, directly or indirectly, any remuneration from tutorials
other what is authorized for such service.
Section 6. A teacher shall base the evaluation of the learner’s work only in merit and quality of
academic performance.

Section 7. In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop between
teacher and learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost professional discretion to avoid scandal,
gossip and preferential treatment of the learner.

Section 8. A teacher shall not inflict corporal punishment on offending learners nor make
deductions from their scholastic ratings as a punishment for acts which are clearly not
manifestation of poor scholarship.

Section 9. A teacher shall ensure that conditions contribute to the maximum development of
learners are adequate, and shall extend needed assistance in preventing or solving learner’s
problems and difficulties.

Article IX: The Teachers and Parents

Section 1. Every teacher shall establish and maintain cordial relations with parents, and shall
conduct himself to merit their confidence and respect.

Section 2. Every teacher shall inform parents, through proper authorities, of the progress and
deficiencies of learner under him, exercising utmost candour and tact in pointing out the
learner's deficiencies and in seeking parent’s cooperation for the proper guidance and
improvement of the learners.

Section 3. A teacher shall hear parent’s complaints with sympathy and understanding, and
shall discourage unfair criticism.

Article X: The Teacher and Business

Section 1. A teacher has the right to engage, directly or indirectly, in legitimate income
generation; provided that it does not relate to or adversely affect his work as a teacher.

Section 2. A teacher shall maintain a good reputation with respect to the financial matters such
as in the settlement of his debts and loans in arranging satisfactorily his private financial affairs.

Section 3. No teacher shall act, directly or indirectly, as agent of, or be financially interested in,
any commercial venture which furnish textbooks and other school commodities in the purchase
and disposal of which he can exercise official influence, except only when his assignment is
inherently, related to such purchase and disposal; provided they shall be in accordance with
the existing regulations; provided, further, that members of duly recognized teachers
cooperatives may participate in the distribution and sale of such commodities.

Article XI: The Teacher as a Person

Section 1. A teacher is, above all, a human being endowed with life for which it is the highest
obligation to live with dignity at all times whether in school, in the home, or elsewhere.

Section 2. A teacher shall place premium upon self-discipline as the primary principle of
personal behaviour in all relationships with others and in all situations.

Section 3. A teacher shall maintain at all times a dignified personality which could serve as a
model worthy of emulation by learners, peers and all others.

Section 4. A teacher shall always recognize the Almighty God as guide of his own destiny and
of the destinies of men and nations.

Article XII: Disciplinary Actions

Section 1. Any violation of any provision of this code shall be sufficient ground for the
imposition against the erring teacher of the disciplinary action consisting of revocation of his
Certification of Registration and License as a Professional Teacher, suspension from the
practice of teaching profession, or reprimand or cancellation of his temporary/special permit
under causes specified in Sec. 23, Article III or R.A. No. 7836, and under Rule 31, Article VIII,
of the Rules and Regulations Implementing R.A. 7836.

Article XIII: Effectivity

Section 1. This Code shall take effect upon approval by the Professional Regulation
Commission and after sixty (60) days following its publication in the Official Gazette or any
newspaper of general circulation, whichever is earlier.

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C. Teacher Welfare and Privileges- The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (RA
4670) (Kristine Kuan)
I. DECLARATION OF POLICY COVERAGE

Section 1. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared to be the policy of this Act to promote
and improve the social and economic status of public school teachers, their living and working
conditions, their terms of employment and career prospects in order that they may compare
favorably with existing opportunities in other walks of life, attract and retain in the teaching
profession more people with the proper qualifications, it being recognized that advance in
education depends on the qualifications and ability of the teaching staff and that education is an
essential factor in the economic growth of the nation as a productive investment of vital
importance.

Section 2. Title Definition. This Act shall be known as the "Magna Carta for Public School
Teachers" and shall apply to all public school teachers except those in the professorial staff of
state colleges and universities.

As used in this Act, the term "teacher" shall mean all persons engaged in classroom teaching, in
any level of instruction, on full-time basis, including guidance counselors, school librarians,
industrial arts or vocational instructors, and all other persons performing supervisory and/or
administrative functions in all schools, colleges and universities operated by the Government or
its political subdivisions; but shall not include school nurses, school physicians, school dentists,
and other school employees.

II. RECRUITMENT AND CAREER

Section 3. Recruitment and Qualification. Recruitment policy with respect to the selection and
appointment of teachers shall be clearly defined by the Department of Education: Provided,
however, That effective upon the approval of this Act, the following shall constitute the minimum
educational qualifications for teacher-applicants:

(a) For teachers in the kindergarten and elementary grades, Bachelor's degree in Elementary
Education (B.S.E.ED.);

(b) For teachers of the secondary schools, Bachelor's degree in Education or its equivalent with
a major and a minor; or a Bachelor's degree in Arts or Science with at least eighteen
professional units in Education.

(c) For teachers of secondary vocational and two years technical courses, Bachelor's degree in
the field of specialization with at least eighteen professional units in education;

(d) For teachers of courses on the collegiate level, other than vocational, master's degree with a
specific area of specialization;

Provided, further, That in the absence of applicants who possess the minimum educational
qualifications as hereinabove provided, the school superintendent may appoint, under a
temporary status, applicants who do not meet the minimum qualifications: Provided, further,
That should teacher-applicants, whether they possess the minimum educational qualifications or
not, be required to take competitive examinations, preference in making appointments shall be
in the order of their respective ranks in said competitive examinations: And provided, finally,
That the results of the examinations shall be made public and every applicant shall be furnished
with his score and rank in said examinations.

Section 4. Probationary Period. When recruitment takes place after adequate training and
professional preparation in any school recognized by the Government, no probationary period
preceding regular appointment shall be imposed if the teacher possesses the appropriate civil
service eligibility: Provided, however, That where, due to the exigencies of the service, it is
necessary to employ as teacher a person who possesses the minimum educational
qualifications herein above set forth but lacks the appropriate civil service eligibility, such person
shall be appointed on a provisional status and shall undergo a period of probation for not less
than one year from and after the date of his provisional appointment.

Section 5. Tenure of Office. Stability on employment and security of tenure shall be assured
the teachers as provided under existing laws.

Subject to the provisions of Section three hereof, teachers appointed on a provisional status for
lack of necessary civil service eligibility shall be extended permanent appointment for the
position he is holding after having rendered at least ten years of continuous, efficient and faithful
service in such position.

Section 6. Consent for Transfer Transportation Expenses. Except for cause and as herein
otherwise provided, no teacher shall be transferred without his consent from one station to
another.

Where the exigencies of the service require the transfer of a teacher from one station to
another, such transfer may be effected by the school superintendent who shall previously notify
the teacher concerned of the transfer and the reason or reasons therefor. If the teacher believes
there is no justification for the transfer, he may appeal his case to the Director of Public Schools
or the Director of Vocational Education, as the case may be. Pending his appeal and the
decision thereon, his transfer shall be held in abeyance: Provided, however, That no transfers
whatever shall be made three months before any local or national election.

Necessary transfer expenses of the teacher and his family shall be paid for by the Government
if his transfer is finally approved.

Section 7. Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers. Within six months from the approval
of this Act, the Secretary of Education shall formulate and prepare a Code of Professional
Conduct for Public School Teachers. A copy of the Code shall be furnished each teacher:
Provided, however, That where this is not possible by reason of inadequate fiscal resources of
the Department of Education, at least three copies of the same Code shall be deposited with the
office of the school principal or head teacher where they may be accessible for use by the
teachers.

Section 8. Safeguards in Disciplinary Procedure. Every teacher shall enjoy equitable

safeguards at each stage of any disciplinary procedure and shall have:

a. the right to be informed, in writing, of the charges;

b. the right to full access to the evidence in the case;
c. the right to defend himself and to be defended by a representative of his choice and/or by his
organization, adequate time being given to the teacher for the preparation of his defense; and
d. the right to appeal to clearly designated authorities.

No publicity shall be given to any disciplinary action being taken against a teacher during the
pendency of his case.

Section 9. Administrative Charges. Administrative charges against a teacher shall be heard

initially by a committee composed of the corresponding School Superintendent of the Division or
a duly authorized representative who should at least have the rank of a division supervisor,
where the teacher belongs, as chairman, a representative of the local or, in its absence, any
existing provincial or national teacher's organization and a supervisor of the Division, the last
two to be designated by the Director of Public Schools. The committee shall submit its findings
and recommendations to the Director of Public Schools within thirty days from the termination of
the hearings: Provided, however, That where the school superintendent is the complainant or an
interested party, all the members of the committee shall be appointed by the Secretary of
Education.

Section 10. No Discrimination. There shall be no discrimination whatsoever in entrance to the

teaching profession, or during its exercise, or in the termination of services, based on other than
professional consideration.

Section 11. Married Teachers. Whenever possible, the proper authorities shall take all steps to
enable married couples, both of whom are public school teachers, to be employed in the same
locality.

Section 12. Academic Freedom. Teachers shall enjoy academic freedom in the discharge of
their professional duties, particularly with regard to teaching and classroom methods.

III. HOURS OF WORK AND REMUNERATION

Section 13. Teaching Hours. Any teacher engaged in actual classroom instruction shall not be
required to render more than six hours of actual classroom teaching a day, which shall be so
scheduled as to give him time for the preparation and correction of exercises and other work
incidental to his normal teaching duties: Provided, however, That where the exigencies of the
service so require, any teacher may be required to render more than six hours but not
exceeding eight hours of actual classroom teaching a day upon payment of additional
compensation at the same rate as his regular remuneration plus at least twenty-five per cent of
his basic pay.

Section 14. Additional Compensation. Notwithstanding any provision of existing law to the
contrary, co-curricula and out of school activities and any other activities outside of what is
defined as normal duties of any teacher shall be paid an additional compensation of at least
twenty-five per cent of his regular remuneration after the teacher has completed at least six
hours of actual classroom teaching a day.

In the case of other teachers or school officials not engaged in actual classroom instruction, any
work performed in excess of eight hours a day shall be paid an additional compensation of at
least twenty-five per cent of their regular remuneration.

The agencies utilizing the services of teachers shall pay the additional compensation required
under this section.1âшphi1 Education authorities shall refuse to allow the rendition of services of
teachers for other government agencies without the assurance that the teachers shall be paid
the remuneration provided for under this section.

Section 15. Criteria for Salaries. Teacher's salaries shall correspond to the following criteria:

(a) they shall compare favorably with those paid in other occupations requiring equivalent or
similar qualifications, training and abilities;
(b) they shall be such as to insure teachers a reasonable standard of life for themselves and
their families; and
(c) they shall be properly graded so as to recognize the fact that certain positions require higher
qualifications and greater responsibility than others: Provided, however, That the general salary
scale shall be such that the relation between the lowest and highest salaries paid in the
profession will be of reasonable order. Narrowing of the salary scale shall be achieved by
raising the lower end of the salary scales relative to the upper end.

Section 16. Salary Scale. Salary scales of teachers shall provide for a gradual progression
from a minimum to a maximum salary by means of regular increments, granted automatically
after three years: Provided, That the efficiency rating of the teacher concerned is at least
satisfactory. The progression from the minimum to the maximum of the salary scale shall not
extend over a period of ten years.

Section 17. Equality in Salary Scales. The salary scales of teachers whose salaries are
appropriated by a city, municipal, municipal district, or provincial government, shall not be less
than those provided for teachers of the National Government.

Section 18. Cost of Living Allowance. Teacher's salaries shall, at the very least, keep pace
with the rise in the cost of living by the payment of a cost-of-living allowance which shall
automatically follow changes in a cost-of-living index. The Secretary of Education shall, in
consultation with the proper government entities, recommend to Congress, at least annually, the
appropriation of the necessary funds for the cost-of-living allowances of teachers employed by
the National Government. The determination of the cost-of-living allowances by the Secretary of
Education shall, upon approval of the President of the Philippines, be binding on the city,
municipal or provincial government, for the purposes of calculating the cost-of-living allowances
of teachers under its employ.

Section 19. Special Hardship Allowances. In areas in which teachers are exposed to
hardship such as difficulty in commuting to the place of work or other hazards peculiar to the
place of employment, as determined by the Secretary of Education, they shall be compensated
special hardship allowances equivalent to at least twenty-five per cent of their monthly salary.

Section 20. Salaries to be Paid in Legal Tender. Salaries of teachers shall be paid in legal
tender of the Philippines or its equivalent in checks or treasury warrants. Provided, however,
That such checks or treasury warrants shall be cashable in any national, provincial, city or
municipal treasurer's office or any banking institutions operating under the laws of the Republic
of the Philippines.

Section 21. Deductions Prohibited. No person shall make any deduction whatsoever from the
salaries of teachers except under specific authority of law authorizing such deductions:
Provided, however, That upon written authority executed by the teacher concerned, (1) lawful
dues and fees owing to the Philippine Public School Teachers Association, and (2) premiums
properly due on insurance policies, shall be considered deductible.

IV. HEALTH MEASURES AND INJURY BENEFITS

Section 22. Medical Examination and Treatment. Compulsory medical examination shall be
provided free of charge for all teachers before they take up teaching, and shall be repeated not
less than once a year during the teacher's professional life. Where medical examination show
that medical treatment and/or hospitalization is necessary, same shall be provided free by the
government entity paying the salary of the teachers.

In regions where there is scarcity of medical facilities, teachers may obtain elsewhere the
necessary medical care with the right to be reimbursed for their traveling expenses by the
government entity concerned in the first paragraph of this Section.

Section 23. Compensation For Injuries. Teachers shall be protected against the
consequences of employment injuries in accordance with existing laws. The effects of the
physical and nervous strain on the teacher's health shall be recognized as a compensable
occupational disease in accordance with existing laws.

V. LEAVE AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Section 24. Study Leave. In addition to the leave privileges now enjoyed by teachers in the
public schools, they shall be entitled to study leave not exceeding one school year after seven
years of service. Such leave shall be granted in accordance with a schedule set by the
Department of Education. During the period of such leave, the teachers shall be entitled to at
least sixty per cent of their monthly salary: Provided, however, That no teacher shall be allowed
to accumulate more than one year study leave, unless he needs an additional semester to finish
his thesis for a graduate study in education or allied courses: Provided, further, That no
compensation shall be due the teacher after the first year of such leave. In all cases, the study
leave period shall be counted for seniority and pension purposes.

The compensation allowed for one year study leave as herein provided shall be subject to the
condition that the teacher takes the regular study load and passes at least seventy-five per cent
of his courses. Study leave of more than one year may be permitted by the Secretary of
Education but without compensation.

Section 25. Indefinite Leave. An indefinite sick leave of absence shall be granted to teachers
when the nature of the illness demands a long treatment that will exceed one year at the least.

Section 26. Salary Increase upon Retirement. Public school teachers having fulfilled the age
and service requirements of the applicable retirement laws shall be given one range salary raise
upon retirement, which shall be the basis of the computation of the lump sum of the retirement
pay and the monthly benefits thereafter.

VI. TEACHER'S ORGANIZATION

Section 27. Freedom to Organize. Public school teachers shall have the right to freely and
without previous authorization both to establish and to join organizations of their choosing,
whether local or national, to further and defend their interests.

Section 28. Discrimination Against Teachers Prohibited. The rights established in the
immediately preceding Section shall be exercised without any interference or coercion. It shall
be unlawful for any person to commit any acts of discrimination against teachers which are
calculated to (a) make the employment of a teacher subject to the condition that he shall not join
an organization, or shall relinquish membership in an organization,

(b) to cause the dismissal of or otherwise prejudice a teacher by reason of his membership in an
organization or because of participation in organization activities outside school hours, or with
the consent of the proper school authorities, within school hours, and (c) to prevent him from
carrying out the duties laid upon him by his position in the organization, or to penalize him for an
action undertaken in that capacity.

Section 29. National Teacher's Organizations. National teachers' organizations shall be

consulted in the formulation of national educational policies and professional standards, and in
the formulation of national policies governing the social security of the teachers.
VII. ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

Section 30. Rules and Regulations. The Secretary of Education shall formulate and prepare the
necessary rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this Act. Rules and regulations
issued pursuant to this Section shall take effect thirty days after publication in a newspaper of
general circulation and by such other means as the Secretary of Education deems reasonably
sufficient to give interested parties general notice of such issuance.

Section 31. Budgetary Estimates. The Secretary of Education shall submit to Congress annually
the necessary budgetary estimates to implement the provisions of the Act concerning the
benefits herein granted to public school teachers under the employ of the National Government.

Section 32. Penal Provision. A person who shall willfully interfere with, restrain or coerce any
teacher in the exercise of his rights guaranteed by this Act or who shall in any other manner
commit any act to defeat any of the provisions of this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by
a fine of not less than one hundred pesos nor more than one thousand pesos, or by
imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.

If the offender is a public official, the court shall order his dismissal from the Government
service.

Section 33. Repealing Clause. All Acts or parts of Acts, executive orders and their implementing
rules inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed, amended or modified
accordingly.

Section 34. Separability Clause. If any provision of this Act is declared invalid, the remainder of
this Act or any provisions not affected thereby shall remain in force and in effect.

Section 35. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 18, 1966

Reference: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1966/ra_4670_1966.html

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D. Teachers’ Rights, Duties and Responsibilities- The Education Act of 1982 (BP 232)
(Tresha Torino)

The Education Act of 1982 (BP 232) - AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
MAINTENANCE OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
Declaration of Basic Policy - It is the policy of the State to established and maintain a complete,
adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of national development.
Toward this end, the government shall ensure, within the context of a free and democratic
system, maximum contribution of the educational system to the attainment of the following
national developmental goals:

1. To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social progress;

2. To ensure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and enjoyment of the
benefits of such growth; and

3. To achieve and strengthen national unity and consciousness and preserve, develop and
promote desirable cultural, moral and spiritual values in a changing world.

The State shall promote the right of every individual to relevant quality education, regardless of
sex, age, creed, socio-economic status, physical and mental conditions, racial or ethnic origin,
political or other affiliation. The State shall therefore promote and maintain equality of access to
education as well as the enjoyment of the benefits of education by all its citizens.

The state shall promote the right of the nation's cultural communities in the exercise of their right
to develop themselves within the context of their cultures, customs, traditions, interest and
belief, and recognizes education as an instrument for their maximum participation in national
development and in ensuring their involvement in achieving national unity.

RIGHTS

Special Rights and/or Privileges of Teaching or Academic Staff - Further to the rights mentioned
in the preceding Section, every member of the teaching or academic staff shall enjoy the
following rights and/or privileges:

1. The right to be free from compulsory assignments not related to their duties as defined in
their appointments or employment contracts, unless compensated therefor, conformably to
existing law.

2. The right to intellectual property consistent with applicable laws.

3. Teachers shall be deemed persons in authority when in the discharge of lawful duties and
responsibilities, and shall, therefore, be accorded due respect and protection.

4. Teachers shall be accorded the opportunity to choose alternative career lines either in school
administration, in classroom teaching, or others, for purposes of career advancement.

Teacher's Obligations - Every teacher shall:

1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in accordance with the
philosophy, goals, and objectives of the school.

2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective attainment of specified learning objectives in
pursuance of national development goals within the limits of available school resources.

3. Render regular reports on performance of each student and to the latter and the latter's
parents and guardians with specific suggestions for improvement.

4. Assume the responsibility to maintain and sustain his professional growth and advancement
and maintain professionalism in his behavior at all times.

5. Refrain from making deductions in students' scholastic rating for acts that are clearly not
manifestations of poor scholarship.

6. Participate as an agent of constructive social, economic, moral, intellectual, cultural and

political change in his school and the community within the context of national policies.

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E. Teacher as a Persons in Authority (CA 578) (Richelle Salido)
Objectives:
1. Commonwealth Act No. 578;
2. to know what a Person in Authority is;
3. Teacher as a Person of Authority

Commonwealth Act No. 578

“Commonwealth Act No. 578 - An act to amend Article 152 of the Revised Penal Code, so
as to include Teachers, Professors, and Persons charged with the supervision of public
or duly recognised private schools, colleges, and university, within the term ‘Persons in
Authority’.

What is a Person of Authority?

Section 1. Article 152 of Act No. 3815, known as the Revised Penal Code, is amended to
read as follows:
“ARTICLE 152. Persons in Authority - Who shall be deemed as such.
In applying the provisions of the preceding and other articles of this Code, any person
directly vested with jurisdiction of this Code, any person directly vested with jurisdiction,
whether as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental corporation,
board or commision, shall be deemed a person in authority.

Teacher as a Person of Authority

 - It is originally conceived that law DID NOT CONSIDER teachers as persons in
authority. It was held in People vs Mendoza, 59 Phil 163, that when a high school
student slapped his teacher on the cheek while she was engaged in the
performance of her duties as a teacher, the crime committed was only a “light
felony”. This offense is punishable by imprisonment of not more than 30 days
instead of “assault” upon a person in authority punishable from 6 months and 1
day up to 6 years of prison.
- From then on, there were several instances of assault and attacks against
teachers, instructors, professors, and other public and private school officials.
- When Commonwealth Act No. 578 amended Article 152 of the RPC on June 8,
1940, this picture completely changed.
- Through this Act, teachers, professors and the persons charged with supervision
of educational institutions were raised to the rank of the Persons in Authority.

Source - Criminal Law: Revised Penal Code, Annotated, Volume 2, Ambrosio Padilla

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F. Employment of Teachers (Fredrick Rabor) (Daniela A. Tambis)
● The Teacher in Remote Places
● Deployment of Teachers in:
- War Torn Areas
-Phil. Science High Schools
-Tech Voc Schools
-International Schools
-Sectarian Schools

The Teacher in Remote Places

CHALLENGES OPPORTUNITIES

● Limited Resources: Remote areas ● Impact: Teachers in remote places

may lack the resources and often have the opportunity to make
infrastructure available in urban a significant impact on the lives of
areas, such as access to their students, as they may be the
technology, libraries, and only educators available in the
educational materials. area.
● Isolation: Teachers in remote ● Cultural Exchange: Working in a
places may experience feelings of remote area can provide teachers
isolation due to the distance from with a unique cultural experience
colleagues and limited social and the chance to learn from the
interaction outside of work. communities they serve.
● Transportation: Getting to and ● Innovation: Teachers in remote
 from remote locations can be
challenging, especially in areas
with poor road conditions or
limited public transportation.
● Cultural and Linguistic Differences:
Teachers may encounter cultural
and linguistic diversity in remote
areas, which can require them to
adapt their teaching methods to
meet the needs of the local
population.
● Limited Professional Development:
Access to professional
development opportunities may be
limited in remote areas, which can
make it harder for teachers to keep
their skills and knowledge
up-to-date.
● Teacher Shortages: Remote areas
often struggle to attract and retain
teachers, leading to shortages and
increased workload for those who
do work there.
Deployment of Teachers in war torn areas
● Security Risks: The most
immediate and critical challenge is
the security risk that teachers face
in war-torn areas. Armed conflicts
can lead to violence, attacks on
schools, and threats to educators'
safety.
● Access to Education: Conflict
disrupts access to education for
students, making it challenging for
teachers to reach and engage with
their students regularly. This can
result in interrupted learning and a
lack of educational continuity.
places may need to be creative and
innovative in their teaching
methods due to limited resources,
which can lead to personal and
professional growth.
● Community Engagement: Teachers
in remote areas often become
closely involved with the
community and its needs, fostering
strong bonds with students and
families.
● Resilience and Adaptability:
Teaching in a remote location can
develop a teacher's resilience,
adaptability, and problem-solving
skills, which can be valuable in any
educational setting.
● Sense of Purpose: Many educators
find great satisfaction in serving
underserved communities,
contributing to the educational
development of remote areas, and
making a difference in the lives of
their students.
● Building Resilience: Deploying
teachers in war-torn areas can help
build resilience in both educators
and students. Teachers learn to
adapt and find creative solutions to
deliver education under difficult
circumstances.
● Empowering Communities:
Education can empower
communities in conflict by
providing hope, fostering a sense
of normalcy, and offering a path to
recovery and stability.
● Peace Building: Schools and
● Physical Infrastructure: War can
damage or destroy school
buildings, making it difficult to
provide a safe and conducive
learning environment. Teachers
may have to work in makeshift or
unsafe facilities.
● Emotional and Psychological Toll:
Working in a conflict zone can be
emotionally and psychologically
taxing for teachers, as they may
witness or experience trauma
themselves, and they must support
students dealing with trauma.
● Limited Resources: War-torn areas
often lack resources, including
teaching materials, textbooks, and
technology, which can hinder
effective teaching and learning.
● Displacement: Both teachers and
students may be internally
displaced or refugees, which can
lead to overcrowded classrooms,
disruptions in learning, and a lack
of stability.
● Teacher Shortages: Attracting and
retaining qualified teachers in
conflict zones can be challenging
due to the dangers and hardships
involved.
teachers can play a role in peace
building by promoting tolerance,
reconciliation, and conflict
resolution among students.
● Humanitarian Assistance:
Deploying teachers is part of
broader humanitarian efforts,
ensuring that basic needs like
education are met, even in the
midst of conflict.
● Skills Transfer: Teachers can
impart essential life skills to
students, such as problem-solving,
resilience, and critical thinking,
which can be valuable in
conflict-affected areas.
● Future Rebuilding: Education can
serve as a foundation for future
rebuilding efforts, as educated
individuals are better equipped to
contribute to the reconstruction of
their communities and nations.
● International Support: Deploying
teachers in conflict zones often
attracts international attention and
support, leading to funding and
resources for education initiatives.
● Teacher Training: Offering training
and professional development
opportunities to teachers can
enhance their skills and enable
them to provide quality education,
even in challenging environments.
● Local Expertise: Employing local
teachers who understand the
cultural context and language of
the community can enhance the
effectiveness of education
programs.
● Long-Term Impact: Education in
war-torn areas can have a
long-term impact on individuals
and society, providing hope for a
better future and breaking the

Deployment of Teachers in Philippines Science High School
● Teacher Qualifications: PSHS
places a high emphasis on hiring
qualified science and mathematics
teachers. Finding educators with
the right qualifications and
expertise can be a challenge,
especially in specialized fields.
● Competitive Recruitment: The
demand for teaching positions in
PSHS is high due to the prestige
and benefits associated with these
schools. As a result, the
competition for teaching positions
can be intense.
● Maintaining High Standards: PSHS
is known for its rigorous academic
programs. Ensuring that teachers
can consistently meet these high
standards and provide quality
education can be demanding.
● Workload: Teachers in PSHS often
have to handle heavy workloads,
including teaching advanced
courses, supervising research
projects, and participating in
extracurricular activities. This
workload can be demanding.
● Resources: Adequate resources,
including laboratory equipment,
teaching materials, and
technology, are essential for
delivering quality science and
mathematics education. Ensuring
the availability of these resources
can be a challenge.
● Curriculum Development: Staying
updated with the latest
cycle of violence and poverty.
● Impactful Teaching: PSHS
teachers have the opportunity to
inspire and educate some of the
brightest young minds in the
country. They can make a lasting
impact on students who go on to
pursue careers in science and
technology.
● Professional Development: PSHS
often provides opportunities for
teachers to engage in ongoing
professional development, attend
conferences, and collaborate with
experts in their fields, which can
enhance their own knowledge and
teaching abilities.
● Research Opportunities: PSHS
teachers may have the chance to
engage in research activities,
contributing to advancements in
their respective fields while also
providing students with hands-on
research experiences.
● Recognition: Teaching at PSHS is
highly respected in the education
community, and teachers receive
recognition for their contributions
to the development of science and
mathematics education in the
Philippines.
● Networking: PSHS teachers have
the opportunity to build strong
professional networks, both within
the school system and with other
educators, researchers, and
institutions.
● Inspiring Future Scientists and
 developments in science and
mathematics education and
incorporating them into the
curriculum can be time-consuming
and challenging for teachers.
● ● Contribution to National
Deployment in Tech. Voc. Schools
● Specialized Knowledge: Tech-voc
teachers must possess specialized
knowledge and skills relevant to
the specific vocational areas they
are teaching. Finding qualified
educators with this expertise can
be challenging.
● Resource Constraints: Technical
and vocational education often
requires access to expensive
equipment, tools, and materials.
Ensuring that tech-voc schools
have the necessary resources can
be a financial challenge.
Innovators: PSHS teachers play a
crucial role in nurturing the next
generation of scientists, engineers,
and innovators who can contribute
to the country's development.
Development: By equipping
students with strong science and
math skills, PSHS teachers
indirectly contribute to the
advancement of science and
technology in the Philippines.
● Collaboration: PSHS teachers can
collaborate with fellow educators,
students, and professionals to
address real-world scientific and
technological challenges facing
the country.
● Fulfillment: Many teachers find
great fulfillment in teaching
motivated and talented students
who are eager to learn and excel in
the fields of science and
mathematics.
● Skill Development: Tech-voc
teachers have the opportunity to
impart practical, job-ready skills to
students, preparing them for
employment in a wide range of
industries.
● Industry Partnerships:
Collaboration with local industries
can provide students with
opportunities for internships,
apprenticeships, and real-world
work experience.
● Entrepreneurship: Tech-voc
programs can foster an
● Curriculum Development: Creating
and updating tech-voc curricula to
align with industry standards and
technological advancements can
be time-consuming and
demanding for teachers.
● Industry Relevance: Maintaining
close ties with local industries to
ensure that tech-voc programs
remain relevant to the job market
can be challenging for educators
and school administrators.
● Student Diversity: Tech-voc
schools often enroll a diverse
student population with varying
levels of prior knowledge and
skills. Tailoring instruction to meet
individual needs can be complex.
● Safety Concerns: Vocational
training often involves working
with potentially hazardous
equipment and materials. Ensuring
the safety of both students and
teachers is of utmost importance.
● Teacher Training: Continuous
professional development is
essential for tech-voc teachers to
stay current with industry trends
and teaching methods.
entrepreneurial spirit among
students, equipping them with the
skills to start their own businesses
or ventures.
● Career Advancement: Tech-voc
teachers can advance their own
careers by staying updated with
industry trends, obtaining relevant
certifications, and building a
professional network.
● Personal Fulfillment: Many
tech-voc teachers find fulfillment in
seeing their students succeed in
their chosen careers and
contribute to the workforce.
● Contribution to Local Economy: By
preparing a skilled workforce,
tech-voc teachers indirectly
contribute to the economic
development of their local
communities.
● Innovation: Teachers in tech-voc
schools can innovate by
incorporating modern technology
and teaching methods into their
classrooms, helping students stay
competitive in rapidly evolving
industries.
● Customization: Tech-voc programs
can be customized to meet the
unique needs and interests of
students, allowing for more
personalized learning experiences.
● Global Opportunities: The skills
taught in tech-voc programs can
be in demand globally, providing
opportunities for students to work
abroad.
● Community Engagement: Tech-voc
schools can engage with the local
community by offering services or
projects that benefit the area,
building positive relationships.
Deployment in International School
● Cultural Adaptation: Teachers in
international schools often work
with students from various cultural
backgrounds. Adapting to and
respecting different cultural norms
and practices can be a challenge.
● Language Diversity: International
schools often use English as the
primary language of instruction,
but students may have varying
levels of proficiency. Teaching in a
multilingual environment can be
challenging.
● Diverse Curricula: International
schools may follow different
curricula, such as the International
Baccalaureate (IB) or national
curricula from various countries.
Teachers must be familiar with
these curricula and adapt their
teaching accordingly.
● Student Mobility: Students in
international schools may come
and go frequently due to the
transient nature of expatriate
families. This can make it
challenging to maintain continuity
in instruction.
● High Expectations: Parents and
students in international schools
often have high expectations for
academic performance and
educational outcomes, placing
pressure on teachers to deliver
quality education.
● Professional Development: Staying
updated with international
educational standards and best
practices can be challenging for
● Cultural Exchange: Teachers in
international schools have the
opportunity to engage in a rich
cultural exchange, learning from
students and colleagues from
diverse backgrounds.
● Global Perspective: International
schools often emphasize a global
perspective in education, allowing
teachers to incorporate
international issues and
perspectives into their teaching.
● Language Development: Teaching
in a multilingual environment can
enhance teachers' language skills
and cultural competency, which are
valuable assets in today's
interconnected world.
● Professional Growth: International
schools often provide
opportunities for professional
development, including workshops,
conferences, and collaboration
with educators from around the
world.
● Diverse Teaching Styles: Working
with students from diverse
backgrounds encourages teachers
to employ varied teaching
strategies and adapt their methods
to meet the needs of different
learners.
● Networking: International schools
offer opportunities to build a global
network of educators, which can
be beneficial for career
advancement and collaboration on
educational projects.
● Exposure to Different Curricula:
 teachers in international schools,
as these standards may vary
across countries and
organizations.
● ● Innovation: Exposure to different
Deployment in Sectarian School
● Religious Affiliation: Teachers in
sectarian schools may need to
adhere to or be sensitive to the
specific religious beliefs and
practices of the institution. This
can be challenging if a teacher's
personal beliefs differ from those
of the school.
● Curriculum Alignment: Ensuring
that the curriculum aligns with
religious values and teachings can
be a challenge, especially when
dealing with subjects that may
have secular content.
● Cultural Sensitivity: Teaching in a
sectarian school may involve
Teachers in international schools
may gain experience with multiple
curricula, allowing them to develop
a well-rounded teaching skill set.
educational systems and practices
can inspire teachers to innovate in
their teaching methods and
approaches.
● Global Citizenship: International
schools often promote the
development of global citizens
who are aware of and engaged in
global issues, providing teachers
with opportunities to instill these
values in their students.
● Student Diversity: Teaching in an
international school can be
rewarding, as it allows educators
to work with students from a wide
range of backgrounds, fostering a
rich and dynamic classroom
environment.
●
● Value-Based Education: Teachers
in sectarian schools have the
opportunity to provide students
with a strong values-based
education that emphasizes ethical
behavior, moral development, and
a sense of purpose.
● Community: These schools often
foster a strong sense of
community among students,
teachers, and parents, providing a
supportive and close-knit
environment.
● Character Development: Teachers
can play a significant role in
shaping the character and values
 working with students from diverse
cultural backgrounds, which
requires teachers to be culturally
sensitive while upholding religious
values.
● Parental Expectations: Parents
who send their children to
sectarian schools often have high
expectations for the religious and
moral education provided. Meeting
these expectations while also
delivering a well-rounded
education can be demanding.
● Religious Education: Teachers may
be required to teach religious
education classes or integrate
religious teachings into the
curriculum, which can be
challenging for those who do not
have a background in theology or
religious studies.
● Balancing Secular and Religious
Content: Striking a balance
between secular and religious
content in subjects like science
and history can be a challenge, as
sectarian schools aim to infuse
religious values into these
subjects.
https://chat.openai.com/c/790f49b2-d7c6-47f6-badb-c1fc902a8c24
of their students, helping them
develop into responsible and
ethical individuals.
● Religious Education: For teachers
who share the religious beliefs of
the school, teaching in a sectarian
institution can be personally
fulfilling and a way to integrate
their faith into their profession.
● Commitment to Excellence: Many
sectarian schools are committed
to providing high-quality education
and may offer professional
development opportunities to their
teachers to achieve this goal.
● Teaching Ethics: Teachers in
sectarian schools can engage
students in meaningful
discussions about ethics, morality,
and social justice, integrating these
topics into their instruction.
● Professional Growth: Educators in
sectarian schools may have
opportunities to collaborate with
like-minded colleagues and
develop their expertise in areas
related to religious education and
moral development.
● Religious Inclusivity: Some
sectarian schools are open to
teachers of different faiths and
may value diversity among their
staff.
● Fulfilling a Mission: Teachers in
sectarian schools can take pride in
contributing to the mission of the
school and helping students grow
spiritually and morally.