Writing D> Paper 2, Part 1 (essay) For the compulsory task in Paper 2, Part 1 you may be asked to write a discursive essay, based on information which will be provided in written form, possibly supported by diagrams. Depending on how the task is worded, you may need to: + present both sides of an ‘argument in a balanced discussion present one point of view, giving supporting evidence. In this section you will see the best way to plan your writing and organise your ideas for presenting @ balanced discussion. WF You need to understand exactly what the question asks you to write about, and how to use the information in the text you have been given Read the following writing task and underline the key words. TASK Your tutor has asked you to write an essay based on the title below. ‘Protecting the environment is ‘the mast important problem facing the world today” How far do you agree with this opinion? (300-350 words) To help you to focus your ideas, your tutor has given you part of an e-mail posted ‘on the website of a radio station. It was written in response to a documentary broadcast by the station the previous week on medical advances, WB) Read the extract from the e-mail, and answer the questions below. Biljeed [The word has oats va } “The world has lostits way. No-one seems to be addressing the | real issues facing us today. Media companies like yours deal with the same ‘ashionable’ topics time after time — health and the latest medical discoveries, scares about the population — but these are muddying the waters and obscuring the central issue. Shouldn't you be devoting more airtime to the real problem ~ how we can protect our environment? 1 Should you: ‘a) write about all the different ways of protecting the environinent? b) omit the environment and only write about the other problems facing the world today? ©) discuss whether the environment or a different problem (or problems) is the most important in the world today? 2 What information from the e-mail do you need to use in your answer? What other global problems would you choose to include? ae 4 Read the following essay, which was written in answer to the task. What information has the writer used from the e-mail? What other issues has she included? Would you have chosen the same problems to write about! 2. Now answer these questions. 1 What is the purpose of the introduction? How has the writer attempted to draw the reader into the discussion? 2. In what order are the issues introduced? 3. Underline the linking expressions used in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Whict ‘organisational pattern has the writer used? a) a list of specific examples ) contrasting and conceding points 4 What is the writer's opinion about these issues in paragraphs 2, 3 and 42 How important does she consider them to be? 5. In what way(s) is the issue of the environment different, according to the writer? 6 The writer has discussed the issue that she considers most important last, What is the reason for this? 7 What is the purpose of the conclusion?suoysnjouo>) ydeaSered 8u)s01> sye2q * sy anss, udeaBesed Bupsoddns ysinog ssym9q ans ydeaSered Supsoddns pany seq vce 3 aN SS ydeaSeied Sunsoddns puosas ngoh ou ‘ns poo yng soaps os af ‘on 09 0m pay e9q wromhjdany sy 95 ydeaSeued Bujj4oddns ysa1g pramnenna woypynded-caro Yyyooy ‘uowdaydcny rd.idojorop Jo Ue smagoud Kinow s279] pytom ayy :1dea jo waumrers uopanpossuy ‘uLioj a20U Ut aulANE BuMMo}\o} 21p arzjduio> pur ‘ureBe y Aesso pray youn funy oq, ZINA, (spiom ope) pus s6ueyo zeIR0 8u 30 ssor 2 BurpaToUT ‘p20 2 Aquo 30u u3tK Teep o3 somnsvou GuyzuSUeTduy ey78398q JO suzez3s quejs7se2 Jo queudoTeAey eu 03 Pet sey soTa0TaTaI pue ‘aeezy3 © urewor aT TE kuew eu sr an 30 pueLanguage Focus: Grammar Conditionals (2) 1 Hypothetical conditions These may refer to the Past, present or future. The hypothetical result doesnot ways relate to the same time period the condition, 1 Read the examples below and undertine the verb forms, ‘Think about what time period ~ past present or future - each refers to. If government fishing quotas had been observed, fish stocks would not have collapsed. 2 If humans had to pay for the services they received free from nature, the bill would be $2.9 billion annually, (text, p. 99) 3 Iefforts hadn't been made to protect wild salmon stocks at Bristol Bay, Alaska, the salmon industry would no longer exist today. 4 If mankind were less shortsighted, we would not have one so much damage to the environment. 5 More species might have become extinct if environmental groups were not so active, 2 Which sentences have: @) an ¢clause referring to the present, and a result in the resent? b) an ffelause referring to the past, and a result in the past? © an fFclause referring to universal time (past/present’ future), and a result in the past? (wo examples) ©) an if-clause referring to the past, and a result in the present? | Grammar reference p.219 1 Think of as many present resuits as you can for each of the following hypothetical past conditions. 1 Ifthe sea had not been over-fished, s+ stocks would still be abundant. « Species which feed. on fish would not be threatened. 2. Ifthe car had not been invented, . 3. IfTd been born ten years earlier, 4 Ifit hadn't been for my parents, 1 2 Think of as many past results as you can for each of the following hypothetical conditions. | If'species such as the panda or elephant were less appealing, Les afert would have been put ite ‘ 2 Hy dG ha otic: by now. 2. Ifpeople had a greater awareness of environmental problems, we wouldn't have 3. Il were Prime Minister/President of my country, I would have 4 Iflwere rich, Open conditions ; These describe events that are areal possibly Various verb forms are possible, and time references can be mixed, as with hypothetical conditions. 1. Underline the verb forms in each clause in the following sentences and complete the notes, 1 If something the size of a barn door could slip away without being missed, the fate of litlesknown species is likely o be worse. (could + future) 2 Ifyou stand on the tip of Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland today, you ean look out on the remnants of the richest fishery on Earth. (Present + von ) 3 Ifthe world’s waters are pure for humans to drink but contain no fish, then we haven't really solved our environmental problems. t a) 4 If we are to avoid the catastrophic effects of stobal warming, we must take action now —_ sp tS 5 In the past, if men didn't find animals to kill, they went hungry, eer a) © fit will help, I will join an environmental group. G a ) | Grammar reference 2192. Which of the completions a)-<) are grarnmatically possible? Tick all che possible ‘options. 1 Ifpeople continue to hunt tigers, a) they will have become extinct in cen vats. 'p) our children may never see one ©) they must have died out by now: tribes chose to settle in 2. If prehistoric villages, ') they would have been able t0 grow crops. by they couldn't survive by hunting alone. ©) they needed to domest 3 fhe went to the meeting yesterdays fa) well heat all about it tomorrow: }p) he had heard the news. © he’s probably still considering what todo. 4. Ifyou'll bring some food 10 the Parts a) Lean do the rest. ) you'll have done your share. © [il bring something to drink. 5 Ifyou're going to make a fuss, a) we won't do it bp) we've done something about ie ) wed better not do it sicare animals. jonals Which of the .ds more formal A inverted con Read che following sentences versions in each group a) SOU 1) makes the event sound more unlikely? 1 a) Ifyou see a rhino, ) Ifyou should see @ rhino, ~ ©) Should you see a rhino, run for your lie 2 a) If'we had realised the danger, }p) Had we realised the danger, ‘we would never have gone there 3 a) Ifyou study the proposals carefully, by Ifyou were to study she proposals carefully, ©) Were you to study carefully, you mig problems (om rammar reference» 220 the proposals jnt notice some technical ‘ust 7 Theliving planet 5 implied conditions ‘The following sencncesiustrave omer ways of xPresSg conditions. Underline the structures oF expressions introducing the conditional clause, then rewrite the sentences using. if. 1 Destroy the processes of nature, and you cart expect untold damage fo the world we inhabit. 2. Suppose we could see into the future, would that shock us into changing our behaviour? 43 I'm prepared to go along with the Idea, 6 Jong as you promise not fo tell anyone. “4 But for his intervention, the situation would have got much worse. 5 Assuming that you are reaso! go on the walk. 6 You shouldn't have any problems, instruction booklet. 7 Lhope they take credit ¢¢ bank. 8 Don't move an inch, or Pl shoot Without government action, unemployment will continue snably fit, you should be able to provided you've got the ards ~ otherwise I'l have to find & to rise. | rama reference 9220 §96 Use of English: Paper 3: Pare 4 Complete te second sentence with thre to eighe Wo" shat ie Comet ean meaning vo the fist sentence, using the word ve. Do not change the word gven- 1 ifthe erate isnt roo heavy, hour. It should only « swe should get there in an provided = = the traffic isn’t 100 heavy: 2 You can expect years of low-cost heating for your house if you invest in our new solar powered syste. Took Tnvest in our new solar powered system ~~ Jears of low-cost heating for your house fit hadn't been for the bad weather we'd have made a lot more money. profit Weld have Ft not been for the bad weather. «Ge wouble if you let anyone know thet 4 There might yourself information. You'd better there might be trouble. 5 Iehis friends hadn't helped him, heed never have managed. without He'd never 4 .» his friends. » cam naxnier Bl