SANSKRIT NAMES IN CAMBODIAN INSCRIPTIONS

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE
FOR AN AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SANSKRIT

By
Mr. U-Tain Wongsathit Anake

Under the guidance of

Professor Dr. Mahesh A. Deokar

DEPARTMENT OF SANSKRIT & PRAKRIT LANGUAGES

FACULTY OF ARTS
UNIVERSITY OF PUNE
PUNE-411 007 (INDIA)
AUGUST 2012
 CERTIFICATE

CERTIFIED that the work incorporated in the thesis entitled

“SANSKRIT NAMES IN CAMBODIAN INSCRIPTIONS”
submitted by MR. U-TAIN WONGSATHIT ANAKE was
carried out by the candidate under my guidance . Such material
as has been obtained from other source s has been duly
acknowledged in the thesis.

(PROF. DR. MAHESH A. DEOKAR)

Research Guide
 DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis entitled “SANSKRIT NAMES IN

CAMBODIAN INSCRIPTIONS” submitted by me for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy is the record of work carried out
by me during the period from 2008 to 2012 under the guidance
of PROFESSOR DR. MAHESH A. DEOKAR and has not
formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma ,
associateship, fellowship, titles in this or any other University or
other institution of Higher learning.
I further declare that all the material obtained from other
sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis.

(MR. U-TAIN WONGSATHIT ANAKE)

Research Student

Place : PUNE
Date :……. August 2012
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SambhaÆravistaravibhaÆvitadharmmakaÆya-
sambhoganirmitivapur BhagavaÆn Vibhaktahá /
Yo gocaro jinajinaÆtmajadehabhaÆjaÆmá
VuddhaÆya bhutaßaranáaÆya namo’stu tasmai //
(The Ta Prohm Inscritpion, K.273)

First of all, I pay my deepest gratitude to the Princess Mahacakri

Sirindhorn Foundation for the scholarship which fulfils my Ph.D. study in
India. As a student I got help, guidance and co-operation from many people
while preparing this thesis. I am indeed indebted to them all for the same. I
wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Mahesh A. Deokar, my
research supervisor, for his valuable suggestions, caring appraisals, inspiring
and encouraging guidance. He was kind enough to spare his time for my work.
This study could not have been possible without his help. I owe him much
more than I can render in words. I am also thankful to Madam Lata Deokar
and her cute children Sauri and Samvar, who truly helped me during my days
in Pune. I also thank all Indian friends, such as Mr. Mrigendra Pratap, Mr.
Ritesh Oval, and staffs of Department of Pali, including Javan Madam and Mr.
Kunal, who make me feel Pune like the second home. I am indebted to many
Thai students who are my brothers, sisters and friends in Pune. In special, I
appreciate the sincere help of my sister Miss Wannapat Ruangsup, who
provides a lot of valuable sources for my research.
I would fail in my duty if I do not appreciate the co-operation and
support given by my Guruji and colleagues of Department of Oriental
Languages, Silpakorn University, Thailand, consisting of Ven.
Phrasutheedhammanuvatra (Prof. Dr. Tiab Malai), Asst. Prof. Dr. Chirapat
Prapandvidya, Asst. Prof. Dr. Sombat Mangmeesukhsiri, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Samniang Leurmsai, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bumroong Kham-Ek, Dr. Chainarong
Klin-noi, the Late Ajarn Anjana Citsuddhiyan, Asst. Prof. Orawan Bunyarith,
Asst. Prof. Dr. Kangvol Kacchima, Ajarn Catuporn Gotkanok, Assoc. Prof.
Kannika Vimolkasem, Ajarn Phayau Caroenchay, I am thankful to them for
the same. I am very much grateful to my family, including my parents Mr.
Anake and Mrs. U-thai Wongsathit and my brother’s family, Mr. Thanit &
Mrs. Sudarut Wongsathti, my cute nieces Donut and Namo, who whole
heartedly gave support in all ways. Without their kindness and their support, I
could not have achieved this success in my life. In addition I am very
appreciative to Miss Jadaporn Pamee who gives me encouragement.
I also express thanks to Prof. Mali and Mr. Hunter Ian Watson, who
patiently help in English grammatical checking. While preparing this thesis,
many others directly or indirectly gave me their kind assistance and co-
operation. I cannot acknowledge them individually however, I am extremely
grateful to them.

(MR. U-TAIN WONGSATHIT ANAKE)

Research Student
 Contents

Certificate
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract………………………………………………………………..…………i-xiv

Chapter I- Introduction………………………..…………………...….………..1 – 30
1.1. General Information 1
1.2. History of Cambodia 2
1.2.1. Pre-Angkorian Period 2
1.2.1.1. Funan 3
1.2.1.2. Chenla 5
1.2.2. Angkorian Period 8
1.2.3. Post-Angkorian Period 13
1.2.4. Modern Period 16
1.3. Religions of Ancient Cambodia 19
1.4. The inscriptions of Cambodia 26
1.4.1. Languages of inscriptions 27
1.4.2. Scripts of inscriptions 28

Chapter II- A Study of Personal Names…………………............................ 31 – 222

2.1. Names of Kings and Queens 31
2.1.1. Names of Major Kings 31
2.1.1.1. Kings of Funan 35
2.1.1.2. Kings of Chenla 39
2.1.1.3. Kings of the Angkor Empire 44
2.1.2. Names of Major Queens 61
2.1.2.1. Queens of Funan 63
2.1.2.2. Queens of Chenla 63
2.1.2.3. Queens of the Angkor Empire 63
2.1.3. Names of Minor Kings 71
2.1.3.1. Minor Kings Related to the Kings of Angkor 71
 2.1.3.1.1. Minor Kings who were Ancestors
of Angkorian Kings 71
2.1.3.1.2. Minor Kings who had Names
ending in –aÆditya 75
2.1.3.2. Minor Kings of Independent Kingdoms 77
2.1.3.2.1. Kings of §riÆcaÆnaÆßa Kingdom 77
2.1.3.2.2. King of Other Independent Kingdoms
in Thailand 78
2.1.4. Names of Minor Queens 79
2.2. Names of Aristocrats and High Officials 81
2.2.1. Names ending in -varman 82
2.2.1.1. Names after Gods 83
2.2.1.2. Names after Kings 86
2.2.1.3. Names after Bravery and Victory 89
2.2.1.4. Miscellaneous Names 93
2.2.2. Names of Sañjaks 94
2.2.2.1. Names from K.298 95
2.2.2.2. Names from K.227 of Banteay Chmar Temple 97
2.2.2.3. Names from Short Inscriptions
of Prah Khan Temple 99
2.2.3. Names ending in –aÆditya 100
2.2.4. Names ending in –vardhana 103
2.2.5. Names ending in –sena 104
2.2.6. Names ending in –viÆra 105
2.2.7. Names ending in –vikrama 108
2.2.8. Names ending in –sinæha 109
2.2.9. Names ending in –paraÆkrama 110
2.2.10. Names ending in –vijaya 112
2.2.11. Names ending in –kesari 113
2.2.12. Names ending in –ßuÆra 113
2.2.13. Names ending in –yuddha 114
2.2.14. Names ending in –sanægraÆm a 115
2.2.15. Names ending in –mathana 115
 2.2.16. Names ending in –vallabha 117
2.2.17. Names ending in –vikhyaÆta 120
2.2.18. Names ending in –kumaÆra 121
2.2.19. Names ending in –paÆla 123
2.2.20. Names ending in –gupta 124
2.2.21. Names ending in –raksáa 125
2.2.22. Names ending in –kiÆrti, or –kirti 126
2.2.23. Names ending in –deva 127
2.2.24. Names ending in –pura 129
2.2.25. Names after Gods or Goddesses 130
2.2.26. One-Word Names 133
2.2.27. Miscellaneous Names 136
2.3. Names of Low Officials 138
2.3.1. Names of Loñs 138
2.3.1.1. Names after Gods, Goddesses, or the Buddha 138
2.3.1.2. Epic Names 143
2.3.1.3. One-Word Names 143
2.3.1.4. Miscellaneous Names 145
2.3.2. Names of VaÆps 147
2.3.2.1. Names after Gods, Goddesses, or the Buddha 148
2.3.2.2. Epic Names 152
2.3.2.3. One-Word Names 153
2.3.2.4. Miscellaneous Names 155
2.4. Names of Brahmins 158
2.4.1. Names ending in –panádáita 159
2.4.2. Names ending in –suÆri 167
2.4.3. Names ending in –bhatátáa 168
2.4.4. Names ending in –aÆcaÆrya 169
2.4.5. Names ending in –vyaÆpi 171
2.4.6. Names ending in –ßarman 172
2.4.7. Names ending in –datta 173
2.4.8. Names ending in –svaÆmi, -svaÆmiÆ, or –svaÆmin 174
2.4.9. Names ending in –kalpa 176
 2.4.10. Names ending in –vindu 178
2.4.11. Names ending in –ßaÆnti 180
2.4.12. Names ending in –ßakti 181
2.4.13. Names ending in –bhakti 182
2.4.14. Names after Gods or Goddesses 182
2.4.14.1. Names after the god §iva 182
2.4.14.2. Names after the God Visánáu 189
2.4.14.3. Names after the god Harihara 193
2.4.14.4. Names after the god Skanda 194
2.4.14.5. Names after the god SuÆrya and Candra 195
2.4.14.6. Names after other gods or the Buddha 195
2.4.15. One-Word Names 196
2.4.16. Miscellaneous Names 198
2.5. Names of Women 203
2.5.1. Names ending in –deviÆ 204
2.5.2. Names ending in –laksámiÆ 204
2.5.3. Names ending in –iÆßvariÆ 206
2.5.4. Names ending in –vatiÆ 207
2.5.5. Names after Goddesses 207
2.5.6. Names after the Moon God 209
2.5.7. Epic Names 210
2.5.8. One-Word Names 211
2.5.9. Miscellaneous Names 212
2.6. Conclusion 213

Chapter III- The Study of Names of Gods and Place Names……………….…223-351

3.1. Names of Gods or Deities 223
3.1.1. Names of the God §iva 223
3.1.1.1. Names ending in - iÆßvara, or -iÆßa 223
3.1.1.2. Names ending in –svaÆmi, or -svaÆmin 240
3.1.1.3. Miscellaneous Names 240
3.1.2. Names of the God Visánáu 244
3.1.2.1. Names ending in –svaÆmin, -svaÆmiÆ 244
 3.1.2.2. Names ending in –iÆßvara 246
3.1.2.3. Names ending in –naÆtha 247
3.1.2.4. Miscellaneous Names 248
3.1.3. Names of the God Harihara 252
3.1.4. Names of the God Brahma 253
3.1.5. Names of Other Gods 254
3.1.5.1. Names of the god Ganáeßa 254
3.1.5.2. Names of the god KaÆrttikeya 255
3.1.5.3. Names of the god Indra 256
3.1.5.4. Names of the Sun god SuÆrya 256
3.1.5.5. Names of the god Yama 257
3.1.5.6. Names of Arjuna 258
3.1.5.7. Names of Gurus 258
3.1.5.8. Miscellaneous Names 259
3.1.6. Names of Goddesses 259
3.1.6.1. Names of the Goddess UmaÆ 259
3.1.6.2. Names of the Goddess LaksámiÆÆ 262
3.1.6.3. Names of the Goddess SarasvatiÆ 263
3.1.6.4. Names of the Goddess IndraÆnáiÆ 263
3.1.6.5. Names of the Goddess GanægaÆ 264
3.1.7. Names of the Buddhas, Bodhisattvas
and the Goddess PrajñaÆpaÆramitaÆ 264
3.1.7.1. Names of the Buddha 264
3.1.7.1.1. Names of §akyamunáiÆ Buddha 265
3.1.7.1.1.1. Names ending in –deva 265
3.1.7.1.1.2. Names ending in –iÆßvara 269
3.1.7.1.1.3. Names ending in –naÆtha 270
3.1.7.1.1.4. Names ending in –adhipati,
or –pati 271
3.1.7.1.1.5. Names ending in –vodhi 272
3.1.7.1.1.6. Names ending in –cuÆdáaÆmanái 272
3.1.7.1.1.7. Miscellaneous Names 273
3.1.7.1.2. Names of Other Buddhas 274
 3.1.7.2. Names of Bodhisattvas 275
3.1.7.2.1. Names of Bodhisattva Avalokiteßvara 275
3.1.7.2.1.1. Names ending in –iÆßvara 276
3.1.7.2.1.2. Miscellaneous Names 279
3.1.7.2.2. Names of Other Bodhisattvas 279
3.1.7.3. Names of the Goddess PajñaÆpaÆramitaÆ 280
3.1.7.3.1. Names ending in –iÆßvariÆ 281
3.1.7.3.2. Names ending in –deviÆ 282
3.1.7.3.3. Miscellaneous Names 282
3.1.7.4. Buddhist Triad 283
3.2. Place-Names 286
3.2.1. Names ending in -deßa 287
3.2.2. Names ending in –pura, or -puriÆÆ 289
3.2.2.1. Names after the god §iva 290
3.2.2.2. Names after the god Visánáu 294
3.2.2.3. Names after the god Brahma 296
3.2.2.4. Names after the god Indra 296
3.2.2.5. Names after other Gods, Sages or Heroes 297
3.2.2.6. Names after Goddesses 299
3.2.2.7. Names after important Gods of the Cities 299
3.2.2.8. Names after the Founders 300
3.2.2.9. Names after Tribes 302
3.2.2.10. Names after Geographical Features 302
3.2.2.11. Names after Plants and Animals 304
3.2.2.12. Names after Occupations 305
3.2.2.13. Names after Bravery and Victory 306
3.2.2.14. Names after Auspiciousness 308
3.2.3. Names ending in –nagara, or -nagariÆ 313
3.2.4. Names ending in –patátáana, or -pattana 314
3.2.4.1. Names ending in –patátáana 314
3.2.4.2. Names ending in –pattana 315
3.2.5. Names ending in –graÆma 316
3.2.5.1. Names after Gods, Goddesses or Sacred Places 316
 3.2.5.2. Names after the Founders 318
3.2.5.3. Names after Geographical Features or Plants 319
3.2.5.4. Names after Special Events 319
3.2.5.5. Names after Auspiciousness 320
3.2.5.6. Names after Numbers 322
3.2.6. Names ending in –aÆlaya 322
3.2.7. Names ending in –ksáetra 326
3.2.8. Names ending in –pada, or –aÆspada 327
3.2.9. Names ending in –vaÆsa, -aÆvaÆsa, or –nivaÆsa 329
3.2.10. Names of Mountains and Mounds 331
3.2.10.1. Names after Gods, Goddesses and the Buddha 332
3.2.10.2. Names after the Founders 334
3.2.10.3. Names after Special Events 334
3.2.10.4. Names after Geographical and Physical Features 335
3.2.10.5. Names after Auspiciousness 336
3.2.10.6. Names ending in –sthala, or –sthaliÆ 337
3.2.11. Names ending in -vana 337
3.2.12. Names of Reservoirs 339
3.2.12.1. Names ending in –tatáaÆka 339
3.2.12.2. Names ending in –-nadiÆ 341
3.2.12.3. Miscellaneous Names 341
3.2.13. Names of Temples and Religious Places 342
3.2.13.1. Names of Temples 342
3.2.13.1.1. Names ending in –aÆßrama 342
3.2.13.1.1.1. Names after Gods, Goddesses,
the Buddha and Devotees 342
3.2.13.1.1.2. Names after the Founders 344
3.2.13.1.1.3. Names after Cities or Districts 345
3.2.13.1.1.4. Names after Auspiciousness 346
3.2.13.1.2. Miscellaneous Names 347
3.2.13.2. Names ending in -guhaÆ 348
3.2.13.3. Names ending in –tiÆrtha 348
3.3. Conclusion 349
Chapter IV- Relevance and Conclusion……………………………………..…352-415
4.1. Relevance of the Study to Indian Influence 352
4.1.1. Sanskrit Culture in Ancient Cambodia 352
4.1.2. Ksáatriyas of Ancient Cambodia 354
4.1.3. Brahmins of Ancient Cambodia 369
4.2. Relevance of the Study to Indian Religions 377
4.2.1. The Prominence of the Paßupata Sect 377
4.2.2. The Cult of Harihara 379
4.2.3. The Cult of §ivapaÆda 381
4.2.4. The Syncretism of Buddhism and Hinduism 382
4.2.5. The Cult of Personal Gods and Ancestor Worship 384
4.2.6. The Sanskritization of Indigenous Beliefs 389
4.3. Conclusion of the Study 391
4.4. Areas of Further Research 415

Bibliography…………………………………………………………...……..416-428
 Contents of Tables

Table 1: Names of Kings of Ancient Cambodia (1 st – 14th Century A.D.) 394

Table 2: Names of Major Queens 397
Table 3: Names of Minor Kings 398
Table 4: Names of Minor Queens 399
Table 5: Names ending in –varman 400
Table 6: Names of Sañjak (1) 401
Table 7: Names of Sañjak (2) 401
Table 8: Names of High Officials 403
Table 9: Names of Low Officials 405
Table 10: Names of Brahmins 406
Table 11: Names of Women 408
Table 12: Names of Hindu Gods 409
Table 13: Names of Buddhist Deities 411
Table 14: Names of Places 412
Table 15: Total Sanskrit Names 414
 Transliteration Table

Vowels

A a Aa aÆ # i $ iÆ

% u ^ uÆ \ rá ¥ lá

@ e @e ai Aae o AaeeE au

A< amá A> ahá

Consonants

k ka o kha g ga " gha ' næa

c ca D cha j ja H jha | ña

q táa Q táha f dáa F dáha [ náa

t ta w tha d da x dha n na

p pa ) pha b ba É bha m ma

y ya r ra l la v va z ßa

; sáa s sa h ha ¦ láa ] ksáa

 Abbreviations

BEFEO = Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient

IC = Inscriptions du Cambodge
K.# = Kambuja (followed by number of the inscription
registered by Cœdès in Inscriptions du
Cambodge, Volume 8, 1966)
kh. = khmer
V. = Verse
St. = Stanza
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER II
A STUDY OF PERSONAL NAMES
IN CAMBODIAN INSCRIPTIONS
 CHAPTER III
A STUDY OF NAMES OF GODS
& PLACE-NAMES
IN CAMBODIAN INSCRIPTIONS
 CHAPTER IV
RELEVANCE AND CONCLUSION