RAJA BALWANT SINGH ENGINEERING TECHNICAL CAMPUS, BICHPURI, AGRA

B. Tech-Ist Semester/ 2nd Semester

Session: (2023-2024)
Subject: Engineering Physics (BAS-101/BAS-201), UNIT- IV, Fiber Optics & Lasers, ASSIGNMENT-II

OPTICAL FIBER
1. What do you understand by optical fiber? Give the sketch of an optical fiber showing its main components. Describe each
component of it.
2. Explain the basic principle of optical fiber. Discuss fibre classification.
3. Describe the propagation mechanism in optical fiber.
4. Define acceptance angle, cone and numerical aperture, and critical angle. Also derive the necessary formulae.
5. What do you understand by modes in optical fiber? Explain step index and graded index fibers and give the characteristics
of each.
6. Differentiate between step index and graded index optical fibers.
7. Draw the block diagram of an optical fiber communication system and explain the function of each block.
8. Explain attenuation in optical fibers.
9. What are the advantages of optical fiber over the copper wire?
10. What do you mean by dispersion in optical fibers? Discuss different types of pulse dispersion in fibers.
11. Discuss some advantages of optical fiber in communication and the uses of optical fibre.
12. A silica glass optical fiber has a core refractive index of 1.5 and a cladding refractive index of 1.450. Calculate the
𝜇 −𝜇
numerical aperture of the optical fiber. [Ans: NA = 0.385, Hint: NA = μcore.√2∆ , where Δ = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝜇 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 , Thus
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
NA = 1.5×0.257 = 0.385].
13. The fraction change of refractive index between the core material and the cladding material of a fiber is 1%. If the
refractive index of the core material is 1.46, calculate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle. [Ans: Δ=
𝜇1 −𝜇2 𝜇2 𝜇
, 𝜇 = 1-Δ, 𝜇2 =1-1%=1-0.01=0.99,𝜇1 =1.46, 𝜇2 = 0.99×𝜇1 = 0.99×1.46 =1.4454, NA = √𝜇1− 2
𝜇22 , 𝜇1 =1.46,
𝜇1 1 1
𝜇2 =1.4454, NA=0.21, acceptance angle α = sin-1(NA) = sin-1 (0.21) = 12.120 ].
14. Calculate the numerical aperture, acceptance angle, and critical angle of the fiber from the following data: μ1 (core
refractive index) = 1.50 and μ2 (cladding refractive index) =1.45. OR Calculate the numerical aperture, acceptance
angle, critical angle, and the corresponding angle of obliqueness of the optical fiber if the refractive index of the
core is 1.50 and the refractive index of the cladding is 1.45.[Ans and Hint: NA = μcore .√2∆ , where Δ =
𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 −𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑
= 0.033, thus NA = 1.50√2 × 0.033 = 0.385, Acceptance Angle α = sin-1(NA) = sin-1(0.385) = 22.630,
𝜇 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜇
Critical angle θc = sin-1(𝜇2) = sin-1(0.967) = 75.30, angle of obliqueness = 90- θc = 90-75.30 = 14.70].
1
15. If the fractional difference between the core and cladding refractive indices of fiber is 0.0135 and the numerical
aperture NA is 0.2425, calculate the refractive indices of the core and cladding materials. [Ans; and Hint: Given
NA = 0.2425 and fractional diff. Δ = 0.0135, NA = μcore.√2∆ , μcore = NA/√2∆ = 0.2425/√2 × 0.0135 = 1.476,
𝜇 −𝜇
Similarly, Δ = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝜇 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 , μclad=Δ.μcore + μcore = (0.0135×1.476) + 1.476 = 1.456].
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
16. A step-index fiber has a core refractive index of 1.466, and a cladding refractive index of 1.46. If the operating wavelength
of the rays is 0.85μm, calculate the cut-off parameter and the number of modes that the fiber will support. The diameter of
the core = 50μm. OR A step-index fiber has core and cladding refractive indices of 1.466 and 1.460 respectively. If the
wavelength of light 0.85μm is propagated through the fiber of core diameter 50μm find the normalized frequency and the
2𝜋𝑎 2 2
number of modes supported by the fiber. [Ans: and Hint: Normalized frequency of cut-off is V = √𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 , where,
𝜆
a = radius of the core, λ = operating wavelength, Here a = 50/2 = 25μm, λ = 0.85μm, μ core =1.466, μclad=1.46, V =
2×3.14×25 𝑉2 (24.75)2
0.85
√(1.466)2 − (1.46)2 = 24.75, No. of Modes N = =
2 2
= 306].
17. Determine the numerical aperture of a step-index fiber. Given: core refractive index µ1 = 1.5 and the cladding refractive
index µ2 = 1.48. Also, calculate the maximum angle for the entrance of light if the fiber is placed in the air. [Ans: 0.24413,
𝑁𝐴
14.13o, Hint: NA =√(µ1 )2 − (µ2 )2 , = 0.24413, i0 = sin-1 [ ], = 14.13o].
µ
18. An optical fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.20 and a cladding refractive index of 1.59. Determine the acceptance angle for
the fiber in water which has a refractive index of 1.33. [Ans: 8.6, Hint: NA = √(µ1 )2 − (µ2 )2 / µ0 , When the fiber is in air,
µ0 = 1. Then, NA = √(µ1 )2 − (µ2 )2 = 0.20, µ1 = 1.6025, When the fiber is in water, µ0 = 1.33, NA = √(µ1 )2 − (µ2 )2 / µ0 ,
= 0.15, i0 = sin-1 (NA) = 8.6].
19. Calculate the refractive indices of the core (µ1 ) and cladding (µ2 ) material of a fiber from the following data : NA=0.22, Δ=
µ1 −µ2 µ2
0.012 [ Ans : µ1 = 1.42, µ2 = 1.40, Hint : NA = √(µ1 2 − µ2 2 ) = 0.22, µ1 2 − µ2 2 = (0.22)2 = 0.0484, Δ = =1- =
µ1 µ1
2
0.012, µ2 = 0.988 µ1 , µ1 - (0.988 µ1 )2 = 0.0484, µ1 = 1.42, µ2 = 0.988×1.42 = 1.40]
20. A silica optical fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.40 and a core refractive index of 1.50. If the relative refractive index
difference for the fiber is 1%, determine: (a) the acceptance angle for the fiber if the launching takes place from air (b) the
µ
critical angle at the core-cladding interface. [Ans: 23.6o, 81.9o, Hint: (a) i0 = sin-1(NA) = sin-1 (0.40) or i0 = 23.6o (b) µ2 = 1-
1
µ2 µ2
Δ or = 1-0.01 = 0.99, sin 𝜃c = =0.99, 𝜃c = sin-1 (0.99) = 81.9o].
µ1 µ1
21. The velocity of light in the core of a silica fiber is 2×108 m/s and the critical angle at the core-cladding interface is 60o.
Determine: (a)The refractive index of the core and cladding (b) The numerical aperture for the fiber Hint: Assume the
3×108 µ
velocity of light in free space is 3×108 m/s.] [Ans.: 1.5, 1.3, 0.74, Hint: (a) µ1 = 2×108 = 1.5, sin 𝜃 c = µ2 or sin 60o = µ2 /1.5 or
1

µ2 = 1.5 sin 60o, µ2 = 1.5×(√3/2) = 1.3, (b) NA = √(µ1 2 − µ2 2 ) = √[(1.5)2 − (1.3)2], NA = 0.74].
22. A communication system uses 10 km fiber having a loss of 2.3 dB/km. Compute the output power if the input power is 400
10 𝑃 10 𝑃 𝑃
μW. [Ans: and Hint: The loss per km is given by dB = — 𝐿 log10( 𝑃0 ), this implies, 2.3 = — 10 log10(𝑃0 ) = log10(𝑃0 ) = —2.3,
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
𝑃
(𝑃0 ) = Antilog (-2.3) = 0.00199, Po = 0.00199×Pi = 0.00199×400 = 0.795μW].
𝑖
23. The mean optical power launched into a 5 km length of optical fiber is 120μW and the mean optical power at the receiver
end is 4μW. Calculate: (i) the loss in decibels through the fiber, and (ii) the signal attenuation per km of the fiber. [Ans: and
10 𝑃 120𝜇𝑊
Hints: (i) dB = — 𝐿 log10(𝑃0 ), Pi = 120μW, Po = 4μW, dB = 10 log10( 4𝜇𝑊 ) = 10×1.477 = 14.78 dB (ii) Signal attenuation
𝑖
per km = dB/L = 14.8/5 = 2.96 dB/km].
24. The signal retrieved in an optical fiber reduces its output to one-tenth of its input power. What is the overall attenuation?
10 𝑃
What shall be the power ratio at the output in a fiber having a loss of 3dB/km? [Ans: and Hints: dB = — log10( 0 ), P0
𝐿 𝑃𝑖
=Pi/10 = Pi/Po = 10, Attenuation = 10log (10) = 10 dB, for 1 km length of the fiber, dB = 3, 3 = 10log (Pi/Po), log (Pi/Po) =
3/10 = 0.3, (Pi/Po) = Antilog (0.3) ≈2].
25. The optical power, after propagating through a 500 m long fiber, is reduced to 25% of its original value. Calculate fiber loss
10 𝑃𝑖 10 100 10 10
in dB/km. [Ans: 12.04 dB/km., Hint: Loss per unit length in dB = 𝐿 log10 (𝑃𝑜), = 500 log10 ( 25 ), = 500 log10 (4), = 500 ×
0.6020 = .01204 dB/meter, = 12.04 dB/km].

LASERS
1. Define spontaneous and stimulated emission processes. Differentiate between spontaneous and stimulated emission of
radiation.
2. What are Einstein’s coefficients? Derive Einstein’s relation.
3. What is population inversion? How it can be obtained?
4. What is the principle of laser action? Explain why two-level lasers are not suitable for laser action.
5. What is the role of the metastable state in laser media? Describe the characteristic properties of LASER & discuss its
applications.
6. Draw a neat diagram of Ruby Laser. Describe its construction and working. What are the disadvantages of ruby laser?
7. What is He-Ne Laser? How does it work? Explain with suitable diagrams.
8. Compare the Laser beam characteristics of Ruby and He-Ne lasers.
9. In a Ruby laser, the total of Cr3+ ions is 2.8×1019. If the laser emits radiation of wavelength 7000Å calculate the energy of the
ℎ𝑐
laser pulse. [Ans: 7.94 J, Hint: E = nhv = n , n = 2.8×1019, λ= 7000Å = 7000×10-10 m, h = Plank constant, c = 3×108 m/s ,
𝜆
6.62×10−34 ×3×108
E = 2.8×1019× = 7.94 J].
7×10−7
ℎ𝑐
10. Calculate the energy and momentum of a photon of a laser beam of wavelength 6328Å. [Ans: and Hint: E = nhv = n 𝜆 , n =
ℎ
1, E = 3.14×10-19 J = 1.96 eV, Momentum P = 𝜆 = 1.05×10-27 kg-m/s].
11. In a C𝑂2 laser, the energy difference between two levels is 0.121ev. Calculate the frequency of radiation. [Ans and Hint: 𝜐 =
∆E/h, ∆E= 0.121ev=0.121x1.6 x 10−19 J, 𝜐 = 0.029 x 10−15 𝑠 −1 .].
12. Calculate the population ratio of two states in the He- Ne laser that produces light of wavelength 6000Ǻ at 300K. [Ans.
−(𝐸2− 𝐸1 )/𝑘𝑇 −7
and Hints: population ratio N2/N1=𝑒 , 𝐸2− 𝐸1= hυ= hc/λ,using λ= 6.0 x 10 we get 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 2.07ev, K= 8.6 x
−5 −80
10 ev and T = 300 K, N2/N1= 𝑒 ].
13. A laser beam can be focused on an area of 10 x 10−14 𝑚2 . If the laser radiates energy at the rate of 10 mW, find the intensity
𝑃
of the focused beam.[Ans and Hint: I = 𝐴
, I = 1011 𝑊𝑚−2].
ℎ𝑐
14. Calculate the wavelength of emission of GaAs semiconductor laser whose band gap energy is 1.44 eV. [Hint: E = hv = 𝜆
,
λ= 8628Å] .