© code: SAMEERLIVE © MOU iets @sameer. joubts: 6366633813 © Limits, Continuity — and Di Meee a (Gitta ao Cee Pay. Vii lat) ) Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, x > a when, lim f(a~h)= Lim, f(a+h) ha hoor (Lefthand (Right hand limit) limit) Note that we are not interested in knowing about what happens at x = a, Also note that if LHL, & RELL. are both tending towards so or =" then it is said to be infinite limit. Remember, %x—> a’ means that x is approaching to i’ but not equal to ‘a? Let Lim f(x)=1 and Lim g(x)=m. If] 8 m are finite, (A) Lim (f() +g} = Lem (B) Lima [f(0)-g(a)} =m fle Lim £2). (0 tg) im (D) Lim Kf (x) =k Lim f(x) =, where k is aconstant » provided m #0 7 (E) Lim fig(x)}= f| Lim gt |= fom) provided fis continuous at g(x) = m. 0 = If on putting x = a in fla) any one of ©, = , 0x =, co — 09, ce?, 0°, 1” is obtained, then the limit is called an Sameer Chincholikar indeterminate form. Allthese formsareinterchangeable, i.e. we can change one form to other by suitable substitutions In such cases Lim f(x) may exist. (v) Lim isan indeterminate form whereas soe . gts If f(x) & g(x) be two functions of x such that @ We Fe= Lt g)=0 or Lt fodem= Lt gtx) (ii) fla) and g@) both continuous at = « (ii) both differentiable at. (iv) "2 and gx) both continuous at x = a then provided 1 OL, LO Bag) x eg)" Iff(@) = g(a) =0 then, u £0 y £@) soag'@) sag) We continue the process till to get the finite number. SESTANDARD LIMITS © Lim f(x)=A>0 and Lim o(x)=B (a finite quantity) then Lim[ f(x) = a® sinx_ tanx © tim = Lim 82 = Lim ro x ew x =Lim 8-1 x0 x Yet; (Limits)! =e + Lima yan” =e; (Lime) | . inte’) - + [um (vt) = ] ee a ox @ tim? 2 ana" USE OF SUBSTITUTION IN SOLVING LIMIT PROBLEMS Sometimes in solving limit problems we convert Lim f(x) into Lim f(a +h) or Lim f(a~h) according xa Lin ft uy pati u : as need of the problems. Some important limits: tim im2-0 _ (nx) (ii) lim — iv) lim Gi) x00 gt o& x30 X (v) lim x(Inx)" (vi) lim (1-h)" =0 & lim (1+h)" > @,wheeh0". SANDWICH THEOREM/SQUEEZE THEOREM: © fix)Sg(x)Sh(x) Vx& Lim f(x)=1= Lim h(x) then Lim g(x)=1 Code: SAMEERLIVE 4 Tutr Wigs s CONTINUITY © A function fix) is said to be continuous at Lim f(x)= fl) i. fis continuous atx = cif Bin, fle Wm fim fle) = flO ‘TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY (Discontinuity of 1" kind Ifboth Lim f(x) and Lim, f(x)exist finitely then the function fis said to have discontinuity of !* kind at v=, if Lim f(x)= Lim f(x) (©) then the discontinuity is called removable discontinuity of 1 kind. In this case if we define a function g(x) such that fl), if xee 8@)=)Lim fla, if x=ce then glx) will be continuous at x= ¢ Note : A function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval is called a Piece Wise Continuous or Sectionally Continuous function in this interval. For eg (xh [x] ii) Discontinuity of 24 kind If either LHL. or RELL or both do not exist then discontinuity is said to be of discontinuity of 2™ kind, ‘THEOREMS ON CONTINUITY (@)_Iff& g are two functions which are continuous at x= cthen the functions defined by: FG) = fla) Gx); Fy() = Kf), K is any real number; F,(x) = flx):g() are also continuous at fe) x= ¢ Further if (0) is not zero, then F(x) = ther if (isnot zero, then F(a) = 4) is also continuous at x= c (Gi) If fle) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at xc=a then the product function (x) = flx)-g(x) may ormaynotbe continuous but sum or difference function (x) = flx) + g(x) will necessarily be discontinuous at x (Git) If fx) and g(x) both are discontinuous at xx =a then the product function (x) = flx)- g(x) is not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a and at most one out of fix) + g(x) and flx) ~ g(x) is continuous at x = a Doubts: 6366633813Code: SAMEERLIVE CONTINUITY OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS If f is continuous at x = ¢ & g is continuous at x= le) then the composite ¢{(x)] is continuous at x = c CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL (A) A function fis said to be continuous in (a, 6) if fis continuous at each & every point €(a, b). ‘A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a,b] (i) fis continuous in the open interval (a, 6), (ii) fis right continuous at @? ice, Lim, f(x)= f(a) =a finite quantity and @) (Gii)fis eft continuous at te Lim fla)= (0) = finite quantity. (© All Polynomial functions, —Trigonometrical functions, Exponential and Logarithmic functions are continuous at every point of their respective domains. INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM A function f which is continuous in [a,b] possesses the following properties (If fla) & fl) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation ‘flx) = 0 in the open interval (a,b). (ii) If Kis any real number between fla) & flb), then there exists at least one solution of the equation fix) = Kin the open interval (a,b). DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT () The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by f’(a*) is defined by: Sla+h)- fla) RHLD.= f"@*)= Lim bso" provided the limit exists (ii) “The left hand derivative of fix) at x =a denoted by J'(a-)is defined by: im LE-M=Sla), noo ht provided the limit exists. LHD.= f(a) (iii) A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x=aitf(a) =f") = finite flath)- f(a) By definition f(a) = Lim 24° eee a ee me/sameerchat RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIABILITY & CONTINUITY ()_TEf'(a) exists then flx) is continuous at x= a. (ii) fx) is differentiable at every point ofits domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain. Note : The converse of the above result is not true i. “IF'f’ is continuous at x = a, then ‘is differentiable at x= a is need not true, DIFFERENTIABILTY OF SU! COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS (If fix) & gl) are differentiable at x = a then the functions flx) + g(x), flx)g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a & if g(a) # 0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be differentiable at (ii) If lx) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the product function F(x) = f(x}-g(x) can still be differentiable at x= a. (iii) If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x=a then the product function; F(x) = fixyg(x) can still be differentiable at If flx) & g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a then the sum function F(x) = fix) + g(x) may be a differentiable function. DIFFERENTIABILITY ON AN INTERVAL f(a) is said to be differentiable on an open interval ifit is differentiable at each point of the interval and flx) is said to be differentiable on a closed interval (4, 8] if: (for the points a and b, f(a*) & f(b") exist finitely (ii) for any point c such that a <¢ 0 a 1 © Flog x)= = 1 Tog, a LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION If y = w’ where w and v are functions of x. To find d 2 Flog, 2)= 4Y for such functions we proceed as follows : y ‘Taking log on both sides log y = logu’ = vlogu Differentiating wart. x, we get DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS A relation expressed between two variables x &y in the form x = f(t), y = g( 1) is said to be parametric form with f as parameter. The derivative of such function is given by dy_dy [de _ 80 ala £@O SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES Let y = fle) ‘then & ese) If) is dierent, we may differentiate it again provided "(#0 vert Then theef hand sie becomes (4) which ic te aon deren andi fe). bts: 6366633813