Microbiology:

For those not responsive to treatment,

Sputum culture should be considered, and
culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
should be carried out in those with a
chronic productive cough.
Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper
Respiratory tract infection that moves into
The lower respiratory tract.
Diagnosis:
Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on
A combination of physical signs and a chest
X-ray. In adults, investigation are in general
not needed in mild cases of pneumonia. But
in severe cases, pulse oximetry, chest
radiography, and blood tests including a
complete blood count, serum electrolytes, C –
reactive protein, and possibly liver function
tests are recommended.

Parasites (Parasitic
Pneumonia):
A variety of parasites can affect the lungs.
The most common parasites causing
Pneumonia are Toxoplasma Gondi,
Strongyloides stercoralis and Ascariasis.

Idiopathic (Idiopathic
Interstitial pneumonia):

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or

noninfectious pneumatic are a class of
diffuse lung diseases
Pathophysiology:
Pneumonia fills the lungs alveoli with fluid,
hindering oxygenation. The olveolus on the
left is normal, whereas the one on the right
is full of tluid from pneumonia.
Risk factors for infection depend on the
Organism involved. Alcoholism is associated
with
Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus
Influenza etc.
Viruses (Viral pneumonia):

In adults, viruses account for approximately

A third of pneumonia cases. Commonly
Implicated agents include: rhinoviruses,
Coronaviruses, influenza virus, respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and Para
influenza.
Fungi(Fungal pneumonia):
Fungal pneumonia is uncommon, but it may
occur in individuals with weakened
immune systems due to AIDS,
immunosuppressive drugs, or other medical
problems.
Include decreased thirst, convulsions
persistent vomiting, or decreased level of
consciousness.
Cause:

Pneumonia is primarily due to infection of

virus and bacteria. Mixed infections with
both viruses and bacteria may occur in up
to 45% of infections in children and 15% of
infections in adults.

Bacteria (Bacterial
Pneumonia):
Bacteria are the most common cause of
community acquired pneumonia, with
Streptococcus pneumonia isolated in
nearly 50% of cases. Other commonly
isolated bacteria include Haemophilus
influenza in 20%, Chlamydophila
pneumonia in 13%, Mycoplasma
pneumonia in 3%, Staphylococcus aureus,
Moraxella catarrhalis, Legionella
Pneumonia and gram-negative bacilli.
.