By: Anghel Ștefan (6A)

Prisacariu Arina (6A)

Robu Amalia (6A)
Ștefan Valentina (6A)
 What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of
the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs
known as alveoli.

• The alveoli will fill with liquid

or pus. This can make it difficult
to breathe enough oxygen to
reach the bloodstream.
• You can get pneumonia in one or both lungs.
You can also have it and not know it. Doctors call
this walking pneumonia.
• If your pneumonia results from bacteria or from a
virus, you can spread it to someone else. 
• Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper
respiratory tract infection that moves into
the lower respiratory tract.
• The normal flora of the upper airway gives
protection by competing with pathogens for
nutrients. In the lower airways, reflexes of
the glottis and immunoglobulins are
important for protection.

• Microaspiration of contaminated secretions

that infect the lower airways cause
pneumonia. The progress of pneumonia is
determined by the virulence of the
organism and the body's immune response
against the infection.
 Bacterial Fungal
Bacteria pneumonia Fungi pneumonia

The causes of
pneumonia

Viruses Parasites
Noninfectious

Viral pneumonia Parasitic

IIP pneumonia
 Bacterial pneumonia

Bacteria are the most common cause

of community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP),
with Streptococcus pneumoniae
isolated in nearly 50% of cases.
It is more common in the winter.

The spreading of organisms is facilitated by certain factors. For example,

exposure to birds (associated with Chlamydia psittaci), farm animals
(Coxiella burnetti), aspiration of stomach contents with anaerobic
organisms.

Once in the lungs, bacteria may invade the spaces between cells and between
alveoli, where the macrophages and neutrophils (defensive white blood cells)
attempt to inactivate the bacteria.
 Viral pneumonia
• In adults, viruses account for about one third of pneumonia cases and in children for
about 15% of them.
• Commonly implicated agents include: rhinoviruses
coronaviruses
• influenza virus
• respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• adenovirus
•  parainfluenza

  Herpes simplex virus rarely causes pneumonia, except in groups such as

newborns, persons with cancer, transplant recipients and people with significant
burns.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can

also result in pneumonia.
 Fungal pneumonia

• Fungal pneumonia is uncommon, but occurs

more commonly in individuals
with weakened immune systems due
to HIV, immunosuppressive drugs, or other
medical problems.
• The number of cases of fungal pneumonia has
been increasing in the latter half of the 20th
century.

Histoplasma
capsulatum
 Parasitic pneumonia
A variety of parasites can affect the lungs, including:  

Toxoplasma Strongyloides Plasmodium

Ascaris
gondii stercoralis malariae
lumbricoides

These organisms typically enter the body through direct

contact with the skin, ingestion, or via an insect vector.
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
(IIP)
• IIP or noninfectious pneumonia are a class of diffuse lung
diseases. These diseases typically affect the
pulmonary interstitium, although some also have a component
affecting the airways.

There are seven recognized distinct

subtypes of IIP based on histologic
appearance.
Risk factors

Anyone can get this lung infection. But

infants younger than age 2 and people
over age 65 are at higher risk. That’s
because their immune systems might
not be strong enough to fight it.

Lifestyle habits, like smoking cigarettes

and drinking too much alcohol can also
raise chances of getting pneumonia.
 Symptoms
The symptoms can vary depending on what’s causing pneumonia,
age and overall health. They usually develop over several days.
Common pneumonia symptoms include:
• Coughing that may produce phlegm
• Fatigue and loss of appetite
• Fever
• Sweating or chills
• Chest pain that’s worse when you breathe or cough
• Nausea or vomiting
• Shortness of breath
Other symptoms
• children under 5 years old may have fast breathing or wheezing
• infants may appear to have no symptoms, but sometimes they
may vomit, lack energy or have trouble drinking or eating
• older people may have milder symptoms; they can also exhibit
confusion or a lower than normal body temperature.
 Pneumonia Diagnosis
Your doctor will start with questions about
your symptoms and your medical history, like
whether you smoke and whether you’ve been
around sick people at home, school or work.
Then, they’ll listen to your lungs. If you have
pneumonia, they might hear cracking,
bubbling or rumbling sounds when you
breathe in.

If your doctor thinks you might have pneumonia, they’ll probably give you tests,
including:
• Blood tests to look for signs of a bacterial infection
• A chest X-ray to find the infection in your lungs and how far it’s spread
• Pulse oximetry to measure the level of oxygen in your blood
 Pneumonia Complications

Pneumonia can have complications, including:

• Bacteremia, in which bacteria spread into your blood. This can
cause septic shock and organ failure.
• Trouble breathing, which might mean you need to use a breathing
machine while your lungs heal.
• Fluid build up between the layers of tissue that line your lungs
and chest cavity. This fluid can also become infected.
• Lung abscess, when a pocket of pus forms inside or around your
lung.
 Pneumonia Treatment
The doctor can tell which treatment is right for you.

• If you have bacterial pneumonia, you’ll get antibiotics. Make sure you take
all of the medicine your doctor gives you, even if you start to feel better
before you’re through with it.
• If you have viral pneumonia, antibiotics won’t help. You’ll need to rest,
drink a lot of fluids and take medicine for your fever.
If your symptoms are severe or if you have other conditions that make you
more likely to have complications, your doctor may send you to the hospital. 

With any kind of pneumonia, recovery will take time. You’re going to need
lots of rest. You might need a week off your usual routine, and you could still
feel tired for another month.
How can we prevent pneumonia?

Get Vaccinated o u r
h Y
Was
Children younger than 5 and adults
Ha n ds
65 and older should get vaccinated
against pneumococcal pneumonia.
The pneumococcal vaccine is also
recommended for all children and
adults who are at increased risk of
pneumococcal disease due to other
health conditions.

Don't
Smoke
 Be Aware of Your
General Health

• Be aware of any symptoms that persist for more than a few

days.
• Good health habits help you from getting sick with viruses.
They also help promote fast recovery when you do get a
cold, the flu or other respiratory illness.
 Conclusions
• Nevertheless, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death in
developing countries, and also among the very old, the very
young, and the chronically ill. 
• Pneumonia often shortens the period of suffering among those
already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's
friend"
Bibliography

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia#Other
• https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basic
s
• https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia#symptoms
• https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup
/pneumonia/preventing-pneumonia
• https://
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199512143332408