GROUP 1 – WORLD alliteration in the sentence.
ion in the sentence. It's Our narrowest veins to flush,
LITERATURE
BSN 2-B
Sound Devices
It is used in prose and poetry
to stress certain sounds and
create pleasing emotive effects
for readers. It is read aloud or
spoken which is usually the
best. This is so that we can
hear the poem's sounds,
rhythms, and rhymes, all of
which enhance its enjoyment
for us. Poetry uses sound
techniques, or literary devices,
to emphasize specific sounds
and produce musical effects.
With the use of these
techniques, the authors give
their texts life, emotion, and
aesthetic appeal. In their
writings, they employ precise
and unique effects that aid
readers in comprehending the
literary work more thoroughly.
In order to emphasize
particular sounds that the
readers will find appealing, the
writers purposefully emphasize
certain syllables. There are:
1. Alliteration 2. Assonance
2. 3. Consonance 4.
Onomatopoeia
5. Cacophony 6. Euphony
7. Rhyme 8. Repetition
Alliteration
Repeating similar consonant
sounds is known as alliteration.
Although it's not always the
case, these sounds are
typically found at the start of
several words.
But a better butter makes a
batter better.
A big bully beats a baby boy.
Both sentences are alliterative
because the same first letter of
words (b) occurs close
together and produces
The repetition of similar sounding
important to keep in mind that
alliteration is based on sounds
rather than letters in this case.
As a result, "cigarette chase" is not
alliterative, yet the term "not
knotty" is.
In a summer season when soft
was the sun, I shope me in
shrouds as I shepe were (shope =
dressed; shrouds = clothes; shepe
= sheperd) - we can clearly see
the alliteration, the repetition of
the 's' sound in the first line and
the 'sh' sound in the second.
Assonance
A literary device known as
assonance involves the repetition
of identical vowel sounds in two or
more words that are close to one
another in a line of poetry. The
repeating of internal vowel sounds
in words with different endings is
most frequently referred to as
assonance.
For example, "He fell asleep under
the cherry tree."
Despite the fact that the phrases
with this vowel do not end in
perfect rhymes, the phrase has
assonance due to the repetition of
the long "e" vowel. By doing
so,writers are given the
opportunity to highlight crucial
words inside phrases or lines, as
well as to add rhythm, lift the
mood, and produce a poetic impact
with their use of language.
Consonance
Consonance is the term used to
describe the repeated sounds that
consonants make within a remove:
sentence or phrase. This repetition
frequently occurs quickly one after
another, as in "pitter, patter." The
repeated use of similar consonant
sounds is known as consonance.
Typically, these sounds appear at
the end of words.
That night when joy began,
emphasis
We waited for the flash,
Of morning's leveled gun ,
Onomatopoeia
Are natural sound of things
converted into words. There are
words that mimic or echo sounds
in every language. An
onomatopoeia is a word that
mimics the organic sounds of an
object.
For instance, when a young child
makes the sound "Bang!" while
holding up a toy gun, he is
attempting to mimic the sound of a
gun being fired.
We mimic the noises that these
animals make when we say that a
cat "meows" and a sheep "baas."
There are many more terms,
including whisper, tinkle, crash,
plop, boom, zip, zoom, buzz,
crunch, squawk, wish, swoosh,
whiff, whoosh, and boom. Splash,
gush, sprinkle, drizzle, and drip.
This is referred to as
onomatopoeia or, occasionally,
echoism. By producing a sound
effect that imitates the thing being
described, it enhances the
description's expressiveness and
intrigue.
Cacophony
The combination of harsh and
inharmonious sounds or loud,
confusing, disagreeable sounds.
(short explosive
sounds:g,v,b,sc,t,tr,k,p,etc.)
Example: The sounds of barking
dogs and sirens added to the
cacophony on the streets.
Euphony
The combination of harmonious
and pleasing sounds (smooth
sounds: w, m,n,l,r,etc.)
Rhyme
compose a poem’s Love's not time's fool, though
words usually at the end of lines.
Example: The coolness of the
night
Refreshes my skin
The star shine so bright,
Causing me to grin.
Repetition
The repetition of words, phrases,
or full poetic lines; used to
emphasize the significance of the
entire text.
Example: Witch, witch, where do
you fly?
Under the clouds and over
the sky
Witch, witch, where do
you eat?
Little black apples down
from the streets
Witch, witch what do you
drink?
Vinegar and runny red ink.
What is Poetry?
Poetry is an imaginative
awareness of experience expressed
through meaning, sound and
rhythmic language choices so as to
evoke an emotional response.
Poetry is the chiseled
marble of language; it’s a paint-
spattered canvas but the poet uses
words instead of paint, and the
canvass is you
To better understand the
differences between types of
poetry, it’s important to know the
following poetry terms:
Rhyme: Repeated sounds in two
or more words. Usually, rhyming
sounds are at the ends of words,
but this is not always the case. A
poem’s rhyme scheme is the
pattern its rhymes follow.
Meter: A poem’s meter is its
rhythmic structure. The number
of syllables in a line and their
meter.
Form: The overall structure of a
poem is known as its form. A
poem’s form can determine its
meter and rhyme scheme.
Stanza: A stanza is a section of a
poem. Think of it like a verse in a
song or a paragraph in an essay.
Stanzas compose a poem’s form.
In a poem, the stanzas can all fit
the same meter, or they can vary.
Different Types of Poetry
1. Lyric Poem
Is a short poem which has
the characteristics of a song and it
pertains to a single mood or
feelings and is more personal in
nature
 Sonnet
the Name sonnet derives
from Italian word “sonneto” which
means little song.
is a relatively short poem
consisting of merely fourteen lines
and it is known to follow a strict
pattern of rhyme.
Classified into Petrarchan,
Shakespearean, Spenserian and
Miltonic sonnets.
Example:
Sonnet 116
by William Shakespeare
Let me not to the marriage of true
minds
Admit impediments.
Love is not love which alters when
its alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to
O no! it is an ever-fixed mark
That looks on tempests and is
never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering
bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although
his height be taken.
rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's
compass come: Love alters not
with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the
edge of doom
If this be error and upon me
proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever
loved.
 Elegy
This is a lyric poem
which expresses lament and
mourning of the dead, feeling
of grief and melancholy.
The theme of this
poem is death.
Example
Lycidas
By John Milton
Yet once more, O ye Laurels,
and once more
Ye Myrtles brown, with Ivy
never-sear,
I com to pluck your Berries
harsh and crude,
And with forc'd fingers rude,
Shatter your leaves before the
mellowing year.
Bitter constraint, and sad
occasion dear,
Compels me to disturb your
season due:
For Lycidas is dead, dead ere
his prime.
 Ode
This is a poem of
nobbling feeling, expressed
with dignity and praises for
some persons, objects, events
or ideas.
It is exalted in tone
and formal in structure and
content.
Example :
Ode on a Grecian Urn
 By John Keats
Thou still unravish'd bride of
quietness,
Thou foster-child of silence
and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst
thus express
A flowery tale more sweetly
than our rhyme:
What leaf-fring'd legend
haunts about thy shape
Of deities or mortals, or of
both,
In Tempe or the dales of
Arcady?
What men or gods are these?
What maidens loth?
What mad pursuit? What
struggle to escape?
What pipes and timbrels? What
wild ecstasy?
2. Narrative Poetry
Types of poets that
narrates a story through
the use of poetic diction
either real or imaginary
Narrative poem has
special appeal.
This form of poetry
describes events in a vivid
way, using some of the
elements as short stories,
plot characters and
dialogue.
 Epic
This is a long and narrative
poem that normally tells a
story about a hero or an
adventure.
Epics can be oral stories or
can be poems in written form.
1. Popular or ancient
poetry is usually
without definite author
and slow in the
development.
2. Modern epic poetry
has a definite author.
5 Greatest examples of epic
poem
1. Beowulf by Anonymous
- This is an Old English
language heroic epic poem
of anonymous authorship,
dating as recorded in the
Nowell Codex manuscript
from between the 8th to
the 11th century and
relates events described as
having occurred in what is
now Denmark and
Sweden.
2. Metamorphoses by
Ovid - This is a narrative
poem in fifteen books that
describes the creation and
history of the world.
3. The Odyssey by Homer
- The poem is, in part, a
sequel to Homer’s Iliad
and mainly centers on the
Greek hero Odysseus and
his long journey home to
Ithaca following the fall of
Troy.
4. Epic of Gilgamesh by
Anonymous - This is an
epic poem from Ancient
Mesopotamia and is
among the earliest known
works of literary fiction.
5. The Iliad by Homer -
oldest extant work of
literature in the ancient
Greek language, making it
the first work of European
literature.
 Ballad Poems
It also tells a story, like
epic poems however, ballad poetry
is often based on a legend or a folk
tale.
Most ballads are written in
four-six stanzas and has a regular
rhythms and rhyme schemes.
A ballad often features a
refrain-a regular repeated line or
group of lines.
Example
The Mermaid
by Unknown author
Oh the ocean waves may roll,
And the stormy winds may blow,
While we poor sailors go skipping
aloft
And the land lubbers lay down
below, below, below
And the land lubbers lay down
below.
 Social Poem
This is either purely comic or
tragic and pictures the life of
today.
It may aim to bring changes in
social conditions.
3. Dramatic Poetry
Has elements related
closely to the drama.
It uses a dramatic
technique and may unfold a
story and it emphasizes the
character rather than the
narrative.
 Dramatic monologue
This is a combination of
drama and poetry.
It presents some line or
speech of single character in a
particular but complicated situation
and sometimes in a dilemma
 Soliloquy
The speaker of the poem
or the character in a play delivers a
passage.
The thoughts and
emotions are heard by the author
and the audience as well
 Oration
This Is a formal address
elevated in tone and usually
delivered on some notable
occasion.
 Character Sketch
This is a poem which the
writer is concerned less with the
elements of story.
He presents his
observations and comments to a
particular individual.
Special Types of Poem
1. Haiku
Special type of poetry which
originated from Japan.
It’s the shortest type of poem
and, often, the most difficult to
understand.
It consists of three lines that
generally do not rhyme. The lines
should have five, seven, and five
syllables in them.
The best-known Japanese
haiku is Bashō's "old pond":
fu-ru-i-ke ya (5)
ka-wa-zu to-bi-ko-mu (7)
mi-zu no o-to (5)
Translated:
old pond . . .
a frog leaps
in water’s sound
2. Cinquain
This is five-line poem which
also originated in Japan.
There are many different
variations of cinquain including
American Cinquains, didactic
cinquains, reverse cinquains,
butterfly cinquains and crown
cinquains.
“Snow”
by Adelaide Crapsey
Look up…
From bleakening hills
Bloww! s down the light, first
breath
Of wintry wind…look up, and scent
The snow
3. Free Verse
A loosest type of poem.
It can consist as many
lines as the writer wants and either
rhyme or not and has no fixed
metrical pattern.
This type of poem openly
called as “Poem with no rules.”
Feelings, Now
by Katherine Foreman
Some kind of attraction that is
neither
Animal, vegetable, nor mineral, a
power not
Solar, fusion, or magnetic
And it is all in my head that
I could see into his
And find myself sitting there.
4. Name poem
A special type of poetry
belongs to descriptive poetry that
use an adjective to describe a
person that begins with each letter
of that person's name.
Taylor
Taylor likes each sentiment to be
Appropriate to its own time and
place.
Years may roll like waves across
her shore,
Leaving none of what there was
before,
Obliterating every sign of grace.
Reason not, says Taylor, with the
sea!
Literary criticism is the evaluation,
interpretation, and analysis of
literature. It is a discipline that aims to
understand and appreciate the
complexities of literary works. There
are various types of literary criticism,
each with its own focus and approach.
These types of criticism help readers
and scholars to understand literature at
a deeper level and provide different
perspectives on a literary work. In this
article, we will discuss some of the
most common types of literary
criticism.
1. Formalist Criticism Formalist
criticism, also known as New
Criticism, focuses on the form,
structure, and language of a literary
work. It emphasizes the close reading
of a text, paying attention to literary
devices, such as imagery, symbolism,
and tone. Formalist critics believe that
the meaning of a text is derived from
its form and that the text should
be analyzed on its own, without
considering the author's intentions
or the historical context in which
it was written.
2. Historical Criticism Historical
criticism examines a literary work
in its historical context. It takes
into account the social, cultural,
and political influences that may
have shaped the text. This type of
criticism looks at how the work
reflects the values and beliefs of
the time period in which it was
written. Historical criticism helps
readers understand the
significance of a literary work and
how it was received during its
time.
3. Marxist Criticism
Marxist criticism analyzes
literature from a socio-economic
perspective, focusing on the
representation of class struggle
and the exploitation of the
working class. It examines power
dynamics and how they are
reflected in literature. Marxist
critics believe that literature is a
reflection of the dominant
ideology of a society and that it
can be used to challenge and
subvert these ideologies.
4. Feminist Criticism
Feminist criticism focuses on the
representation of women in
literature and challenges the
patriarchal norms and gender
stereotypes that are often present.
This type of criticism also
examines the role of women
writers, their portrayal in
literature, and the impact of
gender on the writing and
reception of a text. Feminist
critics aim to give a voice to
marginalized female characters
and explore the ways in which
women are portrayed in literature.
5. Psychoanalytic Criticism
Psychoanalytic criticism draws
on the theories of Sigmund Freud
to analyze literature. It looks at
how the characters' thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors reflect
their subconscious desires and
fears. Psychoanalytic critics also analyzing and interpreting literature
examine the relationship between through a critical lens. It involves
the author's own psyche and their examining a piece of literature, such as
work. This type of criticism helps a novel, poem, or play, and evaluating
readers understand the underlying its literary merit, themes, symbolism,
motivations and conflicts of and other elements. This practice has
characters and the significance of been around for centuries and has
these in the story. played a crucial role in shaping how
we understand and appreciate
6. Reader-Response Criticism
literature. The term 'literary criticism'
Reader-response criticism focuses was coined in the 18th century, but the
on the reader's interpretation and practice itself has been around since
response to a literary work. It ancient times. The ancient Greeks and
rejects the idea of a single, Romans were known for their critical
definitive meaning of a text and analysis of literary works, with
instead, emphasizes the philosophers like Aristotle and Plato
importance of individual writing extensively on the subject.
interpretation. Reader-response However, it was not until the
critics believe that the meaning of Renaissance period that literary
a text is created through the criticism gained prominence as an
interaction between the reader and academic discipline. One of the main
the text. purposes of literary criticism is to
This type of criticism also takes provide a deeper understanding of a
into account the readers' personal literary work. By examining a piece of
experiences, beliefs, and cultural literature closely, critics can uncover
background. layers of meaning, symbolism, and
themes that may not be immediately
7. Postcolonial Criticism apparent to the reader. This allows us
Postcolonial criticism examines to appreciate the work on a deeper
literature from the perspective of level and gain insight into the author's
the colonized and the effects of intentions and message
colonialism and imperialism on
their lives. It looks at how power
dynamics, race, and cultural
identity are represented in
literature. Postcolonial critics also
aim to give a voice to
marginalized groups and
challenge the dominant Western
perspectives present in many
literary works. In conclusion,
literary criticism is an essential
tool for understanding and
appreciating literature. The
various types of criticism provide
different lenses through which we
can view a literary work, allowing
for a deeper understanding of its
meaning and significance. Each
type of criticism offers a unique
perspective, and by using a
combination of these approaches,
we can gain a more
comprehensive understanding of a
text.

LITERARY CRITICISM AND

IT'S IMPORTANCE: Literary
criticism is the practice of