Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
Big Picture
ULO A: Explain the relationship between tests of controls and substantive tests.
ULO B: Explain the relationship of financial assertions to audit objectives and audit procedures.
ULO C: Describe the following audit procedures: inspection, observation, inquiry and external
confirmation.
ULO F: Identify substantive tests of cash receipts that auditors perform to detect whether cash receipts
recorded by bank are recorded on the books and whether lapping are occurring.
ULO G: Explain when an auditor should prepare proof of cash, and describe what it proves.
ULO H: Identify the auditor’s objective when examining an interbank transfer schedule and describe
the process.
ULO I: Identify the major substantive tests of balances that auditors perform related to cash for each
financial statement assertion.
Metalanguage
Metalanguage is the essential term relevant to the topic. This is the operational definition to establish
a common frame of reference on how to use the term.
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Audit procedures a – the methods or acts that auditors use to gather evidence to determine the
fairness or validity of financial statement assertions.
I. Tests of details (of classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures), and
II. Substantive analytical procedures.
Test of controls – An audit procedure designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of controls in
preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the assertion level.
Essential Knowledge
Essential knowledge is a detailed discussion of the topic or concept.
Introduction
Much of the auditor’s work in during a financial statement audit consists of obtaining and evaluating
evidence about the assertions as embodied within the entity’s financial statements. This chapter will
discuss how each of the financial statements assertions – existence or occurrence, completeness,
accuracy, rights and obligation, presentation and disclosure, classification, and valuation or allocation
– is tested for audit of cash, accounts receivables and sales.
After completing the tests of controls and assessing the level of control risk for an audit engagement,
auditors will perform substantive tests, which primarily test whether material amount of errors or
disclosure misstatement exist in the financial statements. Substantive tests include tests of
transactions, tests of details of account balances, and analytical procedures.
Test of Transactions
When performing substantive tests of transactions, auditors examine documents that were created
at the time of the initial processing of a transaction. Test of controls and substantive test both use
the same documents but for a different objectives. For example, a sales invoice is used in a test of
controls to determine whether it was signed or initiated by the person designated to check the invoice
prices against the current price list. In a substantive test of transactions, an auditor determines
whether the price on the sales invoice is accurate according to the price list effective at the time of
the sale. Auditors normally use tests of transaction for testing of controls. When the result indicates
that the control is effective, auditor may choose not to perform substantive test of transaction.
Analytical Procedures
This may be effective and efficient tests for assertions for which detailed evidence is not available, or
for which examination of detailed evidence will not detect misstatements. For example, verifying
individual sales invoices in the sales account may not identify an understatement of sales. However,
comparing average sales per day per store may suggest that sales are understated.
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Remember that financial statement assertions, together with the assessment of audit risk and
materiality, have a significant impact on the design of substantive tests. In planning substantive tests,
auditors consider the nature, timing, and extend of procedures to test financial statement assertions.
PSA 500 (Redrafted), Audit Evidence, provides that the auditor should use assertions for classes of
transactions, account balances, and presentation and disclosures in sufficient detail to form a basis
for the assessment of risks of material misstatement and the design and performance of further audit
procedures. The auditor uses assertions in assessing risks by considering the different types of
potential misstatements that may occur, and thereby designing audit procedures that are responsive
to the assessed risks.
The auditor’s primary objective when performing substantive tests of cash receipts transactions is to
obtain evidence that assertions relating to cash receipts are valid.
Completeness
Completeness assertion addresses whether cash transaction that should be presented in the financial
statements actually are presented. Completeness is generally tested by examining documentation
and by applying analytical procedures, such as making comparisons among related accounts. For cash,
completeness is tested by performing analyses of accounts (reconstruction of accounts) and by testing
cut-off, which determines whether transactions are recorded in the proper accounting period.
Auditors test completeness for cash balances by examining cut-off bank statements to assure that all
receipts and disbursements are recorded in the proper period, and by examining bank reconciliations
(proof of cash) and records of intercompany and interbank transfers.
Assertions are expressed or implied representations by management that are reflected in the financial
statement components.
Existence or Occurrence
Existence means that assets, liabilities, and equity interests exist while occurrence means that
transactions and events that have been recorded have occurred and pertain to the entity. Existence
is normally tested by physical observation or confirmation with outside parties. The existence of cash
deposit is tested by confirming bank balances with banks, and the existence of cash on hand can be
observed physically and counted. Also, auditors use cut-off testing to determine whether recorded
transactions are recorded in the proper period. Cutoff is related to both the existence or occurrence
and the completeness assertions and is concerned with whether transactions executed near at end of
the accounting period are recorded in the proper period.
Valuation or Allocation
Valuation or allocation means that assets, liabilities, and equity interests are included in the financial
statements at appropriate amounts and any resulting valuation or allocation adjustments are
appropriately recorded. Auditors test valuation by examining documentation, confirming, observing,
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performing mechanical tests, and making inquiries. Recorded values for cash are tested by confirming
balances with banks, by verifying the mathematical accuracy of recorded cash balances, and by
examining the details within cut-off bank statements.
Audit Procedures
Audit procedures are the methods or acts that auditors use to gather evidence to determine the
fairness or validity of financial statement assertions. PSA 500 (Redrafted), Audit Evidence, states that
The auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to be able to draw reasonable
conclusions on which to base the audit opinion.
“Audit evidence” is all the information used by the auditor in arriving at the conclusions on which the
audit opinion is based, and includes the following:
a. information contained in the accounting records underlying the financial statements; and
b. other information.
Other information that the auditor may use as audit evidence includes
• minutes of meetings;
• confirmations from third parties;
• analysts’ reports;
• comparable data about competitors (benchmarking);
• controls manuals;
• information obtained by the auditor from such audit procedures as inquiry, observation, and
inspection; and
• other information developed by, or available to, the auditor that permits the auditor to reach
conclusions through valid reasoning.
Inspection
Inspection consists of examining records or documents, whether internal or external, in paper form,
electronic form, or other media. Inspection of records and documents provides audit evidence of
varying degrees of reliability, depending on their nature and source and, in the case of internal records
and documents, on the effectiveness of the controls over their production. An example of inspection
used as a test of controls is inspection of records or documents for evidence of authorization.
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According to Kiger and Scheiner (1997), auditors apply four different inspection techniques: physical
examination of assets, examination of documents and records, mechanical accuracy tests, and
analytical procedures.
Physical Examination: An auditor physically examines a tangible asset to directly verify its existence,
physical condition, quality, propriety of its description, and quality. Counting is one type of physical
examination. For example, auditor counts petty cash fund to determine the amount on hand at a
particular time, gaining evidence about the existence of that cash.
Examination of Documents and Records: The auditor follows a trail of transaction based on an entity’s
accounting system in gathering evidence from documents and records. This is what we called audit
trail. Vouching and tracing are two commonly performed procedures that involve examination of
documents and records. Vouching is examining the documents that served as a basis for recording
the transaction (existence). It usually starts with a recorded transaction and works back to the
documents. For example, inspecting the cancelled check, the vendor’s invoice, the receiving report,
and the purchase order for a cash payment recorded in the cash disbursement journal. In doing so,
an auditor will be alerted of missing documents. If the auditor cannot find a shipping document to
support a sale recorded in the sales journal, the transaction may be fictitious.
Tracing is examining whether source documents have been properly recorded in the accounting
records (completeness). Tracing is performed by selecting a shipping document and following it to
the appropriate sales invoice, to the entry in the sales journal, and finally to a subsidiary accounts
receivable accounting. When tracing transaction, an auditor should be alerted for unrecorded
transactions. If auditor finds a customer order, sales invoice and shipping document but does not find
a transaction recorded in the sales journal, the record is incomplete.
Mechanical Accuracy Test (also called reperformance procedures): Footing, cross-footing, and
checking extensions are examples of this test. These are checks of work performed by others, such as
verifying client computations and checking the transfer of data.
Analytical Procedures: This is based on the premise that plausible data relationships can be expected
to continue unless specific conditions cause changes in them. This was discussed in the previous
chapter.
Observation
Observation consists of looking at a process or procedure being performed by others, for example,
the auditor’s observation of inventory counting by the entity’s personnel, or of the performance of
control activities. Observation provides audit evidence about the performance of a process or
procedure, but is limited to the point in time at which the observation takes place, and by the fact that
the act of being observed may affect how the process or procedure is performed.
Inquiry
Inquiry consists of seeking information of knowledgeable persons, both financial and nonfinancial,
within the entity or outside the entity. Inquiry is used extensively throughout the audit in addition to
other audit procedures. Inquiries may range from formal written inquiries to informal oral inquiries.
Evaluating responses to inquiries is an integral part of the inquiry process.
External Confirmation
An external confirmation represents audit evidence obtained by the auditor as a direct written
response to the auditor from a third party. External confirmation procedures frequently are relevant
when addressing assertions associated with certain account balances and their elements. However,
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external confirmations need not be restricted to account balances only. For example, the auditor may
request confirmations of the terms of agreements or transactions an entity has with third parties; the
confirmation request may be designed to ask if any modifications have been made to the agreement
and if so, what the relevant details are.
External confirmation procedures also are used to obtain audit evidence about the absence of certain
conditions, for example, the absence of a “side agreement” that may influence revenue recognition.
Footing – rechecking of the addition of a column; Cross-footing – rechecking of totals of a set of self-balancing
columns. Checking extensions – rechecking of multiplication, such as the calculation of price times quantity on
a sample invoice.
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Audit of Cash and Cash Equivalents
Big Picture
ULO F: Identify substantive tests of cash receipts that auditors perform to detect whether cash receipts
recorded by bank are recorded on the books and whether lapping are occurring.
ULO G: Explain when an auditor should prepare proof of cash, and describe what it proves.
ULO H: Identify the auditor’s objective when examining an interbank transfer schedule and describe
the process.
ULO I: Identify the major substantive tests of balances that auditors perform related to cash for each
financial statement assertion.
Metalanguage
Metalanguage is the essential term relevant to the topic. This is the operational definition to establish
a common frame of reference on how to use the term.
Essential Knowledge
Essential knowledge is a detailed discussion of the topic or concept.
The following are the typical steps performed by auditor in the audit of cash. Selection of the most
appropriate procedures for a particular audit will depend on the nature of the controls that have been
implemented by the company and by the result of the auditor’s risk assessment process.
A. Use of the understanding of the client and its environment to consider inherent risks related to
cash.
B. Obtain understanding of internal control over cash.
C. Assess the risks of material misstatement and design further audit procedures.
D. Perform further audit procedures – tests of controls.
1. Tests the accounting records and reconciliations by reperformance.
2. Compare the details of a sample of cash receipts listings to the cash receipts journal, accounts
receivable postings, and authenticate deposit slips.
3. Compare the details of a sample of recorded disbursements in the cash payments journal to
accounts payable postings, purchase orders, receiving reports, invoices, and paid checks.
E. If necessary, revise the risk of material misstatement based on the results of the tests of controls.
F. Perform further audit procedures – substantive procedures for cash transactions and balances
1. Obtain analyses of cash balances and reconcile them to the general ledger.
2. Send standard confirmation forms to financial institution to verify amounts on deposit.
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3. Obtain or prepare reconciliations of bank account as of the balance sheet date and consider
the need to reconcile bank activity for additional months.
4. Obtain cut-off bank statement containing transactions of at least seven business days
subsequent to balance sheet date.
5. Count and list cash on hand.
6. Verify the client’s cut-off of each receipts and cash disbursements.
7. Analyze bank transfers for the last week of audit year and the first week of following year.
8. Investigate any checks representing large or unusual payments to related parties.
9. Evaluate proper financial statement presentation and disclosure of cash.
This chapter will deal only on substantive procedures for cash transactions and balances. Discussion
on risk assessment procedures and internal control for cash were already discussed in the previous
chapters.
Obtain Analyses of Cash Balances and Reconcile them to the General Ledger
The auditor will obtain a schedule (lead schedule) that lists all of the client’s cash accounts. This
schedule will typically list the bank, the account number and other relevant information, and the year-
end balance per books. This list will also include cash on hand and the sources of this cash on hand.
The auditor will trace and reconcile all accounts to the general ledger as necessary.
The auditors confirm cash deposits and other related transactions as of the year-end with banks in a
manner similar to that used to confirm accounts receivable. A standard bank confirmation form is
presented in figure 3-1. Information identifying accounts and loans and their balances is normally
included on the form to assist the financial institution in completing it. Thus, this form is primarily
used to corroborate the existence of recorded information.
However, auditors generally send a confirmation request to all bank (not just a sample of it) with which
the client has dealt during the period even if the account has been closed. This practice provides the
auditor with evidence regarding the completeness assertion of cash. The standard bank confirmation
also provides the auditor information on bank loans or lines of credit with a bank that require
borrowers to maintain compensating balance or a collateral or lien for a loan. This procedure
addresses several assertions like rights and obligation and presentation and disclosure.
Obtain or Prepare Reconciliations of Bank Account as of the year-end and Consider the Need to
Reconcile Bank activity for Additional Months.
Reconciliation of the balance per bank statement with the balance per the company’s accounting
records is required to determine the company’s cash position at the close of the accounting period. If
the client has made the year-end reconciliation, there is no need for duplicating the work. However,
the auditors should examine the reconciliation in detail to satisfy themselves that it has been properly
prepared. Below are the typical steps in obtaining or preparing reconciliation:
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4. Establish authenticity of reconciling items by reference to their respective sources like bank
debit/credit memorandum and duly approved journal vouchers.
5. Investigate check outstanding for a long period of time:
a. Consider adjustment, specially if the check is already stale.
b. Consider the possibility of an erroneous preparation of the check.
6. Investigate any unusual reconciling item.
7. Where internal control is weak over cash, consider preparing a proof of cash reconciliation
1. We hereby report that at the close of business on _____________________, our records showed the
following balances to the credit of _______________________.
AMOUNT DESCRIPTION OF INTEREST RESTRICTED ON WITHDRAWAL OF
ACCOUNT RATE PAID ACCOUNT AND OTHER REMARKS
UP TO
Regular Checking
Account
Savings Deposits
Time Deposits
Others (Specify)
2. We further report that the above mentioned client was directly liable to us by way of loans, acceptances,
over-drafts, etc. at the close of business on that date as follows:
AMOUNT DESCRIPTION DATE DUE INTEREST DESCRIPTON OF
OF LIABILITY GRANTED DATE RATE PAID COLLATERALS,
UP TO LIENS,
ENDORSERS, ETC.
OTHER REMARKS
Overdrafts
Loans
Acceptances
Trust Receipts
Others (specify)
3. Contingent Liabilities
AMOUNT DESCRIPTION OF NAME OF DATE DUE DATE REMARKS
ACCOUNT MAKER OF
NOTE
Endorsers of Notes
Discounted
Guarantor of Notes
Others (Specify)
4. Details of total unused letters of credit of said bank on that date were
ACCOUNT AMOUNT
FOREIGN PESO
CURRENCY
Import Letters of Credit
Domestic Letters of Credit
Marginal Deposit
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5. Other accounts with the bank client as at the above mentioned date were as (detailes attached)
a. Securities held for safekeeping
b. Items held for collection
c. Trust account
d. Others (specify)
________________________________________
Except as stated above, according to our records, said client had no other account with us.
Yours truly,
(Bank)
By: _________________________
Obtain Cut-off Bank Statement Containing Transactions of at Least Seven Business Days Subsequent
to Year-end
A cut-off statement is a bank statement for the first 7-10 business days after year-end. Its primary
purpose is to help auditors to verify reconciling items on the year-end bank reconciliation. Tests
performed using a cut-off statement include verifying that outstanding checks have been completely
and accurately recorded as of year-end, and that deposits in transit have cleared within a reasonable
period. The statement is sent directly by the bank to the auditor.
The test of cash cut-off addresses the existence and completeness assertions, and questions whether
recorded transactions are recorded in the proper accounting period. This test reconciles internal
documents created by the client (i.e., cash journals, general ledger, and bank reconciliations) with
external documents created by the banks (i.e., year-end bank statements, cut-off bank statements,
and returned bank confirmations).
Obtain cut-off bank statement showing the client’s transactions, with the bank at least one week
after year-end and
a. Trace year-end reconciling items like:
i. Deposit of the year-end undeposited collections.
ii. Completeness of year-end outstanding checks
iii. Corrections of bank errors.
b. Examine supporting documents of year-end outstanding checks that did not clear in the cut-
off bank statement.
c. Consider necessity of preparing a proof of cash.
Conduct a cash count of undeposited collections, petty cash fund and other funds on hand.
a. Obtain custodian’s signature to acknowledged return of items counted.
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b. Reconcile items counted with general ledger balances.
c. Trace undeposited collections counted to bank reconciliation.
d. Follow up disposition of items in cash counted:
i. Undeposited collection should be traced to bank deposits.
ii. Checks accommodated in petty cash should be deposited after the count to establish its
validity.
iii. IOUs in the petty cash fund should be confirmed and traced to collections in the next
payroll period.
iv. Expense vouchers should be traced in the succeeding replenishment voucher.
e. Coordinate cash count with count of marketable securities and other negotiable assets of the
client
f. Obtain confirmation of year-end fund balances of cash not counted in branches or other
offices.
Surprise Element
The cash count should be on a surprise basis. The custodian should not be given an idea as to when a
cash count is to be conducted. This procedure may uncover defalcation and will keep the custodian
on-guard in exercising their functions, thus, contributing to the efficiency of the company’s operations.
The auditors should be aware of possible window dressing related to cash transactions. For example,
if the cash receipts are not deposited daily, cash received for a few days after the close of the year
may be included in a deposit dated as of year-end, thus overstating the cash balance at year-end.
Analyze Bank Transfer for the Last Week of the Audit Year and the First Week of the Following Year
The purpose of this procedure is to disclose overstatement of cash balances resulting from kiting.
Kiting, in which cash is counted twice by using the float in the banking system, is possible only when
an entity has more than one bank account and one employee is responsible to issue checks and record
disbursement.
Auditors can detect manipulations of this type by preparing a schedule of bank transfer for a few days
before and after the year-end. Illustration 3-2 presents a typical bank transfer schedule. This working
paper lists all bank transfers and shows the dates that the receipts and disbursement of cash were
recorded in the cash journals and on the bank statements. Consider the following illustrations.
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Figure 3-2: Cash Count Sheet
CASH COUNT SHEET
Company: ______________________
Name of Fund: ______________________
Cash Count Date: ______________________
Denomination Quantity Amount TOTAL
BILLS: P 1,000.00 __________ ____________
500.00 __________ ____________
200.00 __________ ____________
100.00 __________ ____________
50.00 __________ ____________
20.00 __________ ____________ P ____________
COINS: P 10.00 __________ ____________
5.00 __________ ____________
1.00 __________ ____________
0.25 __________ ____________
0.10 __________ ____________
0.05 __________ ____________ ____________
CASH ITEMS:
Checks and PMOs for deposit ____________
Postdated checks ____________
Disbursement not yet reimbursed ____________
Advances or IOUs ____________
Others ____________ _____________
I hereby acknowledged that the above fund of P ____________ was counted in my presence by
_______________, representing of XYZ Co., CPAs on _______________, from _________ to _________
A.M./P.M. and was returned to me intact. There are no other funds in my possession for which I am
accountable to ____________________ or funds left in my custody by other parties except as noted below:
CUSTODIAN: _______________________
Signature Over Printed Name
Illustration 3-1:
1. On December 28, the general ledger of cash and bank balances are as follows:
Company Records Bank Records
BDO PNB BOD PNB
December 28 balance 200,000 40,000 200,000 40,000
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e. No other transaction occurred on December 29 and the rest of the month were declared
holidays.
3. On December 31, the cash general ledger and bank balances will appear as follows:
Company Records Bank Records
BDO PNB BOD PNB
Dec. 28 balance 200,000 40,000 200,000 40,000
Dec. 29 –
Collection recorded 15,000
Fund transfer not recorded 15,000
Dec. 31 – the BOD check is still
Outstanding _______ ______ _______ ______
Dec. 31 balance 200,000 55,000 200,000 55,000
Illustration 3-2:
ABC Company Prepared by: ________ Date: _______
Bank Transfer Schedule Reviewed by: ________ Date: _______
December 31, 2013
Bank Account Check Disburse Receipt Disb. Receipt Disb.
ment date
From To Number Date per Per book Date per Date per Date per
book book bank book
BDO PNB 324 P10,000 1-01-14 a 1-02-14 b 1-02-14 c 1-04-14 e
BPI PNB 927 8,000 1-01-14 a 1-02-14 b 13-31-13 c 1-02-14 e
PNB MBTC 631 12,000 13-31-13 12-31-13 12-31-13 c 1-02-14 e
ad b
MBTC BDO 582 5,000 1-02-14 a 12-31-13 12-31-13 c 1-02-14 e
b
Check 324 in the illustration above was recorded on the books as a receipt and a disbursement in the
following year, and the bank received it and cleared it in the following year. There is no error in this
case since disbursement and receipt are recorded on both sets of books and the check was processed
by the bank during the same year.
Check 927 hides a cash shortage since it did not increase total cash during the year under audit.
Although the bank received the check during the year under audit, it was not recorded on the books
as a receipt or as a disbursement until the following year. This situation is the same in illustration 3-
1.
Check 631 was recorded as a disbursement and as a receipt on the books in the year under audit.
However, because of float, check 631 did not clear the account until the following year. Check 631
should be reported on PNB’s reconciliation as an outstanding check.
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Check 582 was deposited an cleared the BDO account during December but was not recorded as a
disbursement by MBTC until the following year – evidence of kiting because the P5,000 cash is counted
twice.
1. Prepare a schedule of interbank fund transfer a week before and after year-end. Ascertain
whether fund transfers were recorded in the proper period. Use the format in illustration 3-
2.
2. Examine fund transfer checks returned with the cut-off bank statement. Trace date of check
and date of negotiation to date the fund transfer was recorded in the cash receipts and cash
disbursements register.
ü Cash Equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are both (a) readily convertible to
know amounts of cash, and (b) so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes
in interest rates. Generally only investments with original maturity of 3 months or less before its
maturity qualify under this definition.
ü Funds are cash set aside for a particular purpose. These are used to handle more expeditiously
the payment of certain obligation, to maintain better control over such expenditures and to earn
revenue on the fund invested.
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a. Those in which cash set aside to met specific current obligations (classify as cash), and
b. Those that are not directly related to current operations and therefore in the nature of long-
term investments.
BANK RECONCILIATION
1. Determine the balance per bank statement as of the end of the reconciling period. This is the last
figure under the balance column of the bank statement. If this balance is nor readily available, it
is computed by adding the beginning balance per bank statement and all bank credits, and
deducting all the bank debits from the total thereof.
2. Determine the balance per deposit’s books as of the reconciling period. This is arrived at by adding
the beginning balance of the cash in bank account and cash receipts, and deducting the cash
disbursements from the total thereof.
3. Compare the receipts or debits per cash receipts journal with the deposits or credits per bank
statement.
4. Compare the disbursements or credits per check register with the checks encashed and cleared
or debits per bank statement.
5. Note and analyze all the discrepancies discovered during the comparisons made in steps 3 and 4
above. These discrepancies are reconciling items resulting from timing difference or errors.
1. Items credited in the bank statement but not yet debited in the depositor’s books.
Examples are: a. Collections made by the bank fro the account of the depositor.
b. Loans granted by the bank.
c. Interest income
2. Items debited in the bank statement but not yet credited in the depositor’s books.
Examples are: a. Service charges
b. Repayment of loans
c. Checks returned by the bank
3. Items debited in the depositor’s books but not yet credited in the bank statement.
Examples are: a. Unrecorded deposits.
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b. Undeposited collections
4. Items credited in the depositor’s books but not yet debited in the bank statement.
Examples are: a. Outstanding checks
To determine the missing amounts in the reconciliation, the following computations or formulas are
given:
Computation of Book Balance:
Beginning balance xxx
Add: Book debits or Cash receipts xxx
Total xxx
Less: Book credits or Cash disbursements xxx
Ending balance xxx
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Self-Help: You can also refer to the following sources to help you further
understand the lesson.
Eilifsen, et. al., Auditing and Assurance Services International Edition 2007, McGrawHil
Kiger and Scheiner (1997), Auditing. 2nd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston.
Pratt, M.J. and Dilton-Hill, K. (1982), The Elements of Audit Risk. The South African Chartered
Accountant
Ricchiute, David (2009), Auditing. 8th Edition. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd
Whittington & Pany, Principles of Auditing and Other Assurance Services 15th Edition, McGraw-
Hill/Irwin
Let’s Check
EXERCISE 1:
The following are examples of audit procedures that might be undertaken on an engagement.
1. Stand by the payroll time clock to determine whether an employee clocks in just once.
2. Compare the gross profit percentage for the current year with the historical trend.
3. Examine duplicate sales invoices to determine whether an appropriate employee checked prices
and extensions and initiated the work as required by company.
4. Read the minutes of board meetings of the past year.
5. Obtain a letter from management stating that it made all books and records available to the
auditor.
6. Total the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger to determine whether it agrees with the general
ledger.
7. Inspect the year-end bank reconciliation to determine whether the internal auditor prepared it.
8. Confirm an accounts receivable balance.
EXERCISE 2
(AICPA adapted)
The information below was taken from the bank transfer schedule prepared during the audit of Fox
Co.’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013. Assume all checks are dated and
issued on December 30, 2013.
Required:
1. Which of the following checks might indicate kiting?
2. Which of the following checks illustrate deposits/ transfers in transit at December 31, 2005
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Let’s Analyze
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The most important general ledger account included in and affecting several cycles is the
a. Cash account. c. Retained earnings account.
b. Inventory account. d. Income tax expense and liability accounts.
2. Which of the following is one of the better auditing techniques that might be used by an auditor to detect
kitting between intercompany banks?
a. Review subsequent bank statements.
b. Prepare a year-end bank reconciliation.
c. Prepare a schedule of the bank transfers.
d. Review composition of authenticated deposit slips.
3. Cut-off misstatements can occur for all but which of the following in the sales and collection cycle?
a. Cash payments. c. Sales on account
b. Cash receipts. d. Sales returns and allowances
4. The CPA learns that collections of accounts receivable during the first ten days of January were entered as
debits to cash and credits to accounts receivable as of December 31. The effect generally will be to
a. Overstate both working capital and current ratio at December 31.
b. Overstate the current ratio with no effect on working capital at December 31.
c. Overstate working capital with no effect on the current ratio at December 31.
d. Leave both working capital and the current ratio unchanged at December 31.
5. Assume that a company has a control deficiency regarding the processing of cash receipts. Reconciliation of
cash accounts by a competent individual otherwise independent of the cash function might make the
likelihood of a significant misstatement due to the control deficiency remote. In this situation, reconciliation
may be referred to as what type of control?
a. Compensating. c. Adjustive.
b. Preventive. d. Nonroutine
6. Which of the following procedures would an auditor most likely perform to test controls relating to
management’s assertion about the completeness of cash receipts for cash sales at a retail outlet?
a. Observe the consistency of the employees’ use of cash registers and tapes.
b. Inquire about employees’ access to recorded but undeposited cash.
c. Trace deposits in the cash receipts journal to the cash balance in the general ledger.
d. Compare the cash balance in the general ledger with the bank confirmation request.
7. Sound internal control dictates that immediately upon receiving checks from customers by mail, a
responsible employee should
a. Add the checks to the daily cash summary.
b. Verify that each check is supported by a prenumbered sales invoice.
c. Prepare a duplicate listing of checks received.
d. Record the checks in the cash receipts journal.
8. Which of the following controls most likely would reduce the risk of diversion of customer receipts by an
entity’s employees?
a. A bank lockbox system.
b. Prenumbered remittance advices.
c. Monthly bank reconciliations.
d. Daily deposit of cash receipts.
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9. An auditor suspects that a client’s cashier is misappropriating cash receipts for personal use by lapping
customer checks received in the mail. In attempting to uncover this embezzlement scheme, the auditor
most likely would compare the
a. Dates checks are deposited per bank statements with the dates remittance credits are recorded.
b. Daily cash summaries with the sums of the cash receipts journal entries.
c. Individual bank deposit slips with the details of the monthly bank statements.
d. Dates uncollectible accounts are authorized to be written off with the dates the write-offs are actually
recorded.
10. Upon receipt of customers’ checks in the mailroom, a responsible employee should prepare a remittance
listing that is forwarded to the cashier. A copy of the listing should be sent to the
a. Internal auditor to investigate the listing for unusual transactions.
b. Treasurer to compare the listing with the monthly bank statement.
c. Accounts receivable bookkeeper to update the subsidiary accounts receivable records.
d. Entity’s bank to compare the listing with the cashier’s deposit slip.
11. Employers bond employees who handle cash receipts because fidelity bonds reduce the possibility of
employing dishonest individuals and
a. Protect employees who make unintentional misstatements from possible monetary damages resulting
from their misstatements.
b. Deter dishonesty by making employees aware that insurance companies may investigate and prosecute
dishonest acts.
c. Facilitate an independent monitoring of the receiving and depositing of cash receipts.
d. Force employees in positions of trust to take periodic vacations and rotate their assigned duties.
12. During the consideration of a small business client’s internal control, the auditor discovered that the
accounts receivable clerk approves credit memos and has access to cash. Which of the following controls
would be most effective in offsetting this weakness?
a. The owner reviews errors in billings to customers and postings to the subsidiary ledger.
b. The controller receives the monthly bank statement directly and reconciles the checking accounts.
c. The owner reviews credit memos after they are recorded.
d. The controller reconciles the total of the detail accounts receivable accounts to the amount shown in
the ledger.
13. Which of the following sets of information does an auditor usually confirm on one form?
a. Accounts payable and purchase commitments.
b. Cash in bank and collateral for loans.
c. Inventory on consignment and contingent liabilities.
d. Accounts receivable and accrued interest receivable.
14. The usefulness of the standard bank confirmation request may be limited because the bank employee who
completes the form may
a. Not believe that the bank is obligated to verify confidential information to a third party.
b. Sign and return the form without inspecting the accuracy of the client’s bank reconciliation.
c. Not have access to the client’s cutoff bank statement.
d. Be unaware of all the financial relationships that the bank has with the client.
15. An auditor most likely would limit substantive audit tests of sales transactions when control risk is assessed
as low for the occurrence assertion concerning sales transactions and the auditor has already gathered
evidence supporting
a. Opening and closing inventory balances.
b. Cash receipts and accounts receivable.
c. Shipping and receiving activities.
d. Cutoffs of sales and purchases.
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PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem 1
The “CASH” account of Edmark Corporation’s ledger on December 31, 2019 showed the following:
a. Petty cash fund (including P7,500 unreplenished voucher of which P2,400 is dated
January 3, 2020) 15,000
b. Redemption Fund Account – PNB 500,000
c. Traveler’s check 100,000
d. Money order 10,000
e. Treasury bill, purchased December 1, 2019 (due on Feb. 1, 2020) 50,000
f. Time deposit due on March 31, 2020 50,000
g. 180-day Treasury bill, due March 15, 2020 120,000
h. Note receivable in the possession of a collecting agency 20,000
i. PNB – Checking Account #211-009-091 325,900
j. Cash on hand, including customer postdated check of P15,000 23,000
k. Savings deposit, earmarked for acquisition of equipment 210,000
l. A check payable to San Ignacio Incorporated, dated January 5, 2020, that was included
in the December 31 PNB Checking Account #211-009-091 50,000
l. Bond Sinking Fund (used to finance the maturing long-term obligation on March 31, 2020) 150,000
n. Overdraft in PNB Checking Account #211-099-085 ( 50,000)
o. Check #801 in payment to Accounts Payable, dated Dec. 31, 2019
not mailed until January 5, 2020 20,000
p. Advances to Officers/Employees for Seminars (no liquidation is required) 80,000
q. Money market placement (due June 30, 2020) 600,000
r. Listed stock held as temporary investment 100,000
s. Check #789 in payment to Suppliers, dated January 5, 2020 and recorded
December 31, 2019 35,000
t. Customers’ certified checks 10,000
u. Pension Fund 150,000
TOTAL 2,568,900
Required:
1. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entries to adjust the Cash account at year-end.
2. What is the correct balance of Cash at year-end?
3. Cash at year-end is overstated or understated by how much?
Problem 2
Your audit of the December 31, 2019, financial statements of Bryan Corporation reveals the following:
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13. Company’s check dated 12/30/19 but not mailed at year-end 30,000
14. Petty cash fund (P4,000 in currency and expense receipts for (P6,000) 10,000
Required:
1. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entries to adjust the Cash account at year-end.
2. What is the company’s adjusted balance of Cash at year-end?
Problem 3
Present journal entries to record the following transactions in the books of Hero Corporation, which uses a
calendar year as accounting period. Assume that the company is using the imprest method in accounting for
petty cash fund:
a. A petty cash fund was set up on November 1, 2019 in the amount of P2,400.
b. On November 29, 2019, a check was issued to replenish the fund, the composition of which was as follows:
Currency – bills and coins 166
Vouchers showing expenditures for:
Office supplies 270
Charges from purchased of supplies 124
Repairs and maintenance 350
Wages paid to casual employees 950
Charges from purchased of goods to be sold 400
c. On December 18, 2019, the fund was replenished and correspondingly increased to P3,000; its composition
included the following:
Currency – bills and coins 158
Vouchers showing expenditures for:
Store supplies 304
Accounts payable 914
Charges from purchased of goods to be sold 242
Miscellaneous expenses 782
d. An examination on December 31, 2019, disclosed the following composition of the fund, although it was
not replenished on this date:
Currency – bills and coins 958
Check of office manager, dated January 5, 2020 1,000
Vouchers showing expenditures for:
Office supplies 126
Miscellaneous expenses 90
Accounts payable 800
e. On January 5, 2020, the check of office manager was cashed and the proceeds were added to the petty cash
fund.
f. On January 6, 2020, replenished disbursement from December 18, 2019 to January 5, 2020.
Problem 4
In connection with your audit of the financial statements of Sheila Corporation for the year ended December 31,
2019, you conducted a surprise count of the company’s petty cash and undeposited collections at 9:10 am on
January 3, 2020. You count disclosed the following:
Bills Coins
P100.00 5 pieces P1.00 205 pieces
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50.00 40 pieces 0.50 162 pieces
20.00 35 pieces 0.25 32 pieces
10.00 27 pieces
Checks
Date Payee Maker Amount
Dec. 30 Cash Custodian P 1,200
Dec. 30 Sheila Corp. Joerald, Inc. 14,000
Dec. 31 Sheila Corp. Hazel, sales manager 1,680
Dec. 31 Sheila Corp. Mae Corp. 17,800
Dec. 31 Sheila Corp. Ma. Michelle, Inc. 8,300
Dec. 31 Merry Corp. Sheila Corp. (not endorsed) 27,000
Unreimbursed vouchers
Date Payee Description Amount
Dec. 23 Hazel, sales mgr. Advance for trip P 7,000
Dec. 28 Post Office Postage stamps 1,620
Dec. 29 Messengers Transportation 150
Dec. 29 Ace, Inc. Computer repair 800
1. Unclaimed pay envelope of Jeanette. Indicated on the pay slip is his net salary of P7,500. Your inquiry
revealed that Jeanette’s salary is mingled with the petty cash fund.
Additional information:
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3. The petty cash balance per general ledger is P10,000. The last replenishment of the fund was made on
December 22, 2019.
Required:
1. Prepare cash count.
2. How much is the cash short or over at year-end.
3. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entries to correct the petty cash fund at year-end.
Problem 5
Gellie is the cashier of Ann Corporation. As representative of the Zarate and Associates, CPAs, you were assigned
to verify her cash on hand in the morning of January 3, 2020. You began to count at 9:00 AM in the presence of
Gellie. In the course of your counting, you found currencies in paper bills and coins together with checks,
vouchers, and other items, which are mentioned below:
IOUs:
Date Maker Amount
12/20/19 Yap, Janitor P 500
12/22/19 Felix, clerk 750
12/24/19 Ablay, bookkeeper 500
2. Cash sale of January 2, 2020 amounted to P8,650 per sales records, while cash receipts book and bank
deposit slip showed that only P7,650 was deposited in the bank on January 3, 2020.
3. The following employees’ pay envelopes had been opened and the money removed. Each envelope
was marked “Unclaimed” - Ernesto, P332.50; Secinando, P447.50.
Required:
1. Prepare cash count.
2. How much is the cash short or over at year-end.
3. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entries to correct the petty cash fund at year-end.
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Problem 6
In your year-end audit of Hydee Corp., the cashier showed a cash accountability of P1,100,000 as at December
31, 2020. The following transactions were extracted in the books of the company, in summary form:
Required:
1. How much is the cashier’s total cash accountability at December 31, 2020?
2. What is the company’s adjusted balance of cash at December 31, 2020?
Problem 7
The following data pertaining to the cash transactions and bank account of Charles Company for May 2020 are
available to you:
Required:
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1. Prepare bank reconciliation at May 31, 2020.
2. How much is the understatement or overstatement of cash at May 3, 2020?
3. Prepare the necessary adjusting entries to correct the cash account at May 31, 2020?
Problem 8
In connection with an audit, you are given the following bank reconciliation.
BANK RECONCILIATION
December 31, 2020
Balance per ledger, 12/31/20 P 34,349.72
Add: Collections received on the last day of
December and charged to “Cash in Bank”
on books but not deposited 5,324.50
Debit memo for customer’s checks returned
unpaid (check is on hand but no entry has been
made on the books) 4,000.00
Debit memo for bank service charge for December 1,000.00
P 46,674.22
Deduct:
Outstanding checks P 18,625
(see details below)
Credit memo for proceeds of a note receivable
which had been left at the bank for collection
but which has not been recorded as collected 8,000
Check for an account payable entered on books
as P12,625 but drawn and paid by bank as
16,225 3,600 32,225.00
Computed balance P 14,449.22
Unlocated difference 36,601.00
Balance per bank (check to confirmation) P 51,050.22
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Problem 9
The bank portion of the bank reconciliation for Kimberly Company at October 31, 2020 was as follows:
Kimberly Company
Bank Reconciliation
October 31, 2020
Cash Balance per Bank P 12,367.90
Add: Deposit in transit 1,530.20
P 13,898.10
Less: Outstanding checks
Check Number Check Amount
2451 P 1,260.40
2470 720.10
2471 844.50
2472 426.80
2474 1,050.00 4,301.80
Adjusted cash balance per bank P 9,596.30
The adjusted cash balance per bank agreed with the cash balance per books at October 31.
The November bank statement showed the following checks and deposits.
Bank Statement
Checks Deposits
Date Number Amount Date Amount
11-1 2470 720.10 11-1 1,530.20
11-2 2471 844.50 11-4 1,211.60
11-5 2474 1,050.00 11-8 990.10
11-4 2475 1,640.70 11-13 2,575.00
11-8 2476 2,830.00 11-18 1,472.70
11-10 2477 600.00 11-21 2,945.00
11-15 2479 1,750.00 11-25 2,567.30
11-18 2480 1,330.00 11-28 1,650.00
11-27 2481 695.40 11-30 1,186.00
11-30 2483 575.50 Total 16,127.90
11-29 2486 900.00
Total 12,936.20
The cash records per books for November showed the following:
Cash Receipts
Cash Payments Journal Journal____
Date Number Amount Date Number Amount Date Amount
11-1 2475 1,640.70 11-20 2483 575.50 11-3 1,211.60
11-2 2476 2,830.00 11-22 2484 829.50 11-7 990.10
11-2 2477 600.00 11-23 2485 974.80 11-12 2,575.00
11-4 2478 538.20 11-24 2486 900.00 11-17 1,472.70
11-8 2479 1,570.00 11-29 2487 398.00 11-20 2,954.00
11-10 2480 1,330.00 11-30 2488 800.00 11-24 2,567.30
11-15 2481 695.40 Total 14,294.10 11-27 1,650.00
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11-18 2482 612.00 11-29 1,186.00
11-30 1,225.00
Total 15,831.70
1. A credit of P2,105.00 for the collection of a P2,000 note for Kimberly Company plus interest of P120 and
less a collection fee of P15. Kimberly company has not accrued any interest on the note.
At November 30, the cash balance per books was P11,123.90, and the cash balance per the bank statement was
P17,604.60. The bank did not make any errors, but Kimberly Company made two errors.
Note: The correction of any errors pertaining to recording checks should be made to Accounts Payable. The
correction of any errors relating to recording cash receipts should be made to Accounts Receivable
Required:
1. Prepare bank reconciliation for the month of November.
2. How much is the outstanding check on November 30, 2020?
3. How much is the deposit in transit on November 30, 2020?
4. What is the adjusted cash balance of the company on November 30, 2020?
5. How much is the understatement or overstatement of cash at year-end?
Problem 10
The following information pertains to the cash of Ruth Company:
Nov 31 Dec. 31
Balance shown on bank statement P 27,380 P 26,960
Balance shown in general ledger before
reconciling the bank account 25,780 25,000
Outstanding checks 8,630 10,150
Deposits in transit 6,850 12,450
For Dec.
Deposits shown in bank statement P 55,880
Charges shown on bank statement 56,300
Cash receipts shown in company’s books 53,980
Cash payments shown in company’s books 54,760
The bank service charge was P180 in November (recorded by the company during December) and P240 in
December (not yet recorded by the company).
Included with the December bank statement was a check for P5,000 that had been received on December 25
from a customer on account. The returned check marked “NSF” by the bank, has not yet been recorded on the
company’s books.
During December the bank collected P7,500 of bond interest for the company and credited the proceeds to the
company’s account. The company earned the interest during the current accounting period but has not yet
recorded it.
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During December the company issued a check for P6,960 for equipment. The check, which cleared the bank
during December, was incorrectly recorded by the company for P8,960.
Required:
1. Prepare proof of cash.
2. What is the adjusted cash receipt for the month of December?
3. What is the adjusted cash disbursement for the month of December?
4. What is the company’s adjusted cash balance at December 31?
5. Prepare the necessary adjusting entries to correct the cash account at December 31?
Problem 11
SITTIE ’s check register shows the following entries for the month of December
SITTIE ’s bank reconciliation for November revealed one outstanding check (No.14343) for P12,000 (written on
November 28), and one deposit in transit for P5,550 (made November 29).
Note: All errors noted in this problem were committed by the Sittie , not the bank. It is also noted that the
company failed to record one deposit in the book.
Required:
1. Prepare proof of cash.
2. Compute the adjusted cash receipts per ledger of the company for the month of December.
3. How much is the overstatement or understatement of cash disbursement for the month of December.
4. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entry to correct cash account at December 31.
Problem 12
Reden Company maintains a checking account at the Davao Bank. At July 31, selected data from the ledger
balance and the bank statement are as follows:
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Cash in Bank
Per Books Per Bank
Analysis of the bank data reveals that the credits consist of P78,000 of July deposits and a credit memorandum
of P2,070 for collection of a P2,000 note plus interest revenue of P70. The July debits per bank consist of checks
cleared, P74,700 and a debit memorandum of P40 for printing additional company checks.
You also discover the following errors involving July checks: (1) a check for P230 to a creditor on account that
cleared the bank in July was journalized and posted as P320, and (2) a salary check to an employee for P255 was
recorded by the bank for P155.
The June 30 bank reconciliation contained only two reconciling items: deposits in transit, P1,000 and outstanding
checks, P2,600.
Required:
1. Prepare bank reconciliation.
2. Compute the following balances at July 31:
a. Deposit in transit
b. Outstanding checks
3. How much is the adjusted cash balance at end of July?
Problem 13
You are asked to audit the cash of Von Corporation. Von Corporation carries its checking account with Mindanao
Bank. The following data are available:
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c. Additional data:
1. Balance in Petty Cash account, P200 (not included in Von Cash account).
2. The deposits of P93,400 by Von Company are overstated by P100; the bank recorded the correct
amount.
3. The checks cleared by the bank of P82,150 erroneously included a P300 check drawn by Laity
Corporation; the bank has not yet corrected this error.
4. November 30: deposits outstanding, P2,000; and checks outstanding, P1,500.
Required:
1. Prepare bank reconciliation.
2. Compute the following balances at December 31:
c. Deposit in transit
d. Outstanding checks
3 How much is the adjusted cash balance at end of December?
Problem 14
Ryan Company is very profitable small business. It has not, however, given much consideration to internal
control. For example, in an attempt to keep clerical and office expenses to a minimum, the company has
combined the jobs of cashier and bookkeeper. As a result, Maria handles all cash receipts, keeps the accounting
records, and prepares the monthly bank reconciliation.
The balance per bank statement on October 31, 2006, was P73,520. Outstanding checks were: No. 62 for P507,
No. 183 for P600, No. 284 for P1,103, No. 862 for P762.84, No. 863 for P907.20, No. 864 for P661.12. Included
with the statement was a credit memorandum of P800 indicating the collection of a note receivable for Ryan
Company by the bank on October 25. Ryan Company has not recorded this memorandum.
The company’s ledger showed one cash account with a balance of P87,570.88. The balance included
undeposited cash on hand. Because of the lack of internal control, Maria took for personal use all the
undeposited receipts in excess of P15,182.04. She then prepared the following bank reconciliation in an effort
to conceal her theft of cash.
Required:
1. Prepare bank reconciliation.
2. Compute total cash shortage at October 31.
3. What is the adjusted cash balance at October 31.
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Problem 15
On December 15 of the current year, Darwin, who owns Jasmin Corporation, asks you to investigate the cash-
handling activities in his firm. He thinks that an employee might be stealing funds. “I have no proof” he say,
“but I’m fairly certain that the November 30 undeposited receipts amounted to more than P6,000 although the
November 30 bank reconciliation prepared by the cashier shows only P3,619.20. Also, the November bank
reconciliation doesn’t show several checks that have been outstanding for a long time. The cashier told me that
these checks needn’t appear on the reconciliation because he has notified the bank to stop payment on them
and he had made the necessary payment on the books.
At your request, Darwin showed you the following November 30 bank reconciliation prepared by the cashier.
You discover that the P600 unrecorded bank credit represents a note collected by the bank on Darwin’s behalf.
It appears in the deposits column of the November bank statement. Your investigation also reveals that the
October 31 bank reconciliation showed three checks that had been outstanding longer than 10 months: No.
1432 for P300, No. 1458 for P233.45, and No. 1512 for P126.55.
You also discover that these items were never added back into the cash account in the books. In confirming that
the checks shown on the cashier’s November 30 bank reconciliation were outstanding on that date, you discover
that check No. 2353 was actually a payment of P829.16 and had been recorded on the books for the amount.
To confirm the amount of undeposited receipts at November 30, you request a bank statement for December
1-12 (called a cut-off bank statement). This indeed shows a December 1 deposit of P3,619.20.
Required:
1. Compute the amount of fund stolen by the cashier.
2. How much is the adjusted cash balance at November 30.
3. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entry to correct cash account at November 30.
In a Nutshell
ACTIVITY
Identify the assertion that each of the following auditing procedures would test.
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h. Investigate all material checks listed on the year-end reconciliation but not returned with the cut-
off bank statement.
i. Trace the balance on the bank reconciliation to the confirmation received directly from the bank.
Q&A LIST
Questions/Issues Answers
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
This section lists down the keywords that help you for recall the discussions.
Course Schedule
This section calendars all the activities and exercises, including readings and lectures, as well as time
for making assignments and doing other requirements.
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Let’s Analyze – Problems 10, Sept. 16, 2020 BlackBoard LMS
11, 12, 13
Let’s Analyze – Problems 14, Sept. 18, 2020 BlackBoard LMS
15
Let’s Check & Let’s Analyze Sept. 16, 2020 BlackBoard LMS
(Multiple Choice Questions)
In a Nutshell Sept. 18, 2020 BlackBoard LMS
Q&A Anytime BlackBoard LMS
2nd Formative Assessment Sept. 18, 2020 BlackBoard LMS
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