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Blast design for underground long hole stope to safeguard surface industrial
structures from blast induced vibration

Conference Paper · June 2018

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 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

,
[1] CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
[2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
[3] Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Longhole stoping with ring drilling is best suited method for large scale production from exploitation
of nearly vertical ore deposit. However production blasting in underground stope beneath surface
structure is a challenge for blast designers. Residential and industrial surface structures above under-
ground stopes experiences substantial cracking due to high magnitude of blast vibration. Directorate
General of Mines safety (DGMS), India has framed regulation to limit blast vibration upto stipulated
level to safeguard these surface structures. Following paper deals with designing of controlled blast-
ing parameters for blasting at underground long hole stope with safety of surface industrial structures.
The experimentation with blast design has been performed for this purpose at Sindesar Khurd Mine
of M/s Hindustan Zinc Limited, Rajsthan, India. Experimental and simulation approach has been used
to optimize blast design parameters to safeguard surface industrial structures like water tank, electri-
cal substations, crushers and milling plant. This has been achieved by optimization of charging pa-
rameters and delay sequence. Simulation approach predicted blast induced vibration of 26mm/s at a
distance of 100m from simulated signature blast hole. The predicted vibration is from model simu-
lated considering equivalent rock mass as per mine condition. However, Anisotropy and heterogene-
ity of rock mass tend to decrease blast vibration around structure. Charging parameters have been
designed by experimental blasts. Altogether 64 experimental blasts were conducted with varying blast
design parameters. Charge weight per delay has been optimized using USBM predictor equation.
Multivariate statistical analysis approach has been used for optimization of total explosive charge in
a blasting round. Multivariate predictor equation has been developed considering hole diameter, num-
ber of blast holes in a blasting round, total explosive charge in a blasting round and distance of struc-
ture from blast face as independent variables and peak particle velocity of ground vibration as de-
pendent variable. Total explosive charge and explosive charge weight per delay has been tabulated
based on these predictors. Results have been recommended for day to day blasting at mine in order
to reduce blast vibration near surface structures. Delay timing between blast holes has been optimized
by near field blast vibration monitoring. Analysis of waveforms for recorded near filed blast vibration
data reveals that 40ms is the optimum delay for ring blasting in order to reduce vibration. Blast design
has been recommended for stoping based on the results of simulation and statistical analysis.

backfilling (Himanshu and Kushwaha 2016).

Longhole stoping is a productive method for ex-
traction of underground metalliferous deposit as
this method encompasses large diameter drilling
and blasting of longer length leading to complete
extraction of a level in single lift (Hartman
1987). Productivity and safety of this method is
interrelated. Expected productivity can be
achieved by proper sequencing of stoping and
However such large scale blasting is a challenge
for blast designers as blasting operation may
lead to substantial cracking and damage in struc-
tures due to blast induced ground vibration
(Singh et al. 2010). Damages are mainly caused
by three factors as- ground vibration amplitude
(peak particle velocity; PPV), its duration and its
frequency. Apart from the PPV, the frequency
content and the relative amplitude of horizontal

257
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018
and vertical components can also play important
roles with regards to the response of structures
in the nearby areas (Singh et.al. 2008, Singh et.al
2015). Industrial structures include many sensi-
tive structures like water reservoir, tailing pond,
offices etc. Optimization of blast design param-
eters in the zone of these surface structures is im-
portant to safeguard it from blast induced dam-
age.
Blast induced ground vibration is controlled by
various controllable and uncontrollable parame-
ters. Controllable parameters include blast de-
sign parameters and explosive property while
rock characteristics and geological conditions
fall under uncontrollable parameters (Jemino et
al. 1995). Controllable parameters have been op-
timized in this paper and recommendations have
been made for designing of blasting parameters
at an underground lead and zinc mine to safe-
guard surface structures like water reservoir,
mill process plant, control room, etc.
Sindesar Khurd mine is an underground lead-
zinc mine. It is located at 6 km north of Rajpura
Dariba mine in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan
state of India and is at 76 km from Udaipur. The
latitude and longitude of the Sindesar block are
24059'N to 25001'N and 74009'E to 74010’E.
The whole area is covered with 20-30 m thick
alluvium. The deposit comprises an assemblage
of medium to high-grade metamorphic equiva-
lents of ortho-quartzites, carbonates and carbo-
naceous facies rocks flanked by meta-argillites
of pre-cambrian, pre-aravali age. The rock types
generally encountered are calc-biotite schists,
calc-quartzite/siliceous dolomites, graphite
mica-schists, cala-silicate bearing dolomites and
quartzite veins. The cala-silicate bearing dolo-
mite present within the mica schist-chert hori-
zon, forms the principal host rock for the sphal-
erite-galena mineralisation. The carboniferous
schist forms the subordinate host in terms of
grade. There are no major or regional structural
features that could adversely affect the mine sta-
bility. The deposit is located in the central part
of the eastern limb of synformal fold and is con-
cealed at a depth of 100 m. The strike direction
of the ore body is N10-15E with a strike length
258
of about 400 m. The dip of the ore body is 400-
600 towards N80W.
2.1 Stoping methodology
Longhole stoping is a high production and low-
cost mining method for metalliferous mine. It is
a very popular method chosen when open pit
mining activities are no longer economical and
mines move to underground operations (Kush-
waha et.al 2014). This method is a variant of
sublevel open stoping in which longer blast
holes with larger diameters (140 to 165 mm) are
used. The holes are normally drilled using the in-
the-hole (ITH) technique. Depth of hole may
reach up to 100m (Hustrulid and Bullock 2001).
In this method, the miners must create a vertical
slot at one end of the stope and then work in the
sublevels to drill a radial pattern of drill holes.
After a set of these holes are loaded, blocks of
ore body are blasted in to the open stope. There
are two main variations of this method as longi-
tudinal and transverse longhole stoping. Longi-
tudinal longhole stoping is applied for orebody
with thickness less than 5m, and transverse long-
hole stoping for thicker ore bodies. Extraction is
being carried out from hangingwall to footwall
side of the ore body in different steps with sub-
sequent backfilling in case of transverse long-
hole stoping.
Extraction of orebody at Sindesar khurd mine is
done by longhole stoping method with subse-
quent backfilling using cemented rock fill
(CRF). Cross cuts are made at an interval of 30m
each between hangingwall and footwall drives.
Orebody is extracted along these crosscuts for
first 15m and it is termed as primary stope and
the rest 15m is left as pillar and is extracted as
secondary stope after subsequent backfilling in
primary stopes. Stoping operations are carried
out by drilling and blasting. Slots are opened in-
itially along a cross cut, which work as free face
for later round of blasting. Later on, orebody is
blasted in ring drilling pattern. Longitudinal ver-
tical section and transverse section of blasting
pattern/sequence used at Sindesar Khurd mine is
shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively.
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

(DGMS), a statutory body under Government of

India have framed standard under circular 7,
1997 which states the allowable limit of blast vi-
bration of different dominant frequency for in-
dustrial structures. The stipulated standard of
threshold blast vibration for different structures
has been presented in Table 1. Blast vibration
limit has been restricted to 10mm/s for dominant
excitation frequency below 8Hz. This is to avoid
damages due to resonant frequency of blast vi-
bration and structures. Frequency of the surface
structures has been recorded for which maxi-
mum transfer of blast vibration takes place. Re-
coded frequency of structures for maximum
transfer of blast vibration has been presented in
Table 2. It has been observed that maximum
transfer of blast vibration takes place at 6 Hz fre-
quency for most of the structures. However
some of the structures show maximum transfer
of blast vibration at 12 Hz frequency. Recoded
frequency of blast vibration has been plotted as
shown in Figure 4. It has been observed that
dominant frequency of blast vibration is more
than 25 Hz in each case. Considering DGMS
standard and resonance due to recorded fre-
quency of structures, 20mm/s (As recorded fre-
quencies of blast vibration is beyond 25 Hz) has
2.2 Sensitiveness of blast and presence of been considered as threshold limit to design con-
surface structures trolled blasting parameters for SKA2 and SKA6
orebodies.
Sindesar Khurd underground mine have three
working orebody as- Main orebody, SKA2 ore-
body and SKA6 orebody. SKA2 and SKA6 ore
body falls vertically below surface industrial
structures of the mine owner. These industrial
structures include water reservoir, mill process
plant with ball mills, crusher plant with primary,
secondary and tertiary crushers, mine control
room, electrical substations, tailing thickener
plant, mine and other associated offices etc.
Nearest stope during experimental blast was at
400 mRL, 400 6P01 and 400 6P02 stopes, which
lies at vertical distance of nearly 100m and radial
distance of about 200m from water reservoir.
Part plan of the mine and surface showing dif-
ferent industrial structures and current working
stopes of the mine is shown in Figure 3. These
industrial structures are prone to damage in-
duced by blast vibration. Mine management has
taken initiative to establish controlled blast de-
sign to safeguard surface industrial structures of
the mine. Directorate General of Mines Safety

259
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

Type of structure Dominant excitation Fre-

Approxi-
frequency, Hz quency
mate
8 8-25 25 at maxi-
Height of
HZ HZ HZ mum
Structures the
(A) Buildings/structures not belonging to the transfer
Struc-
owner of vi-
tures
1. Domestic hou- bration.
(in m)
ses/structures (in Hz)
5 10 15 Roof 12-13 m 6.25
(Kuchcha, brick
and cement) Second
1.Power 8-9 m 6.13
2. Industrial build- floor
10 20 25 Station
ing First
4-5 m 6.25
3. Objects of his- floor
torical importance Roof 11-12 m 6.13
2 5 10 2.Mine
and sensitive struc- First
Office 4-5 m 12.5
tures Floor
(B) Buildings belonging to owner with lim- 3. Canteen Roof 4-5 m 12.6
ited span of life 4. S K Mill
Roof 10-11 m 7.13
1.Domestic houses office
10 15 25
/structures
2. Industrial build-
15 25 50
ings
Experimental blasts were performed in stopes of
SKA2 orebody and SKA6 orebody. Altogether
64 blasts were conducted consisting of 42 blasts
at stopes of SKA6 orebody and rest 22 blasts at
stopes of SKA2 orebody. The consequent
stopes, slot raises and development openings in
SKA2 orebody were 300 2P3 stope, 300 2P5
stope, 275 2P1 stope, 300 2P7 stope, 325 Raise
and 197 2AP3 stope and that of SKA6 orebody
were 400 6P01 stope and 400 6P02 stope. Vibra-
tions were monitored on the surface near crusher
plant, water tank, tailing thickener, mill process
plant, control room, electrical substation, mine
office etc. A view of different surface structures
and vibration monitoring around these structures
is shown in Figure 5. The number of holes deto-
nated in a blast round varied from 1 to 28. The
total explosives weight detonated in a blast var-
ied from 37.5 kg to 1825 kg. The maximum ex-
plosives weight per delay varied between 6 kg
and 200 kg. The diameter of the blast holes was
of 89 mm, 102 mm, 115 mm and 165 mm. The
hole diameter of 115 mm and 165 mm were used
in slot blasting whereas 89 mm, 102 mm and 115

260
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018
mm hole diameters were used for ring hole blast-
ing.
Blast design parameters have been optimized
considering rock mass properties and explosive
properties. Vibration expected from homogene-
ous rock mass has been simulated and charging
parameters has been suggested.
4.1 Assessment of rock mass properties and its
effect on blast induced ground vibration
Effects of rock mass properties on blast induced
vibration have been assessed by dynamic simu-
lation tool. The tool is based on basic properties
of elasticity to get deformation across modelled
geometry. This can be achieved by tool packages
of different numerical simulation approaches.
Advantage of simulation approach is homogene-
ity of materials throughout model, and hence
parametric response can be recorded, which is
difficult during experimental trials (Himanshu
et.al. 2017). The approach used in this paper is
finite difference approach using FLAC3D. Ge-
ometry has been modelled to simulate blast
across single hole. Explosive energy in the form
of detonation pressure has been given as input
parameter. Stemming material is modelled as
void considering its very low strength and in-
stantaneous release during blast. Monitoring
points have been fixed in model at desired radial
distances from detonation point.
261
Numerical simulation was performed using elas-
tic model of FLAC3D code. Rock mass proper-
ties for the lead-zinc deposit available at mine
and simulated in the model are shown in Table
3. Simulated explosive properties have been
shown in Table 4.
Elastic Modulus 11.5 GPa
Poisson’s Ratio 0.22
Density 2750 kg/m3
Velocity of Detonation 4000 m/s
Density 1100 kg/m3
Detonation pressure 8800 MPa
Boundary conditions have been given to mod-
elled geometry, to fix deformation along all di-
rections except direction of stemming ejection.
“Quiet” boundary conditions have been given in
all directions, which allows blast wave in the
form of stress wave to be absorbed along bound-
aries. However, reflection and refraction of blast
waves are usual in real case scenario leading to
blast attenuation progressively. So, vibration
predicted using this approach would be over pre-
diction. All natural dynamic systems are sub-
jected to a certain degree of damping of the vi-
brational energy within the system to prevent it
from vibrating indefinitely when subjected to
driving forces. Rayeligh damping condition has
been simulated for this case study. Damping co-
efficient and frequency have been taken by back
calculation approach to match the simulated
blast vibration with recorded data. Damping co-
efficient of 0.1% and frequency of 12 Hz have
been taken for this problem.
Blast vibration in the form of velocity magnitude
(peak vector sum for seismograph recorded data)
was assessed for signature hole blast. Monitor-
ing stations were fixed at radial distances of
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

50m, 100m and 150m. All the monitoring sta-
tions fixed at these radial distances consider sim-
ilar directional distances. Simulated wave shows
spherical behavior of blast wave propagation.
Signature hole simulation of 115mm diameter
blast hole with equivalent rock and explosive
properties shows peak vector sum of 25.85 mm/s
at a radial distance of 100m from blast face.
However this prediction is over prediction con-
sidering homogeneity of rock mass. Plot of si-
mulation result has been shown in Figure 6.
for the mine has been recommended based on
USBM predictor equation. Regression analysis
has been done to establish relation between ex-
plosive charge weight per delay and scaled dis-
tance of the recorded vibration. The established
regression plots for SKA2 and SKA6 orebodies
of the mine in logarithmic scale is shown in Fig-
ure 7 and Figure 8 respectively. The predictor
equation for SKA2 and SKA6 ore bodies of the
mine has been presented as equation I and II
respectively. These site specific equations are
applicable only for respective orebodies of
Sindesar Khurd underground mine.

4.2 Optimization of charging parameters for

stope blasting
Charging parameters for slot and ring blasting at
the mine were optimized by statistical analysis
of recorded ground vibration data near different
industrial structures. There are many parameters
responsible for propagation, amplification and
attenuation of blast induced vibration, but maxi-
mum charge weight per delay and distance of
monitoring station from blasting faces are most
common parameters adopted worldwide for
blast vibration prediction. These parameters
have been included in predictor equations pro-
posed by various researchers around globe.
United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) predic-
tor equation is one of the most acceptable pre-
dictor in world which consists of above parame- 1 . 696
ters (Duvall and Petkof, 1959). USBM predictor
R (1)
equation and multivariate logarithmic predictors v 3665 . 9
Q max
has been developed for SKA2 and SKA6 ore-
bodies separately. Maximum charge per delay Correlation coefficient = 0.96

262
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

1 . 563 total explosive charge in a blasting round, hole

R (2)
v 2092 . 8
Q max
Correlation coefficient = 0.87
Where,
v = Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
R= Distance between vibration monitoring point
and blasting face (m)
Qmax = Maximum explosive weight per delay
(kg)
Total explosive charge for a blasting round has
been optimized using multivariate predictors.
Multivariate regression analysis has been done
to establish relation between peak particle veloc-
ity of vibration and blast design parameters. Lin-
ear, Polynomial and logarithmic multivariate
analysis has been done for this purpose. Hypoth-
esis was made under different predictor model
considering dependency of PPV on blast design
parameters. The reverse hypothesis for the same
has been taken as null hypothesis. Decision mak-
ing procedure in statistical analysis follows sta-
tistical F-test, t-test and P-values based ap-
proach. P-value approach has been used for this
case study problem. The P value, or calculated
probability, is the probability of finding the ob-
served, or more extreme, results when the null
hypothesis (H0) of a study question is true – the
definition of ‘extreme’ depends on how the hy-
pothesis is being tested. P is also described in
terms of rejecting H0 when it is actually true;
however, it is not a direct probability of this state
(statsdirect.com, 28th July 2017). P-value for re-
jecting null hypothesis has been taken as less
than or equal to 0.05 for this problem.
Regression analysis of variables for linear, poly-
nomial and logarithmic predictor model have
shown better coefficient of correlation for loga-
rithmic predictor model than other predictors. It
is also observed that mutually exclusive depend-
ency of blast design parameters can only be
maintained in logarithmic predictor model. Mul-
tivariate regression analysis has been done using
Microsoft excel to establish relation among PPV
and blast design parameters like burden, spac-
ing, total number of holes, distance of blast face
from structure etc. Decision making tool using
P-value approach indicated that dependent vari-
able PPV have relation with independent varia-
bles total number of holes in a blasting round,
diameter and distance of surface structures from
blast face. Accordingly, the coefficients of vari-
ables have been determined from regression
analysis and multivariate logarithmic predictor
has been established. The established multivari-
ate predictors for SKA2 and SKA6 orebodies of
the mine have been presented as Equation III and
IV respectively. These are site specific predictor
equation applicable only for respective orebod-
ies of Sindesar Khurd mine.
(3)
Multiple coefficient of correlation = 0.82
(4)
Multiple coefficient of correlation = 0.91
Where,
= Hole diameter (mm).
Qt = Total explosive charge in a blasting round
(Kg)
N = number of blast holes fired in a blasting
round
D = Distance of vibration monitoring station
from blast face (m)
PPV = Peak particle velocity of vibration (mm/s)
4.3 Optimization of delay timing for stope
blasting
Delay timing between decks, holes in a ring and
between rings has been optimized by near field
vibration monitoring for ring blast. Near field vi-
bration were monitored keeping different delay
intervals between decks. Sample rate of moni-
tored vibration was 4096 per second. Plot of near
filed vibration monitored keeping 40ms delay
between decks and 1 second as delay between
two rings is shown in Figure 9. Waveform anal-
ysis of near filed vibration data has been done to
optimize delay timing. It has been observed that
50ms-60ms is the optimal delay between decks
and 900ms-1000ms is the optimal delay between
rings in order to reduce blast vibration.

263
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

be applied at the places where there is a practical

difficulty of deck charging. Recommended blast
design with full column charge and deck charg-
ing for SKA2 and SKA6 orebodies of the mine
is shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12 respec-
tively.

Blast design has been recommended based on

predictor equations developed for the site.
USBM predictor equation has been used for
Maximum explosive weight per delay (MCPD)
recommendation and multivariate predictor has
been used for total explosive weight recommen-
dations in a blasting round. Recommended
charging parameters for SKA2 and SKA6 ore
bodies of the mine have been summarized in Ta-
ble 5 and Table 6 respectively. Charging param-
eters have been suggested based on various
blasts design requirements at the site. MCPD has
been calculated based on Equation I and Equa-
tion II for SKA2 and SKA6 orebody respec-
tively. Total explosive charge for a blasting
round has been calculated under varying hole di-
ameter and number of blast holes condition. The
total explosive charge for a blasting round in
SKA2 and SKA6 orebodies of the mine has been
evaluated on the basis of Equation III and Equa-
tion IV respectively. Blast design initiation is
recommended to be selected as per direction of
surface structure. Recommended blast design
pattern for slot blasting has been shown in Fig-
ure10. Deck charging has been recommended
for ring extraction in the orebody in order to re-
duce vibration. However column charging may

264
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018

Hole Distance of Maximum

No. of blast Peak Particle Ve- Total explosive charge
diameter structure from charge per
holes locity (mm/s) in a blasting round (Kg)
(mm) blast face (m) delay (Kg)
89 100 5 20 232 21
89 100 10 20 463 21
102 100 5 20 214 21
102 100 10 20 428 21
115 100 5 20 200 21
115 100 10 20 399 21
115 100 20 20 799 21
115 200 5 20 1390 86
115 200 10 20 2781 86
115 200 20 20 5562 86
115 500 5 20 18088 536
115 500 10 20 36175 536
115 500 20 20 72350 536
165 200 5 20 1129 86
165 200 10 20 2257 86
165 200 20 20 4515 86
165 500 5 20 14682 536
165 500 10 20 29365 536
165 500 20 20 58729 536

Distance of No. of Peak Particle Total explosive Maximum

Hole diameter
structure from blast Velocity charge in a blasting charge per delay
(mm)
blast face (m) holes (mm/s) round (Kg) (Kg)
89 100 5 20 514 26
89 100 10 20 768 26
102 100 5 20 500 26
102 100 10 20 747 26
115 100 5 20 487 26
115 100 10 20 728 26
115 100 20 20 1087 26
115 200 5 20 1863 104
115 200 10 20 2782 104
115 200 20 20 4156 104
115 500 5 20 10960 651
115 500 10 20 16372 651
115 500 20 20 24456 651
165 200 5 20 1726 104
165 200 10 20 2579 104
165 200 20 20 3852 104
165 500 5 20 10158 651
165 500 10 20 15174 651
165 500 20 20 22666 651

265
 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå Sweden 11-13 June 2018
Longhole stoping is a very productive method
for exploitation of metalliferous ore deposit by
underground access. The method includes very
large scale of drilling and blasting. Blasting
around surface industrial structures may lead to
damages due to structural vibrations induced by
ground vibration. Controlled blasting technique
with optimization of blast design parameters can
give solution for exploitation of ore deposit with
safety of surface structures. The study in this pa-
per includes design of blasting parameters to
safeguard industrial structures at Sindesar khurd
mine. Simulation approach using Finite differ-
ence method shows that blasting in the mine
with strong rock strata will lead to blast induced
vibration of nearly 25.85mm/s at a distance of
100m from signature blast hole. However, dis-
continuity, anisotropy, geological and structural
disturbances will reduce the vibration magni-
tude. Statistical analysis of the recorded vibra-
tion data has been done to establish site specific
predictor equations for the orebody. Safe limit of
vibration has been decided based on DGMS
standard and frequency of structural vibration.
Blast design parameters has been recommended
based on site specific predictors for day to day
blasting at different stopes of the ore bodies.
Mine is exploiting different stopes successfully
using recommended blast design.
266
The authors thankfully acknowledge the full
support and help rendered to them by the Mine
Management of Sindesar Khurd underground
mine of M/s Hindustan Zinc Limited. Authors
are also thankful to the departmental colleagues
of Rock Excavation Engineering Division of
CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad.
CSIR-CIMFR Report (SSP/75/2015-17)
(November, 2017) Advice for optimisa-
tion of blast design parameters at sindesar
khurd mine to control blast vibration within
safe limits at surface structures and houses of
the adjacent villages.
DGMS Circular No. 07 (1991) Damage of struc-
tures due to blast induced ground vibrations
in mining areas.
Duvall, W.I. and Petkof, B. (1959) Spherical
propagation of explosion generated strain
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Hartman, H.L. (1987) Introductory Mining En-
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366-372.
Himanshu, V.K. and Kushwaha, A. (2016) De-
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