Introduction

•Ecology- is the systematic study of

the interrelationships
that exist between organisms and their
environment.

•Microbial Ecology- is the study of

the numerous interrelationships
between microbes and the world
around them. 2
SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIPS
INVOLVING
MICROORGANISMS
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SYMBIOSIS
◍ or symbiotic relationships, is
defined as the living together or
close association of two dissimilar
organisms (usually two different
species)
◍ The organisms that live together in
such relationship are reffered to as
symbionts.
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NEUTRALISM
◍ A symbiotic
relationship in which
organisms occupy
the same niche but
do not affect one
another.

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COMMENSALISM
◍ Is a symbiotic relationship that is
beneficial to one symbiont and of
no consequence (i.e neither
beneficial nor harmful) to the
other.

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COMMENSALISM

Demodex folliculorum

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MUTUALISM
◍ Is a symbiotic relationship
that is beneficial to both
symbionts (i.e, the
relationship is mutually
beneficial).

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E. coli in intestines helps us digest
food and make Vitamins. In return,
human intestines provide food and
shelter for bacteria.

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 PARASITISM

◍ Is a symbiotic relationship that is

beneficial to one symbiont(the
parasite) and detrimental to other
symbiont(the host).

Trypanosoma brucei gambianse 11

THE HUMAN
MICROBIOME
PROJECT

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• The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) is a U.S
National Institutes of Health iniatitive that was
launched in 2008, with a 5-year mission to
generate resources enabling comprehensive
characterization of the human microbiome and
analysis of its role in human health and disease.

• Whereas “microbiota” refers to the microorganisms

that make up our indegenous microflora
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Findings from the human
microbiome:
◍ There is gut-brain axis and that our
intestinal microbiome has an affect on
neurodevelopment throughout our
lifetime.
◍ Development of the gut microbiome
trains the immune system to recognize
pathogenic miceoorganism,and by
modulating the immune system,it
decreases the risk of developing
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autoimmune and allergic inflammatory
diseases,such as irritable bowel syndrome.
◍ Studies from the gut microbiome from
people in different areas of the world
have led to the recognition of three
“enterotypes” that differ in their
predominant microbiota.It has also been
noted that a change in diet can shift the
enterotype of a person.
◍ Imbalance of the gut microbiome is a
contributing factor to obesity.
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◍ Babies born by caesarian section lag in
the development of their gut microbiome
by few months and that experiments are
proceeding with inoculation of babies
born by C-section with vaginal flora of
the mother to more quickly establish
their gut microbiome.
◍ The gut microbiome of adults is more
complex than that of young children
although the gut microbiome is fairly well
established by 3 years of age.
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◍ Changes in diet leading to a change in
the gut microbiota are now being tried to
determine whether the degree of autism
can be affected.

INDEGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF
HUMANS
◍ Bacteria
◍ Fungi
◍ Protozoa
◍ viruses 17
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Positive Effects of the
Interaction between the Host
and Its Microbiome

◍ Provide metabolic potential and

supplies many vitamins and
other nutritional factors.
◍ Helps to train the immune
system and supports host
defense functions.
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◍ Affects neurodevelopment
◍ Has anti-inflammatory
properties.
◍ Has anti-oxidants

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 MICROBIOTA OF THE SKIN
◍ The resident microbiota of the skin
consists primarily of bacteria and fungi-
as many as different species,depending
on the anatomic location.
◍ Anaerobes live in the deeper layers of
the skin,hair follicles,and sweat and
sebaceous glands.
◍ Common bacteria on the skin are
species of
Staphlycoccus,Corynebacterium and
Propionibacterium. 22
The number and variety of
microorganisms present the skin
◍ Anatomic location
◍ Amount of moisture present
◍ pH
◍ Temperature
◍ Salinity (saltiness)
◍ Presence of chemical wastes such as
urea and fatty acid
◍ Presence of other microbes,which may
be producing toxic substances.
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 Microbiota of the Ears and Eyes
◍ The middle ear and inner ear are usually
sterile,whereas the outer ear and the
auditory canal contain the same types of
microbes as are found on the skin.
◍ Infection can also develop in the middle
ear when the eustachian tube does not
open and close properly to maintain
correct air pressure within the ear.
◍ The external surface of the eye is
lubricated,cleansed,and protected by
tears,mucus,and sebum. 24
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

◍ The upper respiratory tract consists of

the nasal passages and the throat
(pharynx).
◍ The lower respiratory tract consists of
the larynx(voice
box),trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,and
lungs.

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Microbiota of the Oral Cavity(Mouth)

◍ The anatomy of the oral cavity(mouth)

affords shelter for numerous anaerobic
and aerobic bacterial.
◍ Anaerobic microorganisms flourish in
gum margins,crevices between the teeth
and deep folds(crypts) on the surface of
the tonsils.
◍ Carelessness in dental hygiene allows
growth of these bacteria,with
developmental of dental caries
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(tooth decay),gingivitis(gum disease) and
more severe periodontal diseases.

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◍ The most common organisms in the
indegenous microbiota of the mouth are
various a-hemolytic streptococci.

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Microbiota of the GI Tract

◍ The GI tract(digestive tract) consists of a

long tube with many expanded areas
designed for digestion of food,absorption
of nutrients,and elimination of
undigested materials.

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Helicobacter pylori

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Microbiota of the GU Tract
◍ The GU tract (urogenital tract) consist of
the urinary tract (kidneys,ureters,urinary
bladder,and urethra)and the various
parts of the male and female
reproductive systems.

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 thanks!
Any questions?
Hindi na nagtatanong ang taong
nakikinig- georgie,2019

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