[RELTS righ ~ cn bin Ts ‘Gée ban than mén, NNgay kil ban cm cusn sich nay tren tay, IELTS Fighter tn ng ban 3 ching t6 ¥ chi KnOrg h@ nh tren chang dudmg chinh phyc tects, ay 1a cubn Students book tich hop noi dung bai glang 4 ky ning Ustening, Reading, Wating va Speaking, dya vio sido trinh ban quybn v2 duge thit Ké gin hwo Si nhigu ch8 trdng, nhiem mwe dich gp hac vien wu Igicac thong tin e’n thiét trong qué trinh hoe ‘8p feo lép vd Lam bai tap v8 nha Vay, tal sa0 IELTS Fighter li thiét 6 ring mét cusn Student's book cho hoc wien? ‘Thien, IELTS Fighter hi vong ring ban sé c6 mot tinh thin thoai mai kh ‘tham gia trai nghigm lép hoc. Thit hai, ban s€ dB dang va kip thot lu Iai nbiing kién thie vé eting b& fh khdng chi tirngi dung bai hoe va dn tir chinh hing kinh nghiém quy biu cia giéo vin. Thit ba, vigc cung cap dan bai s® gidp ban dé dang theo déi bal gidng mot ccich t6t nh, Khong bé I6-bat ky Kin thie quan trong mo, bén canh do cing giim thiéu phn nao thai gian ahi chép, thay v3o d6 I tap trung suy nh, rén luyén théi quen ty duy va kha ning lam bal “Te qua bao niu kh6 kn, ching ta da bude dén mot con du‘sng md, tién gan han véi vach dich eudi ting. Vi vy, hiy 46 IELTS Fighter tgp thém tie man gidp ban vuot qua ching dude nay nhé. Chic ban thanh cone! Cm on ban 43 dong hanh cing IELTS Fighter trén chang durGng nay!\ Huong dan str dung Student’s book IELTS FIGHTERA students book Ago hoe XELTS A t6p trang chuyén 84 vo dang di trong ge bai hoe mel a ed 8 vin nhing kg thde ml, vibe chun b tHE ZELTS, cg hu? rude Ki he gid ee bom Hing chi ei Kin Yhde 4 eh, ma de ig mhng_ chi dim 12 gy din i “agp”nhng lg in thd me wing thuong xt ign AE men thee gio tink wi cn student's book dug tit Kf dng “Aye ng hing in auan 8 idea teBn lép, whim rong AE hae vin 8 cng xy dng nfl dung bit hoe wg win. Vike ii hoc win a dung 309 ny Hang eh ep ede ban ai use sy tp trun trong st OI gan song trons qué ri he vi hye ma edn ty mah chon pe re due nh tng tn quan trong ahd tei nha trong ba. Ngo re, eau mB bl hye #6 dang luyng 2 trang ay 95 ‘de duse rue Tu apn Your note A€ hae vin y do gh chp nahn pho cn cht née hee, TELTS Fighter 5, cing nhs li adng phn Kigh thie md rng diego vin 48 cp sin ai cic hncithst Yangon Sanco gem ER ‘E181 ws nda Wh thc, de bon abn 198 dung ch student's book af ng ney tinh Vige tap cho Bd thin tsi quen hoe Bl vi li ba Rng nay Seu nih ya ng eas tinh 48 v8 19m cng ‘hd glen, Min boc mat cdc higu qd, Be big a i ede bon dg I Phen ni dung minh 431 minh gh ch vd md ra, Hac chi tn gig tinh a chu i, bon nn ing ala th gion ing moby a€ tam guen cSe dong sl thi tngt trong cde uth Sten TELNS rau 3 d€ thi Combei ich ny op eb bon va Bn ip uae hie tie vs rn yn ning 20 srinh 8 bn thn nhs Cat due me gm thu mong mush,CONTENTS usTeNNG. UNIT, Hobdy Travel -Yout, LUNET2 Nature & Environment Family Matter UNIT3. aucation~ Culture Modern Society. LUNIT4 Seence & Technology People & Places. UNIT. Family & Relasoncipe— Health & tess LUNIT2. Getting an Eaton -Nature & Ervronment - Water LUNIT3. Language Communkation Science & Technology LUNI 4, Employment & Finance ~ Youth & ie Stages 5 UNIT 3, art A—Teeigues UNIT 2, are Techniques). - UNITS Par 2 People Monolegue Un 4. rar. Pace Monee. UNITS. Por. Ting Monologue UNIT. Part2 Past Event Mowlogue une Part3) nmr. part). warn. LUNI. tine raph-Bur Chat Table LUNIT2 Pie chart. UNIT. ma, UNIT 4 Process : UNITS, Advantage & Dsadaage LUNI 6. robem & Solution. Unt argument, TaiMP2 les «Tape scripts & Answer key bing ech quét md OR 16 “8 86 a 99 aa 10 18 196 20 29LISTENINGloliday & Travel - Youth ways to write date/month: ‘Before you listen, try topreiet what the answers wil be. Reading the questions ist { | wale vou make better guesses. Ask yourself the fllowing questions: 1 what + what word ? What isthe 2 ——@ Paraphrasing options + Poraphrasing technique 3 Example ‘+ Paraphrasing techniave 2 example: less facies © Ursten for location Ustent. such aright next to, beside, furthest away fro, right inthe middle, tothe south/north/westjeast.WNaitas arene ——® synonyms ‘Word Smenyn Meaning Tix Frequent ee Traven thng Picturesque Unique Hop Dated Erimanen D> cvercise 1 Questions 4 Complete the orm bow, sng NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANO/OR A NUMER for cach anewer, Dreamtime travel agency Tour information xample: Holiday name: Whole Watch Experience Holiday lengths 2 doy Type of transportation: Maximum group sze:2 Newt tour date: 3 Hotel name: The 4‘Questions 5 ands Which TW things ae inc. ded inthe price ofthe tour? (8) fishing tp (©) guided bushwat (6) reptile park entry (0) table tennis (e) tennis ‘vestions 7-10 Complete the sentences betow, using NO MORE THAN A WORD OR A NUMBER foreach 7. The tourcosts$ 48 Bookings must be made no later than aysin advance oa. epost is required 10 The customer’ reference number i verse ‘Questions 1119 13, Complete the sentences below, using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD fr each answer. 11. The next meeting ofthe soecer cub wl bein the, King’s Park on2 su 12 Thefirst eventisa 13 tthe final dinner, players recve Questions 14.17 Complete the table below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer ‘Waning Session comperiion | Number ofteam | Games eyie (ia King's Park) Junior 4 30am 15Senior 2.00pm ‘uestions 18:20, ‘Complete the table below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for cach answer Name of Office Bearer Responsibility Robert Young: President tomanage meetings ‘Gina Costello: Treasurer 1018. David West: Secretary 019, Jason Dotie: Head Coach 020ReesNature & Environment Family Matters Bee ——€ Following a lecture Order Reason Result Repetition / Clrifcation ‘contrast Adaition Example Emphasis © Using question words 1 where? 2 ‘person 3 when? a reason 5 What?Amethod / way 7 which? 8 How many Dua atop © Nature & Environment vocabulary Word Meaning ‘Blzard - ie xaay Bio Drought ——@ Family matters vocabulary Word ‘Meaning | Extended fit Ga dnhhat nin Gia inh thing «5 con cat ‘Single parent aril ‘Stepfamily ‘Word ‘Synonyms ‘Meaning Camerstone Spit haya Rich BecessveOE D> cewese (Questions 1.7 ‘Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER foreach answer. Which elephants stay tegther all ther fe? 22 What ae elephant family groups known as? 3 When scentsts tracked groups of elephants, which feature of behavior di they notice? 4 Which sense do elephants probably use to communicate overlong dstances? '5 What di American selentists dowith a recording of lophant call? {5 What did the eleghantsin the experiment rsh to find? 7 What were scientists urable todo with the recording they had made? ‘questions 8-10 What does the lecturer sayabout each typeof elephant call? choose your answers from he box, and write the letters AH next 1 questions 8-10, ‘camat be heard by humans at al ‘s usally accompanied by leg movement ‘begins and ends at the same pitch Is unaly accompanied bya nod ofthe head ‘continuously Iereasesin pitch isrepested over along pried ‘comtinualy fuctuatsin volume a9 Contact cal 10 Summonsta move on > evercse2 (Question 1-10 Complete the notes below Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer HUMAN FACTORS + Cutting down trees fort s ‘+ industrial Revolution Climate change ‘+ Increase in population > deforestation KNOWN EFFECTS ‘Over previous 130 year: temp, 4 by 06°C + Since ind. Rev: CO: #by30% & Methane # by3 animals rice pads) + M0 (from “+ Greenhouse Effect ase form S warms up, FUTURE EFFECTS 4 (from mini, esp. fertier, waste management, car exhausts) > heat trapped > earth 1. Rise in sealevele + joe mettng Sea level ‘Number of people at ak adios é ¥30em 32 milion vimete 7 —_— 2‘change cles more ard areas > population movement to Increase in pests and 3 4. malaia ‘change in ecosystem + satein 10 some de, others multiply. + desers get hotter & bigger Bei Education 03 Culture & Modern Society us © writing addresses 56, Grove street, Manchester, nasgia Symonyms for street & —@ Understanding paraphrasing ‘+ Paraphrasing technique ‘Example: Andrew Johnson replaced Jock Sulivan asthe hero. > Andrew Johnson was Jock Sulivan's sthe hero + Porophrasing technique ‘ample: Helen Doves isthe most famous person inthis town, > Helen Davies isthe most ersonin this town. © Focusing on details Focus onthe betwen the options and underine any before listening: 16Wausau © Education vocabulary Word ‘Meaning Facuty ‘Sv athe Tat hoe | Sodoioay Sea cRB abe ——@ Culture & modern vocabulary Word Meaning Plaque ‘Boost r ‘Nang ea ah the Brhigm Ride be, RndeTHCtNE ‘wea eourel “Yours board vErimawen > ence 1 You wil hear a discussion between a tutor and an education student caled Sandy about students’ dlssertotion, ‘Questions 1-10 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Dissertation Tutorial Record (Education) Name: Sandy Gibbons Target previously agreed ‘Work compoted Further sation suggested Investigate suitable data [+ ReadiT a. ‘Signup Tor some sofware nats software Spokento ne Prince, practice sessions Head ofthe2 Proparea 3) —|* Completed and seatfor |Add questions in section for survey ‘eview three ond. Further reading about Read Banerion ‘Obiain rom leary siscpine NB. Couldnt find Eresson’s | through special loans ‘essayscon managing the | service 5 New Target Work completed Ting Do further work on Chapter |» Add statistics onthe Bytes {Give the title Context 6 ) 7 Include more rererences to works dated ater 8 Preparelstof main sections + Useindexcardstohelpin Before starting the 18Tor chapter? ‘rgarizaion 0 D> vere? avetion 10 tonto the recording and somplete the notes Wee NO MORE THAN THO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER etn are. ‘CULTURE AND SOCIETY study 2008 (nthe gba teenager hypothesis. values of teenagers inthe words ae sia) Isthere a lal culture? (ne speci aspect ofthe study: 1 In thee cutures sample: 2 ___high school students 1417 years ‘Three countries: Cina, Japan, USA Questionnaire: number cf statements: 3 THREE EXAMPLES OF STATEMENTS, Statement Itisrealltruc that 4 ‘con make you happy. Statement? My dream inlifeisto be able to own 5. Statement Having the right 6, le the most important thing in if EXAMPLES OF RESULTS Statement nationally which agree mest strongly: 7 Statement2 _nationalty which gree mast strongly: Statement nationalty which agree most strongly: 9 (GENERAL CONCLUSION ‘he global teenager hypothesis is 10, by this esearch, Move research needed! 920UNIT Science & Technology ny People & Places Be © Answering accurately + Identity + answer © Identifying paraphrased chunks entity Tp: Lists containing are very likely to remainthe same. © Using existing information + Answers + Infoin the tale + UseWMrauraarseacnuy ——® Energy vocabulary ning ivan tl t20| ning aging thay the ‘vn ping khitong ‘ram chayén d6idién rien Hu sinh hoe © Migration vocabulary ‘Word ‘Meaning sudir in tal dew idm tay ee ‘én try nim ia inh cb thu nha trang Binh aGlisncns D> verso ‘Questions 21.25, Cirle the correct answer AC 21 Lymis having difficulty completing her project because [A she doesn't have enough information, she can'torganize her presentation she doesn't have enough time 22 Her presentation s gong to focus on A. solar power in Americ 8 solar-powered water heaters alternative energy teermology. 23 Why does yn thik we should be looking fr alternative sources of energy? A Fossil fuels are expensive _Fossilfues have an impact on the environment Fossil fuels are lites, 24 Solar power is a good form of alternative energy because A iecanbe harnessed with simple technology 8 itisinfinte _iteanbe applied equaly wellin any country. 25 Which graph best indicates what Lynis describing? 4 F “alll, “ll, Pas erd tended PEL IETS eaeeeed — SS 4‘questions 20-30 Lobel the folowing diagram USING NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND /OR A NUMBER 25) en (28) (29), (20), D> verse ‘Questions 31-34 Complete the summary ofthe introduction toa lecture on bird migration below. Write NO [MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Birds migrate for two malnreasons:t0 (31), and to breed, When they are breeding, they need 19 move toareas where they can (32), Inthe spring they migrate from (33) ‘o.coole counts lathe north. They spend several months there, fying south agaln inthe winter to (34) ‘questions 35:37 “Answer the questions below. Wite NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for ‘20ch answer. 235 How has global warming affected the arial of pring? 36 Why have birds startedto migrate carer? 237 What happens tothe popultion of birds that breed late?Auestions 38-40 (Choose THREE letters AF Match each geographical aea with a migration pattern a 8 c ° e migration to warm countries Clockwise migration long distance migration partial migration migration to counties with ong days érelar migration aroand entice globe 38 the topes 39 the Arctic and Antarctic 40 North Amerie 262READINGEVN acm Etats thy eevee ott BU] sximmine and scanninc In IELTS Reading, we are tasked to process a large amount of information (3 Reading Passages in a notvery-ong time (60 minutes). Therefore 2 fast reading method is certainly required to finish the tasks time Skimming and Scanning ze two reading techniques that meet the above requirement. ‘These skills include rapid eye movement and keywords to quickly cover the text and point ‘out specific information, fr ferent purposes Stara dertiy the SCANNING: Identify the —— sximmine 30‘Common Peragroph Structares: ‘When Skimteading, Identiving the structure ef 2 paragraph will not only help you to inderstand the text quicker, but wil azo help you t find out main ideas ofthe passage, as wells locate some informtion. > betaled ‘COMMON PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE 1: ‘COMMON PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE 2: opie > detailed. > COMMON PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE 3 > > a—— scannine SCANNING: L00K for ariaaiataaue © Family & Relationships: Word Tom Meaning 1 Reng i gan one Tai ™ Teas 1a aa Te ae waa | Nain 2© Health & Fitness: ‘ajectve ‘Noun obesiy ‘Bio pht ‘dabetie Tiga dare Tnecton Tm - - Giagnostie in daa ‘anibote hing sin HOMEWORK D> cverses ‘Question 148 ‘The reading passage has st sections Choose the corect heading for sections BF fom the let of numbered headings blow. UsT OF HEADINGS ‘Ottawa ternational Conference on Health Promotion Holistic approach to Feats “The primary Importance of environmental factors Health lifestyles approach to heath ‘Changes in concepts of heath in Western society (ttawa Charter fr Health Promotion Definition of health in medical terms Socio-coloical vewof heath 14 Porgeaph 8 15 Paragraph ¢ 6 Paragraph 0__ 7 Paragraph E 8 Paragraph F 23Changing Our Understanding of Health a ‘The concent of health has different meanings for diferent people and groups, These mesnings of health have aso changed over time. This change fs no more evident than in Westem society today, when notions af health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways, 8 For much of recent Westem history, health hasbeen viewed inthe physical sense only. That ', good health has heen connected to the smocth mechanical operation ofthe body, while health has been attribute to a breakdown inthis machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of ssease or llness and is seen in medical terms. According to this ‘view, creating heath for people means providing medial care ta treat or prevent disease and illness, During this pei, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, Improved sanitation and housing. c In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medially oriented view of health, They stated that ‘health sa complete state of physica, mental nd social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1946). Heath and the petson were seen more holstialy (mind/body spit) and not ust n physical terms . ‘he 1970s was a time of focusing onthe prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the Ifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase the risk of diseases, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy ating habits, were targeted, Creating heath meant providing not only medical helt care, but hoalth promotion programe and polices whieh would help people m behaviours and IMestyles. While this individuals healthy lifestyle approach to health tin healthy worked for some (the wealthy members of society, people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or lite contol over the cantons ofthe diy Ives benefited little from this zpproach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles 4preach and the medial approach to health sy ignored the social snd environmental conditions affecting the heath of people, e During 19805 and 1990 there has heen 3 growing swing away from seeing este risks 35 the root cause of poor heath. While festyle factors stil remain important health fs being ‘viewed also in terms ofthe soda, economic and environmental contexts in which people lve, This broad approach to health is ealled the socio-ccolgical view of heath. The broad oco-ecoogeal vew of heath was endorsed atthe fst International Conference of Wealth Promation held in 1986, ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that “The fundamental condition and resources fr health are peace, shelter, education, food, 3 Viable income, 2 stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social jstice and equity, Improvement in health recures secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986) It Is clear from this statement thatthe creation of health is about much more than ‘encouraging heathy indlvicual bchavious and lifestyles and proving appropriate medial care. Therefore, the creation of heath must include addressing issues such a5 poverty, pollution, urbanisation, netural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The socal, economic and environmental contests wich contribute to the creation of health do not cperate separately or independently ofeach other, Rather, they are interacting and interdesendent, and it the comple interelationshins between them whieh determine the condtons that promote health. A broad socioecologial view of health suggests thatthe promotion of health must include a strong soil, economic and environmental focus F [At the Ottawa Conference m 1986, a charter was developed which outined new drctions {or heath promotion based on the socio-eccloical view of health Tis charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Weilth Promotion, remalns as the backbone of health ation today In exploring the seope of health promotion itstates that 38‘Good heath is major resource for zoe, economle and personal development and an Important dimension of quality of life. Pola, economi, socal, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors canal favour health or be harmful ot WHO, 1986) The Ottawa Charter brings practical mearing and action to this broad nation of heath Promotion, It presents fundamental strateges and approaches in achieving health for al The overall philosophy of health prometion which gudes these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of enabling people to incase contol over and to improve thelr heh’ (no, 1986), Questions 19:22 Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions Write your answersin boxes 19:22 on your answer sheet, 19 In which year did the Werd Heath Organization define health in terms of mental, physical and social well being? 20 which members ofsocety benefited most from the healthy lifestyles approach ta heath? 21 Name the three broad areas which relate to people's health, according to the socio: ecological view of heath 22 During which decade re ifestyle risks seen asthe major contributors to poor health? 6‘Question 23-27 Do the flowing statements agree with the Information in Reading Passage? Inboxes 22-27 on your answer sheet write ves if he statement ogrees withthe information. no. if he statement contradlets the information NOTGIVEN ifthere so information on this inthe passage. 23 Doctors have been instramentalin improving Ing standard in Wester society, 24 The approach to heslth during the 1970s Included the introduction of health awareness prosrams, 25 The socio-ecologcal view of heslth recognizes that Mestyle habits and the provision of adequate health care at rial factors governing health 26 The principles ofthe Otawe Charter are considered tobe out of date inthe 1990s. 27 Inrecent years, a numberof adetional countries have subscribed to the Ottawa Chater. 37D> cwnnez ‘You should spend about 20 minutes onthe questions 1-16 which are bared on the following ‘reading passage. Read the following passage and answer the questions 1-36 on your answer sheet The Family of Germanicus Germanicus isnot @ name that many people are familar with today, but the man and his family are central figures nthe story of one of the most colourful imperial dynasties the ‘world has ever known —the ullo-Claudans, The Jullo-Caualans get their name from two familes of the old Roman republic. Both families were od. The ulns had an impeccable astoratic pecgree, while the Claudians were one of the most pltcally powerful families in the state, The two were thrown together into an alliance during the troubles which gripped Rome during the fall ofthe Republic. Jules Caesar the most famous member ofthe Julian family, led hs legions in the conquest ‘of Rome, Though Caesar was @ great general, he lacked the politica sis to cantral the Roman Senate and Caesar wos killed bythe senators during one of ther meetings. Another ound of evil wars followed, and Caesar's great-nephew, Augustus, became the ruler of ome. In contrast to Caesar, Augustus was 3 superb, uncompromising and rthless palin, Eatly In is career, he relied tht his family could net rule alone, and he aed himself withthe Claudians by marrying a woman called Livia Drusila, via was nat only a Claudian herself but the former wife of another Caudian. she hed two children by her fist marsage Tiberius and Drosus, When he grew up, Dusus married Antonia, the daughter of Mark Antony, They had two. lildren, one called Claus and the other named Tibrivs after his uncle and grandfather ‘Tiberius was a commen Roman name, and often used for members ofthe Caudin family) 38‘Tiberius joined the army while he was stil @ young man, and turned out to bean excellent soldier. At the time the Ronans were busy with a major war in Germany. This war had not been going well, and the Romans lost a numberof legions during a major batle Inthe “Teutonwal forest. Tiberius was one ofthe commanders who helped to restore the power ‘of Rome, and to celebrate his victories, and to distinguish him from his unl, the soliers stated callng hin Germans. ‘Germanicus, or Nero Claudus Drusus Germanicus to give him his proper name, was not only 2n excellent commander, but one who took great care that his soldiers were well supplied and looked after, He wa loved by the troops he commanded and ths love helped him to bring the leglons back under contro! when they mitinied on hearing of the death of Augustus, Since Augustus had no sons he had adopted Tiberius, the uncle of Geemanicus. As the son of ‘Augustus, Tiberius became emperor after him, Augustus hod known ow popular Germanicus was, and considered adopting him instead of Tiberius, but Instead adopted Terius and made Tiberius adopt Germanicus. His plan was that power should go from himself, to Tiberius and then to Germanicus and his sons, Germanius had already become lose tothe lull family by hs mariage to Agrippina, the granddaughter of Augustus, Sadi, the glittering carer of Germanicus didnot happen. From Germany, he went to Asia Minor where he agsin wor victories for Rome, but on his return from a tp to Egypt he became ill and died. Some modern historians believe that Germanics ded of malaria, but Germanlcus and his wife were both convinced that he had been poisoned by hs enemies ‘Among those they suspected was Tiberius, the emperor, since it was felt he wanted power te_pass to hs own son rather than to Gormanicus. With the clear line of sucesson destroyed, members of the imperial court started to plot and scheme to see who would be emperor after Tiberius, who was already an olf man, The conspiracies drew inthe suviving members ofthe family of Germaniais, and the two eldest boys were accused of treason and killed. One daughter JuEa Ula, was maid tothe son of Tiberius and is believed have polsoned him — party to help the plots of her lover andportly to avenge the ‘poisenin’ of her father. Agrippina, the wife of Gormonicus wes eed and starved herselfte death, ‘One hoy survived, a young man called Gaius. Tiberius mede him lve in his house where he ‘ould watch him carefully, bt also because Tiberus was true to his promise that when he ied the children of Germenicus would come to power. Glus did indeed become emperor, butthe mental stress of theeatir years could not be undone, and he Is known today 35 the ‘at emperor Calgula {Gaus Caligula was asassirated, but history had not done with the ellen of Germans. ‘The next emperor was Claudius, the brother of Germanicus. He married, anather daughter of Germanicus called Agippina after her mother. Agrippina, a direct descendant of ‘Augustus, was thus the wif and niece of Claudius, the sister of Caligula, and eventually, the mother of another emperor. This was Nero, the tyrant emperor whose death marked the end ofthe descendants of Germanicus andthe Jullo-Claudian dynasty of emperorsQuestions 13 ook atthe diagram (Fay Diagram of Augustus) and filin the missing names in this fomiy wee ups ste ‘min Ore PT Aton aQuestions 44 In boxes 414 on youranswershect, write ves Ifthe stotement agrees with the claims ofthe writer No. Ifthe stotement contradicts the claims ofthe writer NOTGIVEN —i/tis imposible to say what the writer think about this 44 Agrippina, wife of Germanicus killed herzelt 5 Augustus wasthegreatgreat-grandfather of Nero 6 Claudius was he fatherinaw of Caligula 7. Antonia was Uva'sdaughter.in-law 18 Aarippina was the daughtor of Tiberius 9 Twoof Germanicus’ children died soon after birth 40 Nero had no brothers er sisters 41 Aula Lila plotted to poison her lover Questions 12-16 ‘46 shows the family relationship, Flin the family relationship described inthe reading passage and wre the answers on your answer sheet fom 12:6 Grandmother Daughter 8, stepson Grandson trother G.Nephew .Mthersnaw 22 Livia was Anton's 433 Gaius Calgua was Caucus? 14 Gormanieus was ivi’ 15 Antonia was Gals Calgula’s 16 Orusus was Augustus 2rer nontN Getting an Education (VAM Elbe eoa Niue ENC y ioe enone IELTS Reading, there no doubt that understanding the questions in avery short time Jit extremely importa There are 40 questions in total while we only have 60 minutes to proceed thraugh 3 passages, Therefore, method that help us understand the questions ‘ule Is needed. rr Whe is against the proposed changes to student ution fees? > iMdentiying. IDENTIFYING KEYWORDS IN QUESTIONS: Helps you 5——® inchorces In some questions you wil be tasked to find out the correct answers amang many choices (Mutiple Choice Questions). Therefore, understanding these choices aeo crucial Undertine the key words Looking for items under the sea requires 1A Hard work on some occasions 3B. Analien environment ©. Agreat deal of groundwork . Good diving kis > Key words in IDENTIFYING KEYWORDS IN CHOICES: Helps youNataceaeaue 6 Nature - Water vocabulary ‘Match the words with the meaning Word ‘arewer ‘Weaning 1 Dam ‘an area of ean sea water thats separated from ‘the oceanby ane of rock or sand drought “lake that i sed for storing water before Ris supplied to people's homes 3 toot ‘on Ine of rks or sad, the top of which just below the surface ofthe sea lagoon a The ground under the sea 5 guid 5 "Rank of sand Below the surface ofthe sea ora river @ reef ‘Rubstance whic isnot sold, but which flows and can be poured, for example water 7 reserve Fine sand, soll or mud whichis caried along bys | © sandbank YB ‘wall at is bulk ares a ver inorder to stop | ‘the water lowing and to makea lake 9 seabed 3 “large amount of water that cavers an area which s usually dry and isnot usually covered in water 10 sit 10 "Tong peviod of time during which no rainfalls a——— Education vocabulary ‘Word ‘Meaning ‘Chara nom tng wT ‘Dirge chink RU RB Ee Bi audi hod Banna Foo 1p va re TahoeHOMEWORK D> ceercses You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 ~26 which are based on Reading Passage below. PRIVATE SCHOOLS Most countries’ education ystems have had what you might all educational dsasters, but, sadly, in any areas of certain countries these casters are stil evident today. The Erash ‘education system Is unique due to the fac that there are still dozens of schools which are known as private sehook and they perpetuate priviege and social division. Mast countries have some private school forthe children ofthe wealthy; England is ble to more than triple the average number taba, England has aroun 3,000 private schools and just under hata milion children are educated at them whist some nine milion children are educated at state schools. The overwhelming majority of students at private schoo also come from middle-class families, ‘The rut ofthis system is evident and thas much Enlish history embedded within i. The {acts seem to speak fr themselves Inthe prhate system, almost half the students goon to University, whist in the state system; only about elght per cent make it to futher ‘educaton. However, statics such a¢ these ean be deceptive due to the fet that mide lass chilren do better at 2xaminations than working class ones and most of them stay on atschoo after 16. Private school, therefore, have the advantage overstate schools as they ace entirely ‘middle clas, and this ereates an environment of success where students work harder and apply themsehes more llgently to thel schoo! work Private schools are extrtionately expensive, being as much s £18,000 a year at somewhere such as Harow or Eton, uber Princes Willam and Harry attended, and atleast £000 3 year almost everywhere ale, There are many parents who are not wealthy or even comfortably off but are wing to sacrifice a great dealin the cause oftheir children’s 9schooling t boffles many people as Wo why they need to spend such vast amounts when there are perfectly acceptable state schools that don't costa penny. One father gave Nis reasoring for sending his son to a private school," my son gets 2 fve-percent-better chance of going to Univesity then that may be the difference between success and failure.” it would seem to she average person that 2 £50,000 minimum total east of second level educa-tion isa lotto pay fora fe-percent-better chance. Most chien, given the choice, would take the mney and spend it on more enjoyable tings rather than sheng it fut ona schoo! that to 20th for its own good However, some say thatthe real reason that parents fork out the cash is prejudice: they ont want there kids mining with the “workers”, or picking up an undesirable accent. In ‘adaltion to this, wouldn't o if atthe next in-ner party ll the guess were boasting about sending their kids tothe same place where the son ofthe third cousin af Prince Charles is sing, and you say your ki Is gong tothe state school down the road, even if you could pocket the money for yourself instead, and, as a result, be able to serve the best “Champagne with the smoked salmon and duck. Weis a fact, however, that at many of the best private schools, your money buys you something. One scheol, with 500 pupils, has 11 science laboratories; another school with £800 pups, has 30 musle practice rooms; another has 16 quash cours, and yet another hos Its own beach. rvate schools spend £300 per pula year on investment in buildings and facities; the stat system spends les than £50. On books, the ratio is 3t0 1 (One ofthe things that you money buys which eeu to quantiy isthe appearance of the school, the wayit looks Most private schools that you wlfind ate st in beautiful well- kept country houses, with extensive grounds and gardens. In comparison with the state schools, they tené to lock Ike castles, with the worst ofthe state schools looking like public lavatories, perhaps even tied or covered in graffi. Many may even have an architectural Exercise You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below, EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER Some consumers choose te purchase bottled drinking water, rather than relying on ety tap water supplies. Bottled water has typically been extracted from underground sources. if ‘water enste underground, but has no natural est pints, bottling companies may construct ‘a water table wellby driling dawn to extract water from an unconfined aque. This is done ‘when the Earth's natural water level ~ known as a water table ~ is much lower than the Earth’ surface. In some cares, a with valey or gull ona mountain, the evel ofthe water table may be higher than the Earh’s surface, and a natural spring can emerge Bottling companies are permitted to extract this water from 2 hole dried into the underground ring, but the composition ofthe water must be identical to that ofthe naturally surfacing variety nearby. _tesian waters drawn frem a confined aquifer, 2 deep underground cavity of porous rock that holds water and beats pressure from a config layer above it. Ths water can be accessed if companies dita vertical channel down into the confined aquifer. Due to the pressurized nature of this zqufer, water wil often rise up from within ft and form @ flowing artesian wel, which appears as an explosive fountain at the earths surface. However, this ‘only occurs when the surface Is lower than the natural wate table. Ifthe surface isnot lower than the natural water table, Its stil possible to draw arteslan water by using an extraction pump. Some bottled water is advertised as ‘purified, which means it has been subjected to 2 variety ofcifferent cleanshg processes. A common fitering procedure, known as reverse osmatl,invales the water being pressed through microscopic membranes that prevent larger contaminant from passing through. The microscope sive of these holes is such that they can even obstruct germs, but they are most effective against undesirable materials such as sal nitrates and ime scale, One disadvantage of reverse osmosis that alot of ‘unusable water I generated aea by-product ofthe procedure; this must be thrown away. 33For trcating pathogens, an impressive newer option tail (UV) light. Powerful UV ‘ght has natural antibacteial quale, so this process simply requies water tobe subjected 1a sufficient strength of UV light as It posses through a treatment chamber, The light neutralizes many harmful germs by removing ther ONA, thereby impeding thir ability to replicate. A particularly Impressive qualty of UV light Is Its ability 1o neutralise highly resistant vralagents such as hepatitis, ‘The overall effects of UY light treatment are variable, hawever, which leaves many ‘municipal water treatment processes relying on chlorination, its powerful and ‘comprehensive antimicoxal effect notwithstanding, chlorination is leo extremely Inexpensive and remains the only antimicrobial treatment capable of ensuring water ‘emains contaminant-re ll the way through the pipes and tothe taps of domestic homes, [Many members of the puble remain suspicious of water that has been tested with such 2 harsh chemical ts ease cf use and affordability has meant that chlorine eften plays an important role in making tainted water supplies safe for consumption immediatly after disasters have occurred, Some water aso undergoes dilaton. This involves water being boiled unit converts to steam, which then passes through a coaling tube and becomes water again, Toxic ‘compounds and impurtes such as heavy metal residue ae left behind in this proces, so the steamed water is typically clezner than the pre-dstiled version, Unfortunately, {stilation equipment also removes up to fourteen types of beneficial minerals that naturally occu in water. Consequently, those who rely on dstiled water may need to take ‘mineral supplements In developed countries, all fem of drinking water ate typically subject to stringent quality «contro processes, others Iitle evidence to suggest importing botted water a significant ‘expense wil be safer or healthier than regular tap water from a municipal drinking supply. Both tap water and bottled water are tested for pathogens and contaminants and, sie from isolated cass relate to isues such as faulty plumbing or ol pipes, top water are harmless. Nevertheless, many purchasers of bottled water stil justy thelr choice on the ‘uit reasonable bass that tp water has a distinctly unpleasant aftertaste related to the chlorination process it has undergone,questions 1-5 Label the diagram below. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage fr each answer. ‘writ your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet unconfined agile unconfined acuier 1 (provides access to trapped water) 2 (ve tothe lower lind level 3 4 flowing artesian wel looks tke 5 Ismecessary to access this water sourceQuestions 6-12 Classify the folowing statenents a referring to reverse osmosl Lviight treatment A e chlorination D_dististion Wie the correct ter, A, Dn boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet NB You may use any letter more than once. ‘continues to protect water asit i 6 transported, 7 teleparicularly utefl during emergencies. '8 ituses a physkeal bare to separate unwanted matter om water 1 It prevents bacteria from reproducing, 10 itremoves all mineral partes 11 Itproducesa lot of waste water. ‘Questions 12 and 13, Choose TWO leters, AE. Wire the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer set. Which TWO of the following claims about water are made by the writer? Bottled water i overpiced ‘Tap water may not have nce flavor. ‘Most people should nk bottled water. Tap water is usualy sale to drink, Public water supplies need better maintenance.YOUR NOTESunit Language & Communication (0) Science & Technology In some particular tasks, expecially ones that require filing in blanks with words from the text, knowing what kind of word needed will grant you a good chance of getting the correct answer. Thus, predicting the answer is alo.a key to cess in IELTS Reading 'n addition, these predictions can also help you understand the questions more clearly {since you wil be aware of what type of answer needed), and locate the answer easy PREDICTING THE ANSWERS: Helps you quickly 39© TFs of predictable information ‘PREDICTING THE ANSWERS:atone 6 Language & Communication vocabulary Word Meaning Uninformed Reig hg on thi iegible - Mate Toe © science & Technology vocabulary ‘Word Meaning ‘hha gin eau nia "Nh hin eeu sin vit boc Geneticist Optometist NRE eS sinh vat hoe Ecologist ‘astronomer TD aia chtHOMEWORK D> cercset Youare advised to spend asout 20 minutes on Questions 29 40. HARD DISK DRIVE TECHNOLOGY | few years ago, a query about the heath of a person's hard disk drive would have been met witha blank stare. Nowadays, almost everyone Is aware ofthis remarkable electronic storage medium that s part of every modern computer, even though mast users remain ignorant of the complexity of hard drive technology, Inthe early days of computing, an information record ofa computer’ memory content was let on punched cards similar o the way in which an automated pieno stores the keynote sequences on a piano rll. Later, magnetic tape was used to store electronic signals, and is still the favoured means of economically backing up the contents of hard drives, However, sccessing information sequently store on tape ie slow since the electronic data must be Input through a fixed head ia single pass. Hard disk drives solve this problem by incorporating a spinning platter on which magnetic ‘ata can be made accesible via a moving head that reads and writes information across the Width ofthe disk Iti arslogous to the way in which a person can choose to play 3 particular track ona CD player by causing the arm to move the head acrass the disk, The CO layer is, infact, necessarily similar in design toa harddrive although there are significant Aitferences in speed of data access Most modern hard drives incorporate several platers to futhe reduce the time spent seeking the requied information. Ako, some newer drives have twa heads; one for reading, and # second head for writing data to disk This separation of tasks enables much higherence of magnetic Information tobe written onthe plater, which incraaas the capacity ofthe hard dive ‘here are three important ways In which the capacty of hard asks has been Increased, Fist the data code ise has been tightened with express coding techniques. Second, 2s previously note, the head technology has been improved; an thie, the dtance between the heads and the platters nas been greatly reduced, Is hard to belleve, but the head can bbe made to pass over the magnetised platter at distances of less than 1 micro Inch (the width of 2 typical human har 5 $000 miro inches). Tis is achieved by means of a specs protective costing applied to the platter. Each of these three Improvements enables speedier access tothe data, Hard drives are more commonplace than tape recorders these days, but it must be remembered that they are much more fragile. Treated with respect they may last a number ‘of years, but they are quite easly damaged, often with disastrous consequences for the ser, whose precous data can become lst forever. Dropping» dive is almost aways fatal, 25 Is passing an Incorrect electra current through one (by faulty connection). Dust and ‘even extremes of tempera:ure can cause fll Yet, no physical damage can ever result ‘rom the Input of data via the Keyboard oF mouse. Ofcourse, aver time the magnetised coating on the platters willerode, yet this is almost entirely independent ofthe amount of ‘There are serous questions being ralsed about the direction of the future of electronic storage media, Some researchers clsim that it would be wiser to Invest more time and ‘money in setting up systems for steaming data across networks of computers fom centralised banks of information storage. This would avoid the need for each personal computer user to have his ar her own copy ofa software program resident on 2 local hard rive, Personal data fls eculd be kept ata central storage unit, and be sutably protected ‘rom disaster by afalsae backup system. a[As the Internet becomes ever more peruasve, and the sped of access to other machines Increases across our telerhone nes, it might be possible to do away with loca storage systems akogether, ‘Questions 29-31 Choose from the words as phrases in the gven list and label the diagram with the correct name of each part of the harddrive. ‘Write your answers inboxes 23 ~31 on your Answer Sheet. The frst one has been done for youasan example. Note tat you will not ned to use every word or phase inthe ist. sto Parts co player second head magnetic tape ‘moving head datecode platter clecte current special protective costing (ex) montag bad. ‘es at sexs ‘iu rte a) £30) sn (each contains magnetsad ‘fea fr cala torag2), 0). (sharers the requred dtance between the Head and te pert lees than merch) 6Auestions 3236 Decide which ofthe answers best completes the following sentences. Wrte your answers in boxes 32 ~36 on your Answer Sheet 32 Magnetically coated dis are one of many types of: sequential acessin‘ormation systems {Information storage:lutons tape storage solutions D_coplayers 33 Connecting hard drive incorrect usual A resulsin excess temperature 3B erodes the magnetite materia onthe platters damages the keyboard or mouse destroys the dive {3 Keyboard or mouse wsecan easly cause: A incorrect electrical aurents the magnetised coating onthe pater to wear out physical damage tothe harddisk drive 10 none ofthe above 35 Inthe future, a computer user might beable to access personal dat fles frm: A. acentral storage unt 8 alocalhard dive a software program 1 thelocal bank 36 Centralised banks of strage information could: | offer better protecton ofa user's data les 8B stream data across telephone lines mean the end of loc storage systems o all ofthe above 6‘Questions 37-40 ‘Complete each gap in the text by choosing the best phrase from the box below the summary. ‘write your answers in boxes 37 ~ 40 on your Answer Sheet. Note that there ae mote ghrases to choose from than are requied Hard sk drives are exceedingly complex and fragile pieces of equoment, but Example: F ‘The cheapest way to store computer information (37) However itis stow ‘to,read back stored information inthis way. (38). on the other hand, consists ‘of one or more spinning platters coated with magnetized material hong dats made accessible by two moving heads. Modern advances in dick technology have increased the (39) ofhard disk, Thishas been accomplished (40) 1A storage capacity 1B onmagnetictape C most computer users «row that a hard disk dive is comple Da cDplayerisfasterthana disk drive E Ahard ask eve F few computer users ave aware ofthis inthree ways He cost 1 increasing the sie of the platters used 41 site ofthe headsDp verse2 Youshoulspensbut mutes on Guess 3, whith are bated on ead Passage bet Communicating in Color |A- There ate mare than 160 known species of chameleons, The maln distribution isin Arica ‘and Madagescar, and ather tropical regions, although some species are lso found in parts ‘of southern Europe and Aca, There are Introduced populations in Hawall and probably in California and Florida to, B. New species ar sil discovered quite frequently, Dr Andrew Marshal. a conservationist from York Universty, was surveying monkeys in Tarzana, when he stumbled across a twig, snake in the Magombers forest which, frightened, coughed up a chameleon and fled, ‘Though a colleague persuaded him not to touch It because of the risk from the venom, Marshall suspected it might be 2 new species and took a photograph to send to colleagues, who confirmed is suspeions. Kinyongia Magombera, Eterally “the chameleon from Magombera, isthe result andthe fact t was not easy to identify is precisely what made unique. The most remarkable feature of chameleons is thir ability to change colour, and bility rivalled only by eutlech and octopi inthe animal Kingdom. Because ofthis, colours not the best thing fr tellng chameleons apart and alifrent species are usually identified based onthe patterning ard shape ofthe head, andthe arrangement of sales. In this case, nwa the bulge of sales 01 the chameleon’ nos, chameleons are able to use colour for both communication and camouflage by switching from bright, showy colous to the exact colour of a tlg within seconds. They show an ‘extraordinary range of colous, from neatly black to bright blues, oranges, pinks and greens, ‘even several at once, A popular misconception is that chameleons can match whatever background they ae places on, whether a chequered red and yllow shirt or 2 Smarta how But each species has a characteristic set of cells containing pigment distributed aver their bodies in 2 spectc patter, which determines the range of colours and patterns they can show. To the great dsappointment of many cilre, placing a chameleon ona Smarti box generally resultsin stressed, confused, dark grey or matted chameleon. 6©. chameleons are visual animals with excellent eyesight, and they communicate with Colour, When two male dwarf chameleons encounter each other, each shows its brightest ‘colours. They puff out tir throats and present themselves side-on with their bodies flatened to appear as large as posibie and to show off thelr colours This enables them to assess each other from a stance, If one is ceary syptir, the other quickly changes to submissive colouration, which Is usually @ dull combination of greys or browns. Hf the ‘opponents are closely matched and both maintain thelr bright colours, the contest can escalate to physical fighting and jaw-lockng, each tying to push each other along the branch in a contest of strength, Eventual, the loser wil signal his defeat with submissive colouration. Females also have aggressive splays used to repel male attempts at courtship, When courting 2 female, males clipay the ame bright colours that they use during contests. Most of the time, females are unreceptive and aggressively reject males by displaying a contrasting light and dak colour pattern with thelr mouths apen and moving their bodies, ‘rapidly rom side to side. the male continues to cout female, she often chases and bites him unt he ‘retreats. The range ef colour-change during female dspays, although Impressive, is notas great that shown by males. . Many people assume tat colour change evolved to enable chameleons to match a sreater variety of backgrounds in their environment. I'this was the case, then the ability of ‘chameleons to change colours shouldbe associated with the range of background colou in the chameleon's habitat, but there i no evidence for such a patter. For example, forest habitats might have a grater range of brown and green background colours than _raslands, so forest-dwellg species might be expected to have greater powers of colour change. Instead, the males whose display colours are the most eye-catching, and show the lreatest colour change. Ther displays ae composed of colours that contrast highly with each other as well as with the background vegetation. This suggests that the species that evolved the most impressive capacities for colour change did so to enable them to Intimidate rivals or attract mates rather than to facitatecamoufage. 6G. How do we know that chameleon dsplay colours are eye-catching to another chameleon ~ 0, for that matter, toa predatory bid? Getting a view from the perspective ofchameleons or their bie predators requites information on the charnelen’s ur bits ws system and an understanding of how ther brains might process visual Information. This i because the perceved colours ofan object depend as much ome bal’ wiring as onthe ysical properties of the abject itself. Luckily, recent scientie advances have made it possible to obtain such measurements lathe el and information on visual systems of 3 ‘variety of animals is becemng increasingly avalible, 1H. The spectacular ders of colours and ornaments in nate has Inspired bologlsts for ‘centuries, But if we want to understand the funetion and evolution of animal colour patterns, we need to know how they are perceived by the animals themselves ~ or their predators. Aer ll, camoullage and conspleuousness arin the eye ofthe beholder. Questions 1-4 ‘Answer the questions below (Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. rte your answers in bores 1-4 on your answer sheet. 41 What kindof climate do most chameleons ive in? 22 Which animal caught ahameleon from an undiscovered species? 13 What was the new species named after? 4 Which par of the bdyis unique to the species Kinyongia Magombera?Questions 5-13 Do the following statements agree wth the information gen in Reading Passage 1? In boxes $-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE iy the statement agrees with the Information FALSE —_ifthe statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN ifthe snc information an tis 5 Few creatures can charge colour a effectively a cxtlfich {6 Chameleons can imitate a pattern provide there are only two colours. 7 Chameleons appear to enjoy trying out new cols 18 Siematters move than colour when male chameleons compete 9 Aftera fight, the defeated male hides among branches ofa tree 10 Females use colour andmoverent to discourage males 411 The popular explanation of why chameleons change colours been proved wrong. 42 There are more predator of chameleon in grassland habitats than in athers, 433 Measuring animal visual systems necessates removing them fom thelr habitat,Reno 1UNIT Employment & Finance 04 Poe ARTE ony Ce) rave, raise & NOT GIVEN ‘TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN: use DONaT Use © TRUE/FALES/NOT GIVEN Definition: Statements tha Statements that Statements that BPinca ince © Employment & Finance vocabulary Word ‘Meaning Phvews Din aul Realestate / property ait ‘Quin i Reta ‘Word Meaning Pha di dn hosing cieh Tndastiy idier ‘us i ingvi) — [thier Tate ‘Say thom (anh te) wore hn ——# Youth a Life stages vocabulary Wor Meaning Taare Thigw ign Trung in ”‘dey Baby Boomer ‘gui 7079 usr gue 8089 wor pS Peivawens D> veces ‘You should spend about 20minotes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Passage below. ‘An Aging Population People are living anger an, in some parts ofthe world, healthier lives. This represents one ofthe crowning achievements ofthe last century, but aso a signiiant challenge. Longer lives must be planned for. Saietal aging may affect economic growth and lead to many ‘other issues, including the sustainability of families, the abit of states and communities to provide resources for older ctizens, and Intemational relations. The Global Burden of Disease, a study conducted by the World Health Organzaton, predicts avery large increase In agerlated chronic dsease In all regions of the wodd. Dealing with this wil be a slgnfcant challenge for ll countries health series Population aging is driven by declines in ertity ang improvements in heath and longevity. In more developed counties, faling fertility beginning in the early 3900's has resulted in current levee being below the population replacement rate of two Ive births per woman. Pethaps the most suring demographic development of the past 20 years has been the pace of fertility decine in many less developed countries. in 2006, for example, the total Fertility rate was at or below the replacement ate in less developed countries. Cone central issue for policymakers in regard to penslon funds isthe relationship between the official retirement age snd actual etirement age. Over several decades inthe ater part 6ofthe 20th century, yor tne more developed nations lowered the offical age at which people become fully entiied to public pension benefits. This was propelled by general ‘economic conditions, changes in welfare philosophy, and private pension trends, Despite the recent trend toward hereased workforce participation at older ages,» significant gop between official and actun! ages of retirement persists. Thi trend is emerging In rapidly ang developing countries as well Many counties already have taken steps towards much needed reform oftheir olbage socal insurance programs, One common reform has been to ‘alse the age at which workers are eligible for ful ube pension benefits. Another strategy {or bolstering economic security for alder people has been to increase the contributions by workers. Other measures to enhance Income for older people include new financial Instruments for private savings, tax incentives for individual retirement savings, and supplemental occupationalpension ples. Asie expectancy increases in most nations, so do the odds of diferent generations within 4 family coexisting. In more developed countries, this has manifested itself asthe ‘beanpole family’ a vertical extension of family structure characterised by an increase inthe number of ving generations within a lineage and a decrease in the number of people within each feneration. As mortality rtes continue to improve, more people in ther 50's and 60's wil have surviving parents, aunts, and uncles. Consequently, more children will know their srandparents and even ther great grandparents, especialy thir great grandmothers. There Is no historical precedent for a majority of middle-aged and older aduts having ting parents. ‘As the World Heath Organtation study, The Global Burden of Disease pres that in a few ecades the loss of health and if worldwide will be greater from noncommunicable or oni diseases than from infectious dlseass,chidhaod diseases, and accidents. The study estimates that today, non-commuricabledlieases account for 8S per cet ofthe burden of Alsease in highincome counties and 2 surprising 44 per cant ofthe burden of disease in low- and middleincome countsles. Noncommunicable dzeases already account for 35. ‘much ofthe burden of dssase in lows and middle-income countries a all communicable ‘dseases, maternal and pernatal conditions, and auton conditions. By 2030, according to projections, the share ofthe burden attributed to non-communicable diseases in low- %‘and middle-income counties wil reach St per cent, while the share attributed to ‘communicable diseases wil fal to 32 per cent. I we restrict attentlon to older ages, non ‘communicable diseases already account for more than 87 per cent ofthe burden forthe ‘ove-60 population in law, middle, and high income countres. The cra issue for lows and middle-income countres is how to mobilise and allocate resources to address non communicable diseases, 2sthey continue to struggle withthe continued high prevalence of communicable dseases. Ofcourse, sinifieant jump in disability uber hs accompanied the inetease in longevity. Because counties age at ferent paces itis possible forthe elements of production - Iabour and capital - to flow across national boundaries and mitigate the impact of population aging, Stadles predict that, in the near term, surplus captal wil ow from Europe and North America to emerging markets in Asia and Latin America, where the ppuaton is younger and cheaper and supplies of capital relatively low. In another 20 ‘years, when the baby boon generation in the West has mostly retired, capital will most Ikely flow in the opposte direction. However, these studies rest of the uncertain assumption tha capital willow easy across national boundaries. Despite the weight of scirtife evidence, the significance of population aging and ts global Implleatlons have yet to be wholy appreciated, There is a need to raise awareness bout ‘not only global aging issues, but aso the importance of rigorous cross-national scientific research and poy dialogue that wil help us adress the challenges and opportunites ofan aging world, Preparing fnencily fo longer Ives and finding ways to reduce aging-rlated isbity should become national and global priortes Experience shows that for nations 25 for individuals, Is eriteal to address problems sooner rather than later. Waiting slgnfcantly increases the costs and dificultis of addressing these challenges, ”