Slide 1: Title Slide

● Title: "Introduction to Contract Law"

● Subtitle: Understanding the Basics and Key Concepts
● Your Name and Date

Slide 2: Definition of Contract

● Definition: "A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more

parties, creating mutual obligations enforceable by law."

Elements of a Contract:
​ Offer: A clear and definite proposal by one party.
​ Acceptance: Unconditional agreement to the terms of the offer.
​ Consideration: Something of value exchanged between the parties.
​ Legal Capacity: Parties must have the legal capacity to enter into a contract.
​ Legal Purpose: The purpose of the contract must be legal.

Slide 3: Types of Contracts

Types of Contracts

1. Express Contracts
● Terms are explicitly stated, either orally or in writing.

2. Implied Contracts
● Terms are inferred from the parties' conduct.

3. Unilateral Contracts
● One party makes a promise in exchange for the other's performance.

4. Bilateral Contracts
● Both parties exchange promises.
Example: Buying a cup of coffee is an implied contract; a written employment contract
is an express contract.

Slide 4: Formation of a Contract

Formation of a Contract

Offer:
● Definition: A proposal indicating a willingness to enter into a contract.
● Characteristics: Must be clear, definite, and communicated.
● Revocation and Rejection: Offer can be withdrawn or rejected.

Acceptance:
● Modes: Can be express, implied, or by conduct.
● Silence as Acceptance: In some situations, silence may imply acceptance.

Slide 5: Consideration

Consideration

Definition: Something of value exchanged between parties,

essential for a valid contract.

Types of Consideration:
​ Money: Payment for goods or services.
​ Services: Performing an act or refraining from an action.
​ Goods: Transfer of tangible items.

Example: Paying for a product is consideration for the seller's promise to deliver the
product.
slide 6
Legality of Contracts

Enforceability:
Contracts are designed to uphold the principles of justice and fairness. For a
contract to be valid and enforceable, it must comply with legal standards. Here are
key considerations regarding the enforceability of contracts:

​ Contracts Against Public Policy:

● Definition: Contracts that violate established laws or public morals are
considered against public policy.
● Examples: Agreements promoting illegal activities, compromising
public safety, or infringing on the rights of third parties fall into this
category. Such contracts are generally deemed unenforceable by
courts.
​ Illegal Contracts:
● Definition: Contracts that involve engaging in activities that are
inherently illegal.
● Examples: Agreements related to drug trafficking, bribery, or any other
criminal activities are considered illegal contracts. Courts will not
enforce contracts that involve illegal actions, and engaging in such
contracts may lead to legal consequences for the parties involved.

Unconscionable Contracts:
Contracts should not exploit or take advantage of the parties involved.
Unconscionable contracts are those that are grossly unfair to one party, often due to
a significant power imbalance or a lack of meaningful choice. Key points about
unconscionable contracts include:

● Definition: Unconscionability refers to contracts that are so one-sided and

oppressive that they shock the conscience of the court.
● Characteristics: These contracts often involve terms that are excessively
unfair, hidden, or oppressive. Courts may refuse to enforce or modify such
contracts to ensure fairness.
● Example: Consider a contract where a vulnerable party is forced to agree to
terms that significantly favor the stronger party, exploiting the weaker party's
 lack of bargaining power. Courts may intervene to prevent the enforcement of
such contracts or modify them to ensure fairness.

Slide 7: Capacity and Consent

Capacity and Consent

Legal Capacity:

Minors and Contracts:

● Definition: Legal capacity refers to a person's ability to understand the
consequences of entering into a contract and to be held legally responsible
for their actions.
● Minors and Contracts:
● Definition: Minors are individuals under the age of majority, usually 18
years old. Generally, contracts with minors are voidable at the option of
the minor.
● Enforceability: While minors can void contracts, some contracts with
minors are enforceable, such as contracts for necessities (e.g., food,
shelter, education).

Mentally Incapacitated Individuals:

● Definition: Mental capacity is the ability to understand the nature and effect of
one's actions in the context of entering into a contract.
● Contracts with Mentally Incapacitated Individuals:
● Definition: Contracts entered into by mentally incapacitated individuals
may be voidable if the party lacked the mental capacity to understand
the terms and implications of the contract.
● Enforceability: Courts may intervene to protect mentally incapacitated
individuals from unfair contracts or transactions that they were not
capable of comprehending.

Consent:

Fraud:
 ● Definition: Fraud involves intentional misrepresentation of a material fact to
induce someone to enter into a contract.
● Elements of Fraud:
● False Representation: Making a false statement or concealing
important information.
● Intent to Deceive: Knowing that the statement is false or being reckless
about its truth.
● Reliance: The deceived party relies on the false representation.
● Damages: The deceived party suffers harm due to the reliance on the
false representation.

Duress:
● Definition: Duress occurs when one party is coerced into entering a contract
under the threat of harm or undue pressure.
● Forms of Duress:
● Physical Threats: Threats of physical harm to compel agreement.
● Economic Duress: Threats to one's financial well-being or business
interests.

Undue Influence:
● Definition: Undue influence involves unfair manipulation that overcomes the
free will of a party, typically due to a relationship of trust and confidence.
● Indicators of Undue Influence:
● Confidential Relationship: One party has significant influence over the
other.
● Unfair Persuasion: Exploiting the trust or vulnerability of the influenced
party.

Slide 8: Contractual Terms

Contractual Terms

Express Terms:

Oral and Written Terms:

● Definition: Express terms are the specific terms of a contract that are
explicitly agreed upon by the parties.
 ● Oral Terms:
● Definition: Terms spoken between parties but not necessarily
documented in writing.
● Importance: While oral contracts can be legally binding, documenting
terms in writing enhances clarity and provides a more reliable record
of the agreement.
● Written Terms:
● Definition: Terms explicitly outlined in a written document, such
as a contract.
● Importance: Provides a clear and unambiguous reference point
for the parties involved. Written contracts are often more
enforceable than oral agreements.
● Importance of Clarity:
● Avoiding Misunderstandings: Clear communication is crucial to
preventing misunderstandings between parties.
● Ambiguities and Disputes: Ambiguous terms can lead to disputes and
legal challenges. Courts interpret contracts based on the parties'
intentions, and unclear terms may be open to multiple interpretations.

Implied Terms:

Statutory Implied Terms:

● Definition: Statutory implied terms are terms automatically included in
contracts by operation of law.
● Examples of Statutory Implied Terms:
● Fitness for Purpose: Goods sold must be fit for their intended purpose.
● Satisfactory Quality: Goods must meet a reasonable standard of
quality.
● Title: Seller must have the right to sell the goods.

Common Law Implied Terms:

● Definition: Common law implied terms are terms inferred by the courts
based on legal precedent and customary business practices.
● Development by Court Decisions:
● Precedent: Courts may look at similar cases to determine customary
terms.
● Industry Practices: Implied terms may be based on what is customary
in a particular industry.
Example: Warranty terms are often implied in sales contracts. For instance, when you
purchase a product, there is an implied warranty that the product will be free from
defects and suitable for its intended use.

Slide 8: Contractual Terms

Contractual Terms

Express Terms:

Oral and Written Terms:

● Definition: Express terms are the specific terms of a contract that are
explicitly agreed upon by the parties.
● Oral Terms:
● Definition: Terms spoken between parties but not necessarily
documented in writing.
● Importance: While oral contracts can be legally binding, documenting
terms in writing enhances clarity and provides a more reliable record
of the agreement.
● Written Terms:
● Definition: Terms explicitly outlined in a written document, such
as a contract.
● Importance: Provides a clear and unambiguous reference point
for the parties involved. Written contracts are often more
enforceable than oral agreements.
● Importance of Clarity:
● Avoiding Misunderstandings: Clear communication is crucial to
preventing misunderstandings between parties.
● Ambiguities and Disputes: Ambiguous terms can lead to disputes and
legal challenges. Courts interpret contracts based on the parties'
intentions, and unclear terms may be open to multiple interpretations.

Implied Terms:

Statutory Implied Terms:

● Definition: Statutory implied terms are terms automatically included in
contracts by operation of law.
 ● Examples of Statutory Implied Terms:
● Fitness for Purpose: Goods sold must be fit for their intended purpose.
● Satisfactory Quality: Goods must meet a reasonable standard of
quality.
● Title: Seller must have the right to sell the goods.

Common Law Implied Terms:

● Definition: Common law implied terms are terms inferred by the courts
based on legal precedent and customary business practices.
● Development by Court Decisions:
● Precedent: Courts may look at similar cases to determine customary
terms.
● Industry Practices: Implied terms may be based on what is customary
in a particular industry.

Example: Warranty terms are often implied in sales contracts. For instance, when you
purchase a product, there is an implied warranty that the product will be free from
defects and suitable for its intended use.

Slide 9: Breach of Contract

Breach of Contract

Definition:
● Breach of Contract:
● Definition: A breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill
its obligations as outlined in the terms of the contract.

Types of Breach:

Material Breach:
● Definition: A material breach is a serious violation that goes to the core or
essence of the contract, substantially depriving the innocent party of the
benefits they expected from the agreement.
● Characteristics:
● Substantial Impact: The breach has a significant and detrimental
impact on the contract.
 ● Fundamental Terms: The violated terms are fundamental to the
purpose of the contract.

Minor Breach:
● Definition: A minor breach, also known as a partial breach, is a lesser
violation that does not undermine the overall essence of the contract.
● Characteristics:
● Insignificant Impact: The breach has a minor impact on the contract.
● Essential Terms Preserved: The fundamental purpose of the contract
remains intact.

Remedies for Breach:

Damages:
● Definition: Damages refer to monetary compensation awarded to the
innocent party to cover the losses suffered as a result of the breach.
● Types of Damages:
● Compensatory Damages: Aimed at compensating the non-breaching
party for actual losses.
● Consequential Damages: Cover indirect losses that result from the
breach.
● Punitive Damages: Rare and designed to punish the breaching party
for egregious conduct.

Specific Performance:
● Definition: Specific performance is a legal remedy where the court orders the
breaching party to fulfill its contractual obligations as specified in the
agreement.
● Applicability:
● Unique Circumstances: Typically granted when monetary damages are
insufficient, and the subject matter is unique (e.g., real estate).

Rescission:
● Definition: Rescission involves canceling the contract, treating it as if it
never existed.
● Conditions for Rescission:
● Material Breach: Often invoked in cases of material breach.
● Mutual Agreement: Both parties may agree to rescind the contract.