Sy_tasus UNITI Probability ‘Semple Space, Evers, Counting Sample Pins, Probably fan Event Adve Fle. Conon Probab, ndopendence and the Product Rule, Baye’s Rue ‘Random Variables and Probabily Distributions: Concept of Random Variable, Discroly probably Distrbutons, Continuous Probability Distributions. UNIT-II Expectation and Discrete Distributions Mean of Rendom Variable, Variance and Covariance of Random Variables, Means and Variances {tuneac Combinations of Random Variables, Chebyshev's Theorem. ‘Fundamental Sampling Distributions: Random Sampling, Some Important Statistics, Sampling Distibutions, Sampling Distrbution of Means and the Central Limit Theorem, t-Distibution, F-Distrbuton. UNIT-IV Applied Statistics BETA HEA | {NEERING STUDENTS ‘SPECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOGRNAL FOR ENG!‘These selected individuals are togeber called a8 4. Staite: Statistic acts a helpful practice used 6 Varlance: The variance fr «population is given i La-w" ea ‘WARING: XerexPhetocopring of this books» CRIMINAL ae Rayan ound ply LADLE ace LEGAL proven ee ST eS OBJECTIVE TYPEt Probability a ee Rules, Conditiongl P Everts, Counting Sample Poin, Probability ofan Event, Additive robability, Independence and the Product Rule, Bayes’ Rule. ‘ Probability: Sample Space, Random Variables and Probabili il ndom m lity Distributions: Concept of a Ra i Probability Distributions, Continuous Probability Dantovtons ° ee Different Types of Sample Spaces and Events Fundamental Pri le of Counting Probability of an Event Axioms and Theorems of Probability Baye’s Theorem For Conditional Probability Concept of Random Variable (R-V) CLK SKK Discrete and Continuous Probability Distributions The term ‘probability’ was coined by an Italian mathematician, ‘Gali who measured probability quantitatively while dealing with the problems associated with rolling of dice in gambling. A probability is a quantitative measure of uncertain events. It helps in determining the chances of the occurrence of an event. The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is known as sample space and is denoted by S. An event is « possible result (or) outcome of an experiment or a result of trial. Probability of an event Eis defined ‘es the ratio of number of favorable events with respect to E to the total number of events of @ random experiment. ‘A random variable X on a sample space $ is a function from S to the set of real numbers 7, which assigns a real number X(s) to each sample point 'S of S. The values of random variable keep on varying from trial to trial as the experiment is repeatedly performed. However, ete probability distribution is the probability distribution of a discrete random variable "X' which takes only @ finite number of variables and endowed with probability mass function. Moreover, a continuous random variable is a variable which assumes infinite and uncountable set of values and endowed withprobability density function. ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR EN! INEERING STUDENTSasuiry AND STATISTICS UNTU-HYDERABAD, ed ‘An experiment isa physica ston or process whose results ae observed and noted. Itmay result in PROBLEMS 24. Consider anoxperiment of fipping a coin AWB (Union of A and B) is the event that can ‘oour fit the event 4 oF te event Bo both S= (Mm =0,1,2,3), ‘SPECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS(26. "The sample space foran experiment 8 = {86.6.4 0,F: a 1), where each outcome ‘equally ere ways can Sav order he pars? Solution Number of hoes fr selecting chips, Number of choices for selecting an aces) tend, ae The number of permutations of “x number of | objects that ae aranged ina cicei (n— 1)!yo, WA) = 28, P= 5, Prove tat g panes S. Solution : oa Papert.) Oxe-19 cag ‘Git. ntwo integers are selected, atrandom ant without replacement, from (1, 2,4 9% 4100), whatis the probability that intege® 3 - ‘A probability is + quantitative measure of bm certain ven IU helps in determining te chances of fe An B=(6)and6isanevenainbe| | , the occurence of an event ome a, ST See rsa oe Ro eT STEHT FO ‘SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS.STIS NTU OE & mona AND STA Atay STD TATGATD [OP ea cen (rum artHnyarrrin eth, | Tewbabt ened cratnay cra crHTI TTD, n= 1B a (rr THD, TTMNTTED) Toul, ofoweomes =H) = 16 (rida, Saturday), (Sturdy, Sunday, | => (Sunday, Monday)}. From the above combinations can bene hat mE) =30~$~25 a TosP ior 7 TATE Tepes SS ‘i ace os CRM Ry Td al UAB TTS OOP ‘The probability of obtaining defective motes, P= iy fo} -Pem tose) aap eee) eee ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSwi The pobbiiy hat alaa one oar delecve aren 2) that 4 ems elected fom 12 that ther ae defective tems PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS Expected namber of asemawaes w 114 220. wnatarethe tree axioms of probabil? The probability foecurenc fan event E)n + Gat State and prove addition theorem of probability for any two events. 4 and B are any two events which are subsets ofsample pace Sth A B)= PU) + PB) PAB) vritenastheuion of two mutually Pand)-0 Puy AAA) PAD =Ag=1 So Ma)+Aa)=1 Aa)=1-Pa) Hence proved The prota ofevent dis given by PUA (0) Let A and are two events pus, such hat Bo 4 ee Prove BcAsPA-By20 oe) Pa)-AB)20 y+ Peta 4 rae Pw) Tet Stee sample for anexperienForevents AB) PU) ances Hace Proved PAALBLO=PrA)+ PB)“ PKC) | PROBLEMS = PRA. Prt (224. Anaitineina small city has five departures Consider, PULBUO "PHU BUO) + PAC) PAA NOMBAC)) = PRA) + PAB)+ PC) PAB) =PAANO)- PBA, 4 PAANBO, PRALBUC™ PA) + PHB) + PC) PAB) ofa ain in small iy, [Number of departures on each day n= $ Probability ofa ig being departed at, P) = 0.3 ‘hata ight being departed on Pint): Pon) Po) P= 0.168 (From set theory we know that $U § = S and snenb Consider, PSL 4) = 48) = A+) =F) 2 RMHT be AH) ry=0 SS OO SPECTRUM A@LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSOe pany os wy mT cpu ie ced Bes ean on offer rom company Als Sethi probability of geting an te Fa compeny is 8 It he beleves ey {he proba that be will 96 fer om, Meast one company I= 0.5. what i the HiSoapity that ne wil get oer from bog, fe companies? Sotation: oy “The robs of etting mfr rom company, anas “Te probity of ting an fe fom compa, p-08 {et and B bet evens sch hatte happening a sven that by tegen xy and 2. WPIA)® B, Pte) and P(C)= $ then whatis te probabity that {) Althethes reviews wil be tvorabl aa (0) Majority ceviews wil be favorable: Solution Inthe given problem ten be noe that , Bad navn Bott Bi rucn- - a ne | shentn _ FR HA A RTT STG fs— snosassry AND STATITICE LNTU YOERAR ene “need to prove that, * ot PAB)= FA) PU) Hence proved ‘G31. State and prove multiplication theoremat ‘conditional probability. ‘Answer: Statement ‘Te probsbilty ofthe simultaneous oectrences to unconditional probity of bythe condition probably athe other, 4 a aay te ee ee PUBIA) PLA) 0 ‘Suppose the sample space as WV accumences of whic N, belong tothe event 4 and N belong eve ‘and N, occurences belong to compound event 4B. Hence, conditional probabilities are. % % oH may FP and RAB) = HE ‘occurences peantn occurence of, Bhar aed — ran } And, Bay | ow ranay= =H (933. WA and B are independent events tet ‘show thatA and Bare also independent Answer: Sine at ad 8a epee. et Pan Punme) q ‘Wan: Koro hecopiog of bat + ERMA at Rnd pays TABLE aow PENT OOOO ab ry Independent events then P(A" 8) = P(A) P(B). ~SPECTRGM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS11) Chie, Psy = % ira a0 3 a y-3 > A9- Bde : a Aah aoe. WPA IT 6 »PAOB)* F anap We know that, =f Prov tat the events Aang independent. i PUM S)= PM) + PS)- MOS) = horned} > rion hdd? The requred probaly, 2 noun 20009. $ ¥ ‘G57. The probabilities ofx,y and becoming will be introduced If, y and z becomes ‘managers are10, and 4/5 espectively. Solution : Let the probabilities of x, y and = becoming manager a Ps), PU) and P) respectively Let B be the event that the boous scheme is introduced, ‘The probabilities that bonus scheme will be introduced when sy andz becomes manger ae {Bie}, PBI) and PB) respective Given that, P= FPF POS © ‘SHanaNGKorexPhotacoping of this DoolagCRMNAT ys UABLE ta foc Wana erxihetocopyig otis Boe CRAM ei Rayne ood gay TABLE hace ESN OE 7. nst.1: Probability eine pair-wiveindependentand mutally ‘G10. Petimaontever Lat A,B ang denote iy, the events that 2 book is ‘GAZ The probability hata regularly scheduled fight departs on time Is P(O) = 0.83. The ‘probability that # arrives on time is P(A) 20.82 and the probability that lt departs land arrives on time Is P(D 1A) = 0.78. Find the probability that a plane. (2) Arrives ontime, given that departed ‘on time. (©) Departed on time, given that It has arrived on time. Solution : Given tat, Probl tht regularly scheduled ight w SPECTRUM @LLIVONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STODENTS ‘SPECTROM ALL: ‘Total cards in aiwerave tae cord — ‘20 fuses of which 5 are defective. wz fuses sis ‘ind removes 1" ______ Gas Komalltownias one smoutance nin-Sooe -$nninen Solution Let denote te event tata Back al is wn ‘mnt. eB, dete the even hat ack bal dew Coser, the following gue, (0) the sumiscodd whatis the probably that2 fs one ofthe digit selected, (W112 is one of the digits selected, what {i the probabil thatthe sums ode? : e403) From te figure above, stbomiss of igs Owe) | BE $=Bo(Y A) [-Fromegaton () * sare SPECTRUM @LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSPUEOF, HEN, VEO: = AFB) HAO E EOD) The shove oqution i knownas Baye’ bere Statement Teta samplespace Ste prtionaito EE , mural excnve events with P(E)» (151) then fray event of sch Bat PUA) > 0, weave, Wea at «<(Us] ao(Us)-[tanee JAE) (By disbaive aw) (1) /EJU~UUAE) mutually exclusive dato 8) a srsesi at cous containing 1 white and9 black [-> Outof 10 ums 4 contin $ ‘white and back bls) 5, (+ Each, conan S whit all ‘outof 1 balls) een EN ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSpaie)~03~f5 Ire oma scheme as en dic hen the probably snd PEFR) Let E, and E, be the events of selecting 1* and > bags Let‘ be the event of drawing 2 red bal, ‘was manufactured by machine A? Solution Let EE and, beth event that bolt cane selected t random e manufactured bythe machines 4, Band Crespectvey Also, let“ be the event of drawing a defective PEE)~2%= 155 ee en ‘SPECTRUM LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS‘anne: KeroxPhotocopying of ae bokie + ERMWAL oc Rone fond pty a ABLE ace EGA prone? {contains -8 ight bulbs out of which 3 are defective ‘A.box is chosen at random and a bulb is ‘elected. Wit is defective find the prob: ity that tis {om a of 10 bulbs] Probability thatthe defective bulbs selected fom Box SPECTRUM @LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS——SSeSRGNRILTTONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STODENTSDiscrete Probability Dis- tributions, Continuous Probability Distributions Q65, Write in brief about discrete probabil distribution denote the minimum of the two ‘numbers that appear when a pair of fair ice fs thrown once. Determine the, Discrote probability distribution Infact, the following two properties completely characterize the probability function of adicrete random variable Properties 1. )2 0 forall eal numbers « 2 Zire =2=A0. ‘cumulative distribution function (oF distribution function. oR Define distribution function of a random variable. (Refer Ont Tope: Defiton) Answer: ee-tmt8), 08) ‘Cumulative Distribution Function (or) Distribution Function ‘There ate many problems in which we are represents the area between the curve for F tobe cumulative distribution (G67, Write about continuous pr Dirt ProbaityDisribaton Continuous probity distbution isa probalyonan AN STATISTICS LTUAYDERAR {G68 Two dice are thrown the random variable : {sassigned to the sum Write the dstibu- tion. Fin the mean and valance. Solution sec 210, Given ta, “is arandom variable defined a he sum of tbe PS)= ANH 5) = PLL $4, -2.9.G.2)1 “asa hatocpyig of Dake CRM act Rayos Tod gay LIABLE ace LEGAL pores 11; Probability) or ine discrete probably datbution Flats tebe etanisTieS NTU. pnopasuity AND STAI We 2 15+66 161 _ 447 +4 cer ae oe $0, 42 45+ 66 a0 &+& +834 $0036 3022 ‘ einige RB ‘random variable “Tis givens, Fe OS om donk $57 146g] 09 MPD A gt 300 ag {AY denote the namo he mumben ppg ie, Na.d)=a +d Mn-P= y= ¥=0 O79. ‘Aplayor tosses 3 fair coins. He wins €500 #3 heads appear, 300 WZ heads appear © 100 ‘On the other hand, he loses ©1500 i talls occur. Find the expected gain 3 fir coins appearing either with 3 heads, 2 hes, 1 head or no head, 8)=2! = 8 (HH, HIT, HTH, HTT, TH, THT, TTH, TTT) ‘Le, £, be the event of geting all 3 heads. ity wining © 500 13 heads appear, a3) =D Puna aE ‘SPECTROM @LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSThé probabil appears fof winning € 100 iF 1 head = =P) na 2sa0,, 20, 78 __=15004300+900%S00 - + 200 nas ‘The expected gain =€25 es G74. A’bag contains 4 white and 6 black balls. ata ‘Aman draws 3 items from the box. Find ma pected numberof eae ems mo | | | ale he has drawn. Solution 76. Asnipment of sinarianton compute, ‘Assume that there are 3 defect ‘containing 4 white and 6 black hall. “otal numberof items=4+6= 10 Number of defective items =3 [Number of good items = (10~3)=7 ‘Number of tems drawn randomly =3 “The random variable Xcantake the valu 0, 1,2 ere are 0 defective items. 3s Total numberof lptop computers = 20 120 Numb items in a bag ‘these computers, find the purchase of probability distribution for the number of ms =3 is bakes IMA ayo fond “eae EaAL poo “aaa KerPetocopog 0 jayne own ule UABLE fase LEGAL amber of Computers th 2 random variable Xcan ake the val ae 0 defective items, a) PX=D)= “he probability isos - @ 7 oe w | $ TTT aif. Wa car agency sells 50% of its inventory ff a certain foreign car equipped with side formula for the probability ‘of the number of cars irbags among the next 4 id by the agency. (W) Find the cumulative distribution funetion of the random variable x Using th, verity that F(2)= $. Solation Given that, Probability of selling an automobile = 50% 1 =0s- 4 [amber of cars sold bythe agency =4 Number of sample pias in the sample space that ‘ec equally likely to occur => 2*= 16 Tnorderto get the number of ways of elling es With side airbags one can consider the number of Ways inhi two ces ae partitioned into 4 outcomes. This ste done in such away that 3 42) FO)-FW) [eA AD+ RD), BS ree)G78. The Department of Energy (OE) puts projects outon bid and generaly estimates ‘what a reasonable bid should be call the {estimate b. The DOE has determined that ‘the density funetion ofthe winning (om) ‘indy use to determine the probably inning bid i less than the DOE's ry estimate b Por~ f Gear stor 26 yr sneha o & ry | i an bpd reg tum epee emacsi rosin) 2 1-3 ATR Rrandon vai has donation. (The constant ‘c’ Wi) PEK > 3) Ww Pi exe2) (%) PIK< 1), be =008 AUX<1) = 0951 (260. Find the constant K such that, fa) = KE M10 fra feowefpoans > [> Jroason > paar = shoonadi, sata) [7 TE ‘SPECTROM ALL-IN-ONE iL FOR ENGINEERING STADENTSmy P(A sx 52) Solution + © TaeValue ok Given, Aa) = Leek, itosee3 i io Trae Sa) e+ breve sfrovar = onfffert)acefo-s propasuTy AND STATISTICS NTUM (© Mean ofthe Distribution Mean ofthe distribution Jo/ohte = J vores futons Foret = Jones fedoitedes Fone =08: sfovmeaeso = pfovone = taco fitcoosl = Hescnrssinng -[Fo}red-cr0] oF Mew: © Mode othe Distribution ema def 0th vale of for which mast Fors)1o be maximum, ust be equa to 20 ef) = 0804 ot] =f00 (Mean Ie is a continuous random vara oan 7 ble then, Sema fs fined fem foaal ince, the two conditions are satisfied) is sid iptemaximum at 5 Mode ofthe distribution, x= © — in dev Gio ihe probability distribution function of ‘2 continuous random variable Is ke™, a. exe. Find () soution eee ot Paves > freracns froma fre oe frce * (2 inate oj =-randinotwa x= |) Variance = frets fre ans Para e > ‘fe on aa nae fe noe ~ foreans foe bern ‘SPECTROM @LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS LtPROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (NTU: ‘continuous Function x - Seer aanaty tinchon layoP ° Dieting with spec yaar @ i= [e% ae (> romequsin 2) ber 08 oe wed eed Fon eo en p Fane" cits known tat, the total probably ie, we?, Fors>0 7 aa Otherwise Jrowt eked freodesfrenacet Racxa) (Hi) PIX>b) = 0.05. > Dee me) 220) 2 Kear = Afen Since P= 2) POX 0) cach most eal J, because total prob 2 ie] -1 See 4 4 ays one Pasa tor Meme $ a cer ene = froa-f = fran} < == 00183 +0367 z gol-b, = a4 PUL < X=2)~ 0.3495, = ofst-+ = ltel-4 4 LA ava i) Pee b)= 0.08 re [row = faty ea = f3vdr=008 = [eb=tés cilyee foen ‘ — * => ese afanesyr-1: Probability | oti the torm ‘Random Varabie 45 HORT QUESTIONS WITH s SOLUTIONS (vsas) riable whic Tandom experiment" SME eur value (numerical auc andthe vl i determined al ete and the comesponding values by smal eters. ents the number obtained then ise andor varibl. take anyone ofthe pacar vals an 1,2, 3,4, 6 each wih iy 22, 23,24, 25,26, 27,28, 29,30) oT 9) Fi ifs . : {Let Eb the event of chosing prime number reo |e ale = (23,29) mutcomes of the random experime lled as a “sample space” and is denoted by °S”. pala f sample space is always 1 aun aae Ga Define discrete and continuous random variables with an example eek a nad answer G2.” WE is any event, then prove that, 0= P(E) Answer: We know that, ose = AROSE, = 0516 © b= Pm =0) Again gS = MH SAS, Pes From equation (i and ble "2 takes any ofthe posible values (retoal fnsous random variable, OsAes 1 (a) = 3} PAY Hise proved. Substituting the coresponding values stove 3. Write short notes on condi probability. tAy= 250.24 nd)=6 G6. Write short notes on Baye's theorem. 1 probability a defined as the | Answer : ol Paper 29) probability of occurence of a patcuar valve of one ‘andom variable when the othe random variable already occured. Let 4 and be any two evens, lity of the happening ofthe event given tha ready happened is denoted by PBA) ands defied Medel apart. examples of discret probability tion are bom and Poisson distribution andexhausive events Ry ces Ie )# Ofer each hen for any tary event Q which The above equ PAOB)= PUA) | PUBIA) PLA) #0 en ‘WARMING: Xerox/Photecopying ofthis bok i» CRIMINA|. act Anyone Tound gllty is LIABLE yo face LEGAL proceeding? aa a Sa EE OO ie EEE ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSens —— )» Expectation and Discrete Distributions a Random Varied Wee ‘Define the term Random Whatan, OP. Mhatwotypes of random variables? Expat For answer refer Unit, Page No, 31, Q72. G12, F(X) = Ke is pain —= exe, finds Fes inre i Page 90 (@)a white marble le Chosen (c) = green marble is chosen. Answer: omparaet Quwain | Aprty 2910, 010) For answer tele Unit, Page No. 24, 060 ARE reaping abo = CRIMINAL Rayon Tandy a UAB ec EGA POO lol for xed numberof wecenen, —__ SPECTROM @LLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ot‘Example: Find the expected valve ofthe variable from a enc, he expected life ofthis typeof devi is 200 hous {@5. Suppose that the number of cars X that pase trough a car wash betwoen 4:00 Pn and’5.00 PM. on any sunny Friday has the folowing probability distribution: ‘of cars that passthrough fo 500 PM on any sunny Friday the random variable that denotes Find the expected tfe ofthis type of device. Tapected value, BO), p= 2XAX) “Te enpeted vale fe an a= eteoo= Laer)poBasiLiTY AND STATISTICS INTUHYDY clsewhere joint probability estributionIndleated in the tape pe cxpecte vale of the random vari gX below. Find the expected value of g(X. ¥)= XY. ‘Ge. Define expected value and variance ofa random variable. Answer: bec.anntn. aia) Expected Value of Random Variable For answer refer Unit, Page No.48, Tope: Mean or Expectation of Random Variable ‘Variance of Random Varia Focanswer refer Unit, age No 51,8, Tope orice of Rando Variableuw uw G10. Define covariance, Prove thatthe cover INce oftwo random variables KandY with ‘means i, and i respectively Is given BY. EO) =e covariance of two random ‘ered as their second ode oi moment Eewen pEmcnn Law fe at LL awss ) ~ Davis.) ante Abo, EE Aa oxi hoe dat 8 LE wie) mEToe) EE Se Aen n= FON Thus, the covariance of wo random variables X, Yis oy = BUN) ~ wy Gif. The variance of @ random variable X is, EO a Answer : Let ‘2° be a random variable with probability -3X—2¥ 4 Here, the X,Y are tw0 independent random var aifjvo-foro}s|f-onnfre af [s-$]-]5-4) =H +)) “)-30) so, auneen ~ ($)(5) = (8) tre zonewn=(8) moony-eun— [- Buf] has, 2009 = 80080) Hence proved. GBT. Wand ¥ are random variables with vari- “The variance of =i 30 ances of = 2, of = 4 and covariance oxy 2°, find the variance of the random Variable 2 = 3X 33, Witte short note on Chebyshev's inequaly. ‘Solution : Answe Given that, LX, Yate random variables whose Variances ate a = 2and o} = 4 Covariance is oxy = -2 and “The random variable Z= 3X ~4Y+8 ‘The variance of the random variable Z ean be ob = ohy ares amma TaroniParocopiog fe ak CIMA tare found uty ABLE ar TEGAL proce a ene a nent sion a wa byahev's inequality Moat Papert, tus consider that: is a continuous random vale trom the definition of variance we know tha, vu) = 6X B00) Here, HO) =} and BU ~ X of =E UX XP ge fociiine ("Seon Ff cane Potting “T enintanered + fr eciinnel > a2f cointnnat f eivtnoe From aos ()and Gh we can we ae] Roinoas f rotse pues koy)) oh exo} pl-xecls veo, Plix-emiec] rey plix-zuol 0 X)2ko, = OL pK of @ From the 2 integral we have, X2 X +Ko, = XX 2k, From enon DandG) wecan we bef Kotpnas f Kokpnee L sextet | | pnar f soe of ko} [P< ¥-Ko,)+ PX> X+Ko,)) of 2 K*0} [PUL <-Ko,) + PULK> Koy)! of 2k 6} Allx-i(2 Kor] ete Ker] Note: Ifo, =C, where °C"isany positive iteger then the chebyshev's inequality wil become, ) P< x <20) 8126). Given that, 8 a random variable, ‘Mean w= 8 ; Variance = 9 Whe X<20) rom chebyshev's Theorem Wwe have, Consider, PA From Poisson probability sum be] a O54. Ten —cber afl tanker ariving each day aa certain por. The facto the ube ot gators pe aay. Whats the probability hat on a hen SY tankers aiving each day ta certain ports = 10 1 tankers asiving exch da. [rom conten. Poison random variable Xi nm Taonga + CRMINAL tyes od yy MBL a as EGA reedporta 23818) 05) ability tha there are ‘atmostthree days with an accident? ~ earn 22) 96) ‘SPECTRUM @LLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS‘cam te calculated from the piven condom tat m=ray Pu= Q61. The mean of a Poisson distribution is 2. Find () P(x>0) (i) Pix <3). sobetion 9 ‘Sap a1nim, ax) Given thatthe mean of Poisson distribution, a=? . read contains (i) 0 and (i) 2¢ fore brographical errors? Solution: tech stn, Given tt Expected fperpbicemev on NES, Comer a umber feo on 8 Pe with 2s prac fllowng Poison dseibon er bubtty ata bes wal et se pearanteed quate? ‘e-90, ) (265. Find the probability of Sor more telephone Calls arriving in a 9-minute period in 3 College switchboard, the telephone calls that are received atthe rate of 2 every 3 ‘minutes following Poisson distribution. Solution : Given that, Telephone eal arives ina college switchboard ‘ontime,¢=9 minutes. The telephone calls that ae received at the rate of every 3 minutes “Thus, mean 2. =2 minutes The probability that there willbe more than 2s for every next 3 minutes ie, = 3 * 2 6 minutes ee t078, 250) “The probability of 8 more telephone calls “aviving ina minute period ina college switch board sos ‘Therefore, the probability that a box wil fail 9 “SPECTROM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS78 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS [JNTU- ¢ VERY SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS (VSQS) {Q1, Whats the mean or expectation ofa random variable? od! operon) osteo ag ofthe prbsbilitydsibutin i called expen rib eX beth discrete random variable withthe comespondingpobbilty distribution, then he expec value igen, 7 Ue comand lett ei 7 wile frown 3, What is chebyshev’s inequality? Answer: ‘Chebyshev’ inequality provides assrity that for a wide las of probability dso almost al values arc near to mean, According to Chebyshe's inequality iis random variable wth medn vale # and vance 231 then for any postive inte / pffe-st= 40.) =f flea tos] 1 PIP G4. What is Binomial Distribution? Mout Papert a) nan experiment coming of repeated als where al he tis are independent nd each ial esute in only two posible outcomes The two outcomes are success represented by "and “flue represented byFREQUENTLY ASKED QUE: Explain the mean or expectation of a PROBABIL! STIONS & IMPOR ITY AND STATISTICS LUN TANT QUESTIONS detail about Poissa, Explain distribution. Important Que, Answer = wer refer Unit-Il, Page No. 71, QS1, For an: Q10, Prove that Poisson distribution is thy limiting case of Binomial distribution, ‘Answer: (important Question | Dec.-19(R 18, a4) For answer refer Unitdl, Page No. 72, Qs2, at. random vari Answer : Important Question For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 48, QI Q2. Explain about the variance of a random variable. Answer: Important Questisi For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 51, Q8. Q3. Acontinuous Random variable has the p.d.f f= Kxe™ ifx20,42>0 Detorenine, 0 otherwise Determine, (i) K (ii) The meat (iii) Variance. Answer: (important Question | March-22(R18), @2(b)) For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 54, QUS. Q4. Let X be a random variable with den: 2 x function f(x)=|-3 > —1<*<2_ © ; elsewhere Find the variance of the random variable 9(X) = 4X +3. Answer Important Question For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 57, QI7. Q5. State and prove Chebyshev’s inequality. Important Question For answer refer Uni Page No. 65, Q34. Q6. Explain in detail about Binomial distribution. Answer : Important Question For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 66, Q37. Q7. The probability of man hitting a target is’ 1/3. If he fires 6 times, find the probability of hittin (i) Atthe most 5 times (ii) Atleast 5 times. Answer Answer: (Important Question | March-22(R18), Q3(a)) For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 69, Q46. Q8.__ Ten coins are tossed. Find the probability of getting greater than or equal to 6 heads. (Important Question | Dec.-19(R18), Q5(a)) Answer : ifx is a Poisson variate such that 3P(x= 4) = 112 P(x = 2) + P(x = 0). Find: aon (ii) P(x <2). (important Question | March-22(R18), 4( Qit. Answer : For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 75, QS8. Q12. Given that P(X = 2) = 45.P(X = 6) -3. P(X 4) for a Poisson variate X, find the probability that 3 < X'< 5. (Important Question | April/May-23(R18), Q5(a)) Answer : For answer refer Unit-ll, Page No. 75, Q59. The expected number of typographical errors on a page of a certain magazine is 0.2. What is the probability that the next Page you read contains (i) 0 and (ii) 2 or more typographical errors? a3. Answer: (Important Question | March-21(R18), Q4(b)) I, Page No. 76, Q62. Q14. Amanufacturer of pins knows that 2% of is product is defective. If he sells pins boxes of 100 and guarantees that not more than 4 pins will be defective. What is probability that a box will fail to meet the guaranteed quality? (important Question | Dec.-19(R'18), Q4(b)) For answer refer Uni Answer : For answer refer Unit-II, Page No. 77, Q64.