PR 1 - FIRST MONTH (SECOND SEM)
EVALUATION AND REPORT WRITING
LESSON 1 - DOING RESEARCH IN EVERYDAY LIFE
INQUIRY
- asking questions to obtain information
- investigation to discover new information that could add
to an existing knowledge to clarify doubts and even to
solve existing problems
- involves checking the credibility and validity of available
information, clarifying points of view, and drawing
inferences, conclusions, and meaning
RESEARCH
- re + search = to look again
- reexamining and reinvestigating a particular topic or
issue following logical steps
3 MAJOR STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH
1. ASKING THE QUESTION - sets the focus of the
investigation and defines what needs to be answered;
starting point of the search for the appropriate data that
could help understand the issue at hand
2. FINDING THE RIGHT DATA TO ANSWER THE
QUESTIONS - the data is processed, analyzed, and
interpreted to come up with a logical and credible
conclusion
3. PRESENTING AN ANSWER TO THE QUESTION
BASED ON THE PROCESSED DATA - the result of
which is the answer to the questions asked would be an
added knowledge on the topic or issue being
investigated
RESEARCH PROCESS
- describes the various steps the study will pass through
starting from identification of the problem to utilization of
the results of the study
a. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
- first step in research writing
- the researcher points out the area that needs further
study or investigation given the current state of
knowledge on the matter
b. LITERATURE REVIEW
- the researcher checks for related materials on the topic
that are available that could serve as a starting point or
reference for the study
- the materials provide the initial view of the extent or effort
done to study the topic as well as the areas that need
further research often called the gap
- the research gap will be the basis for the purpose of the
study
c. SETTING THE DIRECTION OF STUDY
- statement of the problem
- contains the purpose of the study, the research
questions, and the manner in which the study will be
conducted or the methodology
- purpose of the study explains why the study is needed;
it identifies the importance of the study in terms of its
contribution to the discipline as well as its impact on
society or its social value
- research questions narrow down the problem to
manageable and feasible tasks which will be carried out
in the methodology
- methodology describes how to obtain and process the
materials and information needed to answer the
research questions
d. COLLECTING, ANALYZING, AND INTERPRETING
DATA
- the materials and needed information are gathered,
analyzed, and interpreted; the treatment of the data
depends on the approach that will be used appropriate
for the study
e.
- from the analyzed data, conclusion and learning are
drawn
- conclusion is the synthesized answer to the research
questions which is also the answer to the problem
identified in the study; basis for the recommendations
that define the actions and interventions that could
impact the context where the problem emanates
f. COMMUNITY APPLICATION / UTILIZATION OF
RESEARCH
- stage where the result of the study is disseminated back
to the community
- it is important that the research is shared with the
community
- this is best complemented with a plan on how research
will be utilized to realize its full potential in creating a
social value
IMPORTANCE OF DOING RESEARCH
● it adds to the existing body of knowledge - the
findings in a research study can provide added
information to better understand issues or phenomena
by confirming or contesting previous results
● it can improve or enhance current practices -
research can evaluate curent practices in terms of
effectiveness (ability of a practice to produce the set goal
or social value) and efficiency (facility in producing the
social value)
● it can inform policy - the results of a research study
can be a starting point for changing policies that could
affect the whole organization, community or society
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
● RIGOROUS - must be systematic, scientific, and logical.
It must follow clear and logical procedures aimed at
answering the research problem
● REPLICABLE - the results must have a wide range of
applicability; it is not enough that the results are only true
for a single situation; they must have a certain degree or
generalizability
● ACCURATE - the data will be used to answer the
questions must be representative of the actual
responses of the participants or actual data as recorded
in the instruments used
● OBJECTIVE - the personal bias of the researcher must
be manages well; personal inclinations or desired results
must be always avoided
● ETHICAL - data or information from responsents must
be handled with utmost confidentiality and honesty;
credit must also be given where it is due
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- answers the problem by describing the trend in a set of
data often presented as frequency or percentage, or by
establishing the effect or relationship of the variables of
the study using statistical computation
- can be applied to evaluating work performance of the
employees which can serve as input to plans for
interventions like incentives, sanctions, and reward
packages
- can be used to predict the upcoming trends in the areas
of product development, technology, and finance
QUALITATIVE APPROACH
- suitable for identifying the important variables in a topic
that is barely or never been studied before
- good to use for obtaining personal and cultural
information like values, purpose, motivation, and
personal understanding or certain practices
- fit for studies that involve sensitive information not
openly talked about, like the experiences of people
suffering from a certain illness
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- concerned with the details of the phenomenon as
experienced by the participants
- deals with the narrative responses of the participants
LESSON 2 - QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND ME
2 THINGS TO BE UNDERSTOOD ACCORDING TO THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THE READER
1. personal bias - always present in every interpretation,
not value-free
2. natural distance / gap - understanding between the
researcher and the participant due to difference in
perspective
REFLEXIVITY
- possible imposition of own ideas or opinions on what the
participants are saying
INDUCTIVE METHOD
- process since the concepts are developed further until
they are refined
- interpretation of the accounts of the experiences of the
participant serves as a basis for drawing concepts
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
● naturalistic inquiry
- the study is conducted in the natural setting where the
people involved in the study lived
- presupposes the need for rapport with the people,
familiarity with the environment
● holistic
- the phenomenon is approached in its entirety and will all
its complexities like how it is in life as lived
- known as thick description
● inductive approach
- emphasized the importance of sata over predetermined
theory
- the study capitalized on the experiences of the
participants regarding the phenomenon being
investigated
● fluid and engaging
- dictates how the study proceeds in the effort to
exhaustively capture the phenomenon
LESSON 3 - ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTION
RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS
- those which answers can be expressed, observed, and
gathered
- must elicit answers that are accessible through the
senses
CONSIDERATION IN RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS
● accessibility to the source of data or information -
certain protocols must be observed
● cost of data gathering - can be limited to the minimum
● consideration of the security and safety of the
students - safety of the students is paramount
FIND A GOOD LEAD
- explore the possible areas of concern where the
questions may emerge
- the leads can appear just like any ordinary experience
for an unquestioning mind
DETERMINE EARLY ON WHO/WHAT ARE INVOLVED IN
THE STUDY
- will determine the kind of approach that will be employed
in data gathering
DETERMINE HOW THE STUDY WILL PROCEED
- this part sill anticipate the methodology to be employed
or how the data will be managed and processed
REQUIREMENTS IN ASKING THE QUESTIONS:
● the questions must be feasible
● the questions must be clear
● the questions must be relevant
● the questions must be ethical
INTRODUCTION
- first part of the research that describes the area of
interest that the study intends to investigate
- explored the breadth, width, and depth of the area of
interest to problematize it or identify the concerns that
need to be addressed
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- puts the current research in the context of existing
literatures and practices
- contains information about a problem that merits
attentive study and the corresponding justification why it
should be done
DEFICIENCY MODEL
- pattern or model to facilitate writing
- highlights the deficiency of literature on the problem or
questions being asked in the study and provides
justification for the conduct of the study
PARTS OF THE MODEL
● teaser - grabs the attention of the readers and gain their
interest to read through; can be done using a good
quotation or an argument or sequence of events
● research problem - explicitly identifies the perceived
concern mentioned in the teaser; supported by studies
that tackled the same problem
● body of the literature that addressed the problem;
the kind of literature support gives the general feel,
status, and direction of the problem without necessarily
going into the details
● specific area that has not been addressed by the
body of literature
● importance of the study to the audience
● purpose statement - state what the current study
intends to do; makes it clear to the reader what the study
is about
TITLE
- contains the necessary elements that inform the readers
what the study is about
- tells the content of the study, variable involves, scope,
method used
- usually limited to a few substantial words of not more
than 15