Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City

Cell and Molecular Biology

Worksheet for Topic 1 The Science of Life

Name: RHEA JANE G. DEMALATA Date: 01-16-24

Course/Year-Section: BSED SCIENCE 2A

Instructions: Read Topic 1: The Study of Life which includes subtopics such as The Study of Biology and Themes
and Concepts of Biology on the book Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology by Katherine Mattaini (2020).
Answer the following questions in your own words. 5 points each

1. What is the role of biology in science?

 According to topic #1, biology's purpose in science is to investigate and comprehend living things and the
mechanisms that sustain them. One of the main scientific fields, biology is concerned with the distribution,
growth, evolution, structure, diversity, and function of living things. It is essential to the advancement of our
understanding of Earthly life.
2. How do you apply the scientific method in your own life? How hypothesis is useful in the scientific method?

 Scientific method applied observations and analyses, To compare, I encountered many obstacles in my life,
especially in striving in school, and I can apply observations to observe what challenges I would face and
analyze how can I get through those challenges.
 A hypothesis outline is the expectations for the results of our investigation. It is an untested, preliminary
response to our research question. It may be necessary for us to draft multiple hypotheses for some
research projects to address various facets of our research subject. Thus, the hypothesis is important in the
scientific method since it offers guidance and a verifiable explanation. Additionally, a hypothesis enables
scientists to gather, process, and evaluate data to conclude.
3. How do scientists test hypotheses?

 Scientists use a methodical, controlled procedure to evaluate hypotheses, which includes planning
observations or experiments to collect empirical data. The methods they employ are observation, hypothesis
formulation, experimental design, data collection, data analysis, conclusion, and peer review. Therefore, it's
important to remember that the scientific process is adaptable and flexible. When fresh information or
viewpoints become available, scientists may review and revise their theories. The procedure is dynamic, and
every iteration advances our understanding of science.
4. Concept Check: Decide if each of the following is an example of inductive or deductive reasoning.
DEDUCTIVE 4.1 All flying birds and insects have wings. Birds and insects flap their wings as they move
through the air. Therefore, wings enable flight.
INDUCTIVE 4.2 Insects generally survive mild winters better than harsh ones. Therefore, insect pests will
become more problematic if global temperatures increase.
DEDUCTIVE 4.3 Chromosomes, which are made of DNA, pass genetic information from parent to offspring
during cell division. Therefore, DNA is the genetic material.
 INDUCTIVE 4.4 Animals as diverse as humans, insects, and wolves all exhibit social behavior. Therefore,
social behavior must have an evolutionary advantage.

5. Concept Check: In the example below, the scientific method is used to solve an everyday problem.
5.1 Order the scientific method steps (numbered items).
5.2 Match these steps with the processes of solving the problem (lettered items).
5.3 Based on the results of the experiment, is the hypotheses correct? If it is incorrect, propose some
alternate hypotheses.
 Result (f): My coffeemaker works.
This result contradicts the prediction made in the hypothesis.
Prediction (d): If something is wrong with the electrical outlet, my coffeemaker also won’t work when
plugged into it. Since the coffeemaker works despite the initial hypothesis, we can conclude that the
original hypothesis is incorrect.
Alternate hypotheses:
 The toaster itself can be having problems, even when the electrical outlet is working properly.
 There may be a specific issue with the toaster that needs to be fixed.
 The toaster's power supply might be having issues.
These alternative hypotheses refocus attention from the electrical outlet to the toaster or its immediate
surroundings, offering many explanations for why the toaster isn't operating. The true cause of the toaster
problem could be found with more testing and inquiry, such as swapping out the toaster's outlet or looking
inside at its internal parts.
A 1. Observation a. My toaster doesn’t toast my bread.

B 2. Question b. Why doesn’t my toaster work?

C 3. Hypothesis c. There is something wrong with the

electrical outlet.

D 4. Prediction d. If something is wrong with the electrical

outlet, my coffeemaker also won’t work
when plugged into it.

E 5. Experiment e. I plug my coffeemaker into the outlet.

D 6. Result f. My coffeemaker works.

6. Concept Check: Which of the following statements is false?

6.1 Tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems.
6.2 Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems.
FALSE 6.3 Organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues.
6.4 Communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere.
The correct hierarchical organization is:
 Organelles exist within cells.
 Cells exist within tissues.
 Tissues exist within organs.
 Organs exist within organ systems.
7. Explain the following Theories:
7.1 Cell Theory
 According to cell theory, cells make up all living things. that life's fundamental building block, cells,
originate from before to the cells. Every cell has an identical fundamental structure. bilayer lipid layer
enclosing cytoplasm that resembles gel the plasma membrane's constituent molecules. Moreover,
every cell includes DNA, which is the genetic material.
7.2 The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
 According to the chromosomal theory of inheritance,
The genetic material is carried by chromosomes. The chromosomes are composed of a single, very long
DNA molecule wrapped around proteins that help a cell firmly contain it. Genes are sections of a
chromosome that code for characteristics, or qualities. Parents give their children chromosomes to inherit.
progeny, which forms the foundation of inheritance.
7.3 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace proposed natural selection in 1869, stating that the most fit
individuals in a population survive and reproduce at a higher rate, passing on their traits.
 Natural selection works by requiring variation among individuals in a population, arising from changes
in DNA, and a selective pressure such as a food shortage, predator, or mating preference.
 The most fit individuals have more offspring, making their traits more prevalent in the population over
time.
 Natural selection is similar to breeding domestic animals or plants, where breeders choose animals or
plants with favorable traits and allow them to breed.
 Darwin termed this process artificial selection, suggesting a similar process could occur with nature,
deciding who gets to reproduce.
8. What are the three domains of life? Enumerate and explain. 2 points each
 Bacteria
Description: Bacteria are a varied group of microorganisms that belong to one of the three domains of life.
Their prokaryotic cells lack organelles and nuclei that are membrane-bound. Bacteria are essential to both
ecological processes and human health, and they can be found in a variety of settings, including soil, water,
and living things. Bacteria include Streptococcus and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
 Archaea
Description: A different domain of life, archaea are related to both bacteria and eukaryotes. Although archaea
are prokaryotic and do not have membrane-bound nuclei, they share more molecular and metabolic traits
with eukaryotes than with bacteria. Extreme habitats like hot springs, acidic soils, and hydrothermal vents in
the deep sea are ideal for archaea growth. Among the archaea are methanogens, which release methane
gas, and extremophiles, which are suited to harsh environments.
 Eukarya
Description: The group Eukarya is made up of a very diverse range of creatures, such as protists, fungi,
plants, and animals. Organelles and nuclei that are membrane-bound in eukaryotic cells allow for the
compartmentalization of cellular processes. Prokaryotes lack the structural complexity that eukaryotes do,
and they can have one or more cells. Known species like humans, oak trees, fungi like mushrooms, and
single-celled protists like amoebas are found in this realm. The Eukarya domain has a wide variety of life
forms from several kingdoms and phyla.