ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

1. VICTORIAN ARCHITECTURE

The phrase Victorian architecture refers to an era, not a specific style—Queen Victoria's rule
over the United Kingdom of Great Britain, which lasted from 1837 until 1901. It followed the
Georgian (1714-1830) and late Georgian periods (1830-1837), which were distinguished by
generously sized rooms in typically three-storey mansions, with families living on the first two levels
and servants on the smaller third story. The Victorian era was a period of rising prosperity, an
expanding middle class, and a surge in mass production aided by the Industrial Revolution.

Victorian architecture is distinguished by its unashamed emphasis on ornamentation and flair, as

well as its opulent maximalist interior design. Elements that will distinguish a Victorian from the
outside are:

 Steeply pitched roofs

 Plain or colorfully painted brick
 Ornate gables
 Painted iron railings
 Churchlike rooftop finials
 Sliding sash and canted bay windows
 Octagonal or round towers and turrets to draw the eye upward
 Two to three stories
 Generous wraparound porches
 Small gardens
 Asymmetry

Interior design during the Victorian era was layered, cluttered, ornate, and eccentric. Interiors of
Victorian-era homes frequently included:

 Grand staircases
 Complicated layouts with multiple rooms including formal dining rooms, libraries, and
parlors
 High ceilings
 Ornately carved wood paneling
 Geometric tile hallways
 Decorative fireplaces
 Stained glass windows
 Dark wood furniture
 Heavy drapes
  Decorative wallpaper
 Hardwood floors covered with rugs

2. SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Spanish Colonial homes are prevalent throughout the Southeastern and Southwest United
States, including Florida and California, and are distinguished by their white stucco walls, red clay
roof tiles, and rustic appearance. Although Spanish Colonial homes have a much longer history in
Spain and Mexico, they first appeared in North America between the 1600s and the mid-1800s,
when Spanish settlers arrived and began establishing homesteads. Because Spanish settlers arriving
in North America chose locations with climates similar to Spain—such as Florida, California, and the
Southwestern states, as previously mentioned—they were able to implement their traditional home
building style with the resources available, such as adobe (made of clay and straw) with a stucco
finish for interior and exterior walls, and clay for roof tiles.

Characteristics of Spanish Colonial homes:

 Thick, white, stucco walls: Stucco is commonly utilized since it was easily accessible to
Spanish settlers.
 Very few and small windows: Traditional Spanish Colonial homes did not often feature glass
window panes, instead opting for iron bars; nonetheless, beautiful iron bars may now dangle
over glass panes.
 Red clay roof tiles: One of the most distinctive features of the Spanish Colonial design. Some
are completely flat, while others are slightly pitched.
 Wooden support beams: Because adobe walls are rarely finished with trim, wooden beams
are frequently utilized to support interior walls and ceilings.
 A courtyard: Traditionally, courtyards were located in the center of the residence, allowing
residents to cook inside or outside.
 Little or no decoration: Spanish Colonial homes feature a plain, white facade with minimal
decoration.
 Arched doors and windows: The usual main entry door of a Spanish Colonial-style home is
arched, as are the front-facing windows. Inside, there are many arched perforations
between rooms.
 Tile: Uses terra-cotta and hand-painted, decorative ceramic tiles.
 Wrought iron: railings, gates, and grillwork are decorative components seen in Spanish
Colonial residences, both indoors and out.

3. PRAIRIE ARCHITECTURE
 Prairie-style architecture holds that a project should reflect and give attention to its
surroundings. This movement, also known as the Prairie School, is comparable to the Arts & Crafts
movement and is regarded as the first truly American architectural style. Spaces are designed to be
practical, fluid, and open. The Prairie School prioritizes usefulness over appearance, favoring
handmade craftsmanship over mass-produced manufactured objects. Pioneers of this style sought to
develop something new and modern for American living, departing from old European styles such as
Classical and Colonial Revivals. Frank Lloyd Wright founded prairie-style architecture with a group of
young architects known as The New School of the Middle West.

Wright envisioned a Prairie-style house as a structure that was anchored to the ground. In other
words, he intended to build structures that resembled the flat, barren landscape of the American
Midwest. In doing so, he and his colleagues included numerous important aspects into their work:

 Horizontal lines. Many surfaces were arranged horizontally. Gutter downspouts and other
vertical features were concealed in Prairie-style dwellings. Cantilevered roofs were long,
horizontal, and flat.
 Handmade handicraft. Prairie-style residences, like the Arts and Crafts movement, made
extensive use of handcrafted woodwork and art glass.
 Simple, natural woodwork. To highlight natural components in their purest form. The
woodwork was kept basic, with smooth wood bands that highlighted the wood grain.
 Open concept first floor. The main room included an open living and dining room space.
 Flow from inside to out. Prairie dwellings were constructed from the inside out. There was
an intended flow from inside to out.
 Natural materials and motifs. Exteriors were typically constructed with brick or stucco and
featured a large, central chimney. Themes were nature-inspired and uncomplicated, such as
a simple representation of a leaf or branch.
 Massive walls of windows. Windows were huge, often taking nearly entire walls.

4. TUDOR ARCHITECTURE
 Tudor architecture is a distinct yet regal building style that emerged in England and Wales
during the Tudor era. A conventional Tudor-style home has a white stucco facade with ornamental
half-timbering or a dark brick-and-stone construction. Craftsmen produced sophisticated two-toned
manor homes with a combination of Renaissance and Gothic design features from 1485 to 1558 and
beyond, resulting in the development of this architectural style.

Exterior features of Tudor-Style Homes:

 Half-timber detailing: Long and strictly decorative beams typically vertically positioned.
 Stucco/stone exterior: A two-toned exterior created by filling the gaps between the timbers
with lighter-colored stucco or stone.
Red brick: Other Tudor-style facades composed of red-toned brick include intricate brick
decoration around windows, chimneys, and entryways.
 Gables: Several front-facing gables are arranged in elaborate, asymmetrical patterns, each
with a steep roof line that can reach from the highest point of the house to just about 10
feet from the ground.
 Windows: Long, rectangular windows are frequently clustered alongside oriel or bay
windows with many panes of glass on either storey of the home. Tudor-style residences
often have stained or leaded windows.
 Front door: A prominent off-centered front entrance is sometimes adorned with arches or
ornamental concrete detailing to distinguish it from the rest of the home's front.

5. MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Modern architecture emerged as hand-labored artistry gave way to machine-made

industrialization. Modern architects tried to create architectural techniques that centered on how
people lived rather than what they thought beautiful. This popular architectural style is not
sentimental, unlike revivalist forms. Instead, it's innovative, experimental, and minimalist. The
fundamental principles of modern architecture include form following function, clean lines, and a
lack of adornment. Modern architecture permitted a building's fundamental purpose to dictate its
design, avoiding adornment for the sake of decor and instead reducing a structure to its most basic
function.

Characteristics of Modern Architecture:

 Clean, simple lines. These lines lack further adornment and have a uniform, smooth feel.
 Broad roof overhangs. Many modern homes feature low, horizontal constructions with
substantial roof overhangs.
 Walls of glass and large windows. There is a wide use of glass, which enables a lot of natural
light into the room.
  Open and well-defined floor designs. Because modern architecture emphasizes form over
function, architects attempted to incorporate wide, open floor plans with dining and living
areas that flowed into one another.
 Modern and traditional building materials. Steel, concrete block, iron, and glass are some of
the most prevalent materials used in modern homes. More traditional building materials,
such as wood, brick, and stone, were employed in simpler ways to highlight their natural
beauty.
 A relationship to the outside environment. Building sites were carefully considered, as also
how buildings would interact with the natural terrain around them.
 Asymmetrical designs. Modern architects experimented with broad, smooth shapes and
asymmetrical compositions that were simply planed and lacking extra adornment.

6. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

Contemporary architecture refers to structures constructed between the late twentieth

century and the present day. Instead of designating a single style, contemporary structures are
distinguished by unadorned facades, asymmetrical or non-linear forms, and huge volumes.
Contemporary architecture is not defined by a particular style, but by the need to be innovative and
break with the past via invention and imagination rather than duplicating older designs.
Contemporary architecture is not defined by a particular style, but by the need to be innovative and
break with the past via invention and imagination rather than duplicating older designs.

Characteristics of Contemporary Architecture:

 Asymmetry
 Curved lines
 Rounded forms
 Unconventional volumes
 Free-form shapes
 Open floor plans
 Large, abundant windows
 Green roofs, living walls
 Sustainable building practices
 Minimalist interior design

7. FARMHOUSE ARCHITECTURE
 Building rules did not exist before to the late 1800s, and they were often developed to
counter the substandard construction that occurs in major cities. As a result, there were no fixed
guidelines for building or defining the appearance of early farmhouses, which were often single-
story and rectangular structures composed of local materials such as wood, stone, and mudbricks,
depending on their location. The structures were rectangular in shape and frequently two storeys
tall, similar to the classic colonial farmhouse. Even better, they can simply be expanded with wings
out the side or back of the house to accommodate extra family members or the following generation
of families.

Characteristics of Classic Farmhouse:

 Location: Genuine farmhouses were built in rural locations to accommodate the agricultural
lifestyle.
 Porches: They had two primary functions. During the summer, they offered a place to cool
down. Throughout the year, they served as mudrooms, where workers could kick off their
muddy work boots before entering.
 Exteriorsiding: Farmhouses made of wood are typically covered with clapboards, which are
horizontal wooden boards that overlap to keep out wind and moisture.
 Fireplaces: Farmhouses built in the early 1900s generally had large fireplaces.
 Layout: Many historic homes share a similar floor design. The first floor includes a large
cooking area in the back, a formal living area in the front, and bedrooms on the second floor.

8. CAPE COD ARCHITECTURE

A Cape Cod house is known for its basic, ageless, clean-lined rectangular design, steep roof,
and central door. If you asked a youngster to draw a house, they would most certainly create one.
The initial layout is frequently duplicated to satisfy the requirement for additional space, with wings
added to the rear or sides. Cape Cod houses are classified into three types: half, three-quarters (also
known as Saltbox-style Capes), and full Capes, based on their footprint size, chimney placement, and
the size, positioning, and number of windows.
 Materials used in Cape Cod Architecture:

 Oak and pine wood post and beam framing

 Oak and pine wood flooring
 Brick fireplaces
 Original Cape Cod cottages featured unpainted cedar shake roofs and side shingles that
weathered naturally
 Cape Cod-style exteriors were traditionally painted white with black shutters, although
various color combinations are now popular

9. GREEK REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE

Greek revival is an architectural style influenced by the symmetry, proportion, simplicity,

and beauty of ancient Greek temples from the fifth century B.C. British architect James "Athenian"
Stuart is said to have been the first to introduce Greek revival to Britain. Inspired by the classical
beauty of the architecture he discovered on a 1751 trip to Greece, Stuart documented his findings
and published Antiquities of Athens in 1762, creating the world's first reference book detailing
Classical Greek architecture. While Stuart died in 1788, before it became a full-fledged trend in
England and Europe in the 1820s and 30s, he is often recognized with helping to popularize the
Greek revival style beyond its homeland.

Exterior characteristics of Greek Revival Architecture:

 Greek temple-style façade with bold round, square or even octagonal columns in wood or
stucco
 Painted white columns to mimic the marble used in ancient Greece
 Building rendered in wood, stucco, brick or brownstone
 Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian details
 Gently sloping roofs with gable fronts
 Elaborate door surrounds
 Entablatures trim between roof and columns
 Pilasters
 Front porch or covered portico entrances

Interior characteristics of Greek Revival Architecture:

 Simple, fairly open layouts

 Graceful proportions
 Tall parlor floor windows and doors
  Ornate plasterwork ceilings
 Plain plaster walls
 Wide plank floors
 Ornate ceiling mantels often made from light gray or more expensive black and gold marble

10. SALTBOX ARCHITECTURE

A saltbox house is a classic kind of housing with a steep gabled roof, two levels in the front
and one story in back. It is a building type characterized by a steeply pitched asymmetrical roof on
one side, a central chimney, and clapboard siding. Saltbox dwellings are called after wooden salt
storage boxes that were used in Colonial kitchens. The earliest saltbox dwellings developed in New
England around 1650. These modest, clean-lined homes were erected by early settlers utilizing local
lumber and post-and-beam construction, which reduced the need for metal nails, which were a
costly resource back then.

Common Characteristics of Saltbox Houses:

 Traditional appearance
 Flat front
 Two stories in the front
 One story in the back
 Long pitched asymmetrical sloping roof known as a catslide roof that typically extends down
over the kitchen on the backside of the house
 Originally built around a large central chimney
 Timber frame post and beam construction
 Wood or clapboard siding
 Sometimes made from brick
 Simple, clean geometric look

11. ART DECO ARCHITECTURE

 The word 'Art Deco' refers to a design movement that flourished in the United States and
Europe during the 1920s and 1930s. Art Deco architecture is characterized by sleek but not
minimalist design. The architects of the time were innovative in their approach to design. They
aimed to construct structures that were innovative, modern, and distinct from earlier revivalist
styles. Art Deco buildings are easily identifiable and reflect an era at the center of the Machine Age.
The Art Deco style was seen throughout Paris in the early 1920s, but it had its official debut in 1925
at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes.

Characteristics of Art Deco Architecture:

 Modern and traditional building materials. Materials used in Art Deco buildings included
stucco, terracotta, ornamental glass, chrome, steel, and aluminum.
 Ornate, geometric detailing. Various motifs and ornamental details were applied to a
building. Some common Art Deco motifs include chevrons, pyramids, stylized sunbursts or
florals, zig-zags, and other geometric shapes.
 Consistent detailing. A designer or architect would incorporate identical Art Deco elements
on both the outside and interior to ensure that each building followed a continuous style.
 Bold use of contrasting colors. Bright, luxurious colors are linked with the Art Deco era.
Buildings used bold hues such as black and white or gold and silver to create contrast.
 Fragmented shapes. Many facades were designed with sharp vertical lines pointing upwards
and outward.
 Decorative, geometric windows. The windows and doors were adorned with geometric
motifs. The windows might be glass blocks or a succession of opaque glass inserts, and they
were frequently arranged in a long, horizontal row.
 Parapets and spires. Building corners were frequently embellished with tower-like
constructions that gave a simple square building a rich appearance.

12. CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

 The most iconic Classical structures are massive stone temples designed on the principles of
symmetry and order. Classical architecture developed in ancient Greece and Rome and is
distinguished by symmetry, columns, rectangular windows, and marble, to name a few. For
generations, builders have drawn inspiration from these civilizations, incorporating ancient
principles into later architectural forms. It dates back to the 5th century BC in Greece and the 3rd
century AD in Rome.

Characteristics of Classical Architecture:

 Symmetry and proportion. Classical buildings are often symmetrical, with components such
as columns and windows that are regularly placed.
 Columns in a specific style (or order). Classical orders in Greek architecture can be Doric,
Ionic, or Corinthian. The Romans also established Tuscan and Composite orders.
 Front porch topped with a pediment. Many residences and structures have a full-height
front porch with a classical pediment at the top. The door is normally located in the center
of the house.
 Durable building materials. Materials used in classical architecture include marble, concrete,
and brick.
 Classical design motifs. Dentil molding, medium pitched roofs, boxed eaves, elaborate door
surrounds, and broken pediments over the entry door are all common features of homes.
 Rectangular windows. Windows were frequently double-hung and offered a range of
symmetrical window combinations.

13. BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE

Brutalism is an architectural style that flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s, distinguished
by basic, block-like, monstrous concrete constructions. Brutalism is more concerned with the
materials and construction of architecture than with its look. The term, invented by Swedish
architect Hans Asplund as "nybrutalism" and popularized by British architectural critic Reyner
Banham in 1955, is a play on the French phrase "béton brut," which means bare concrete.

Key elements of Brutalism:

 Blocky, heavy appearance

 Simple, graphic lines
 Lack of ornamentation
 Utilitarian feel
 Monochromatic palette
 Use of raw, exposed concrete (and sometimes brick) exteriors
  Rough, unfinished surfaces
 Use of modern materials such as steel, glass, stone, gabions
 Small windows
 Modular elements

14. ITALIANATE ARCHITECTURE

Italianate architecture is a popular 19th-century building style inspired by 16th-century

Italian Renaissance architecture and Picturesque influences from Tuscan farmhouses. British
architect John Nash is claimed to have created the first Italianate villa in England, Cronkhill in
Shropshire, in 1802, but Italianate architecture reached its peak from 1840 to 1885. This Victorian-
era style was a British take on the architectural and natural splendors of Florence and the Italian
countryside, which piqued the interest of visiting architects and landscape designers.

Characteristics of Italianate Architecture:

 Typically built from brick or wood clapboard

 Between two and four stories
 Tall in appearance, with subtly sloping hipped roofs
 Deep overhanging eaves with prominent decorative brackets and wide cornices
 Corbels
 Entrances with decorative details such as columns and brackets, as well as raised one-
storyporches, and single or double doors
 Belvederes, cupolas, or towers

15. BEAUX-ARTS ARCHITECTURE

 Beaux-Arts architecture is a construction style named after Paris' École des Beaux-Arts,
which taught this prominent late nineteenth and early twentieth century architectural style. It is
based on the symmetry and proportions of Roman and Greek classicism, but also incorporates
French and Italian Renaissance and Baroque influences. This became a popular architectural style for
government and institutional buildings. Beaux-Arts, which represented the pinnacle of European
elegance and flair, became the defining style for the magnificent private houses of the wealthy few.
Beaux-Arts architecture first appeared in Paris in the late 1800s and spread to the United States
during the Gilded Age, thanks to renowned American architects like as Richard Morris, H.H.
Richardson, and Charles McKim, who educated at the Beaux-Arts school in Paris and carried the style
back to America.

Characteristics of Beaux-Arts Architecture:

 Classical Roman and Greek components, such as columns, cornices, and triangular
pediments.
 Application of formal symmetry
 An eclectic blend of complex decorative motifs from the French and Italian Renaissance.
 Materials used include stone, marble, limestone, and brick.
 Elevated first story
 Colonnades and pavilions.
 Statues, figurines, and other sculptural decorations on building facades
 Use arched windows and doorways.
 Grand interior arrival halls, staircases, and interior space hierarchy.
 Interiors with ornate plaster work and sophisticated interior design, which traditionally
featured copies of French or Italian Renaissance furniture pieces found in European palaces.
 Formal gardens and groomed surroundings.

16. NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

Neoclassical architecture is distinguished by various characteristics, including grand scale,

basic geometric shapes, Greek (particularly Doric) or Roman detail, dramatic columns, and blank
walls. Its ancient simplicity was a response to the excesses of the Rococo style. Whereas Greek
resurrection architecture employs a variety of ancient components, such as columns with Doric,
Ionic, or Corinthian detailing, neoclassicism is distinguished by a more comprehensive resurrection
of whole and frequently grand-scale classical volumes.

When neoclassical architecture first appeared in Europe in the 1750s, its emphasis on
classical restraint was interpreted as a reaction to the baroque excesses and decoration of the
Rococo style, which had been popular in Europe from 1730. Neoclassical architecture flourished
during the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in continental Europe, Britain, and the United States,
as well as Latin America. Catherine the major (1762-96) of Russia transformed St. Petersburg into a
major European center, thanks in large part to her ambitious adoption of neoclassical architecture.
By 1800, Britain had fully embraced neoclassical design, driven by notable architects like Robert
Adam and John Soane.

Key elements of Neoclassical Architecture:

 Grand scale volumes

 Simple geometric forms
 Dramatic columns
 Doric Greek or Roman detailing
 Domed or flat roofs, depending on style

17. BAUHAUS ARCHITECTURE

The Bauhaus movement emerged from the influential German school founded by Walter
Gropius (1883-1969) in the early twentieth century with the utopian goal of creating a radically new
form of architecture and design to help rebuild society after the ravages of World War I. By
combining fine arts, crafts, design, architecture, and technology, the Bauhaus promoted rational,
functional design that embraced a form follows function, less is more ethos for a new post-war era.

The Bauhaus school was founded six months after the end of World War I in 1919. Gropius
wrote in the school's founding manifesto that building is "the ultimate aim of all artistic activity" and
that "the ultimate, if distant, aim of the Bauhaus is the unified work of art." He aspired to the
German concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, or the "total work of art" that combines multiple art forms
into one.

Key elements of Bauhaus Architecture:

 Eschewing ornamentation to focus on simple, rational, functional design

 A focus on simple geometric forms such as the triangle, square, and circle
 Asymmetry favored over symmetry
 Use of steel, glass, concrete, and other modern materials
 Flat roofs
 Glass curtain walls
 Smooth façades
18. INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

Industrial architecture is a general term for structures designed to meet the needs of
industry. Industrial architecture refers to a variety of building kinds and styles that combine
functionality and design and can be found throughout the industrialized world. Read on to find out
more about industrial architecture. Industrial architecture was designed to address the particular
systems, processes, equipment, and worker safety concerns of manufacturing, processing, power
generation, and other industrial activities. An industrial architecture style encompasses:

 Factories
 Warehouses
 Foundries
 Steel mills
 Water towers
 Grain silos
 Distilleries
 Breweries
 Refineries
 Power plants

When we talk about industrial architecture, we primarily mean the buildings that developed
during the Second Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. They
were erected in reaction to the extensive usage of new materials like metal and concrete, as well as
the mass manufacturing processes used during this time period. This innovative architectural style
was designed to meet the needs of industries that convert raw materials into final goods in the most
efficient way feasible. Builders and architects had to address particular production methods and
workflows, as well as worker safety considerations.

Characteristics of Industrial Architecture:

 Combination of functionality and design

 Large, open floor plans
 High ceilings
 Use of raw rough materials such as concrete, brick, metal
 Lack of ornamentation on building façade
 Distressed and worn finishes from years of heavy use
 Exposed brick, ductwork and piping that otherwise would be smoothed over in residential
construction
  Large metal-grid windows

19. RANCH-STYLE HOME

These homes, which are frequently built on a concrete slab, are normally single-story and
have an open floor layout. Ranch homes are said to have originated in California in the 1930s, when
architect Clifford May, known as the "father of the ranch house," began designing single-story
residences for informal outdoor living. In contrast to the narrow, segmented rooms of a craftsman, a
classic ranch home had an open floor plan that prioritized accessibility, openness, and space. The
ranch, which emphasized informal living and indoor-outdoor flow, was a major architectural force in
California during the 1930s before spreading across the country.

Characteristics of a Ranch-Style Home:

A ranch home can be identified by its vast layout, which can be straight and rectangular, U-
shaped, or L-shaped, as well as its single-story floor plan.

 Once inside, the interior features an open-concept layout with few or no walls between the
living and eating spaces.
 A ranch-style home is designed to provide easy access to the outdoors, with characteristics
like as wide windows on all sides and ground-level entry points to provide a seamless
transition between interior and outdoor living spaces.
 Many ranch homes are built on concrete slab foundations, therefore a basement may or
may not exist.
 A real single-level ranch-style home does not have a towering deck, but there may be a very
low porch connecting indoor and outdoor spaces.
 A low-pitch roof, overhanging eaves, and attached garages are among the most prevalent
exterior elements.

20. ROWHOUSE
 Rowhouses are groups of similar or nearly identical low-rise homes that are lined up
shoulder to shoulder and share a roofline as well as one or both side walls. They are also known as
terraced houses in the United Kingdom, Australia, and other countries.

It initially arose in the Netherlands and Belgium during the 16th century. Henri IV created
the Place des Vosges in Paris' renowned Marais quarter from 1605 to 1612. This historic square is
bordered with exquisite red brick and stone rowhouses with ground-floor stores and upper-floor
dwelling quarters. The rowhouses give the square a pleasing symmetry and are a particularly
glamorous example of this form of urban planning housing construction, inspiring Haussmann's
19th-century makeover of Paris and establishing the case for urban rowhouses around the world.

Characteristics of Rowhouse:

 Low-rise (usually 2 to 5 storey), thin buildings lined up side by side in rows and frequently
spanning entire blocks or communities.
 Share identical or similar designs.
 Share the roofline.
 Frequently share one or both side walls with adjacent structures.
 Originally designed for one or two families, many have been partitioned into smaller
apartments as urban populations and demand for space have expanded.
 Rowhouses come in a variety of architectural styles, including the Italianate brownstones of
Brooklyn and the Victorian row houses of San Francisco.
 Depending on the neighborhood's location and character, it might be painted in different
colors for individual diversity or portrayed in all brick to provide a cohesive impression.
 Because of their tight positioning, windows are typically limited to the front and back of the
construction, which might limit natural light.