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    398 ILIAD cof work: Poem Tape ve ith cont BC) of plot: Heroic epic Ree a plat: Trojan War Locale: First He cribed: Sixth century B.C. y period in th st during a tree period i 0 cit yeti qpsdes eva ie 8 “figures emerge a: Principal Characters hulles(9-k'é2), the son of Peleus and the Nereid Fee Ae Mymins,and mies of the the siege of Troy. AC his birth his ‘pother had dipped him in the Styx so that all parts of fis body ae invulnerable to hurt except the heel by which She held him, A young man of great beauty, strength, ourage, and skill in battle, he nevertheless possesses two tragic flaws, an imperious will anda strong sense of vanity. Enraged because King Agamemnon orders him to surrender the maid Briseis, whom Achilles had taken fs his own prize of war, he quarrels bitterly with the ‘Commander ofthe Greek forces and withdraws from the battlefield. When the Trojan host attacks, driving the Greeks back toward their ships, Achilles remains sulking in his tent. So great is his wrath that he refuses to heed all entreaties that he come tothe aid of the hard-pressed Greeks. When the Trojans begin to bura the Greek ships ho allows his friend Patroclus, dressed in the armor of Achilles, to lead the warlike Myrmidons against the attackers. Patroclsis killed by Hector, the Trojan leader, under the walls of the city. Seeing in the death of his friend the enormity of hs own inaction, Achilles puts on ‘anew suit of armor made for him by Hephaestus and ‘engages the Trojans in fierce combat. Merciless in his anger and grief, be kills Hector and on successive days rags the body of the vanquished hero behind his chariot, while King Priam, Hector’s father, looks on from the walls of the city. When the sorrowing king visits the tent. ‘of Achilles at night and begs for the body of his son, Achilles relents and permits Priam to conduct funeral rites for Hector for a petiod of twelve days. In a later battle before the walls of Troy an arrow shot by Paris, King Prim’ on, sks Ahi in the eel and causes Hector (hek’té), the son of King Priam and Queen Hees A the conmander ofthe Tojan feces es the {greatest and most human of the heroes, an ideal figure in every respect: a skilled horseman, a brave soldier, an ye Trojan War, the I characters ofthe warriors, their strengths and thes ee angs not of one er, ut ofa eras and for al time tell the story of the wrath of acy, wee " on able leader, © man devoted to his fami the master of his emotions under exes iy His courage in batl, his courtesy c= submission tothe gods, and his sad eM revengeful Achilles provide an admirable st 4 actions of te blustering, cuningcrut ct ‘Andromache (in-drim'>ke), the sen Hector and the mother of Astyanax. Afr qe Ste she was taken into captivity by Neopolans Achilles. Sil ater, according tothe Aenea Helemus, the brother of Hector, and ruled Pyros within “Astyanax (Atak), the young son ans ee on thar the child by hurling him over the city wa Se "Agamemnon (5e’2:mm' nd), king of Myce, the older brother of King Merelaus,hisundef shat Helen whose infidelity brought sbout th Tis, Courageous and cunning, bot often rash and ape (pis Sania of Aste, is bie aa Greeks inthe war. He stands a a symbol of te ge leader, without the heroic qualities ofthe mie ds: warriors who fight under his command. Hei tie his wife Clytemnestra ater his return rom Toy “Menelaus (mé'no-i'25), king of Sparta ha of beautiful but faithless Helen, sedved ad abel by Paris, prince of Try, in fulfilment of prone me by Aphrodite, He stands mor as symbol tans 4 Vitim ofthe gods and an outraged busta wb saps with brave deeds the wrong dane to is oan Ato! af the war he takes Helen back to Spars wit in. in the Odyssey she is shown presiding ves palace Helen (he'lon, the wife of King Meneas of Sst and for nineteen years after her abction the 5 Pars, Being confined within the walls of Tt company of doting elders, she plays io pat SHory; and because she isthe vitim of Aphis is se does not suffer greatly for her actions, ca a nso uitiney a he Gk eae capture oF TOY: ine Ke son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba sora dpe between Aphrodite, Hera, and coe aed the prize, the golden apple of dis soe te, who in tur promised him the most co oman in the world as his wife. Although his eee ete he stk fom er bard as in Fy devotion toa principle, Pars nevertheless set in eopardy a8 a champion ofthe Trojan ji Nas to meet King Menelas the injured hus. focal ccombut. Aphrodite, fearful fr the safety ns watches over im and saves im from {rs em is bow strikes Achils in the hel pom ae an wari. One Story ays tht Pars a psn ao fom the bow of Pilots esa in, king of Troy andthe beneficent father Ps ly. While not a ruler of Agamemnon 2 aman ofshewnes and uit rength who sath at the ands of fate ad the rivalry ofthe sf oath he docs not condone the abduction of a as, iin bis dament of bah because rat they are vietims of Aphrodite's whims sgn is on Hector and bis pity forall who tae ar elevate him fo noble stature, nye arb), the wife of King Priam. Her fate ete wines the death oer ons the enslave ist edger Cassandra, whois carted into cap- spy agameron, and the sacrifice of her daughter ea appease the shade of Achilles ‘ask kas), the seer and prophet of the Greeks crn animals and men have ben sain bythe arrows _Fi, cs cares that the destruction is a divine “because of Agamemnon’ rape of Chryseis, the ‘baie Chrses, pres of Apollo, He counsels that ras be returned to her father without ransom. ‘hrs (hrs), maiden seized by the Grecks sang be plundering of Chrysa and given to Agamem- sas prize of war. Forced by the intervention of ign send the girl Back to Chryses, her father, Aga ‘Enna announces that he will in turn take any other tithe desires. His choice is Brises, the slave of Achilles. ‘gunennon’s demand leads to a quarrel between the two Cras This (b’s-a5), a captive slave taken by Achilles ‘sate of war. Agamemnon’s announcement that he ina ake the prt into his own tent leads to a quarrel ‘vente two men. Forced to surrender Briseis, Achilles tals allowes retire from the battlefield and refuse (0 ‘gin the fierce fighting that follows. Agamemnon an te girl to Achilles shortly before the sulking ‘ene undergoes a change of mood and returns «0 the inorder to avenge the death of his friend Patroclus (pu-tr'klas), the noble squire and loyal death at the hands of Hector is merci- is tits, 399 lessy and and hors meetin hand ho Trojan tal Tevenged when Achilles and Hi are les and Hector “3 combat and the Greek wartior kills ‘easonable in argument and courageous sae eet {Cas the crafty, middle-aged we ‘Tolan sp Medes Sout the Toane ae Heand Nesorae th somseos wh nc rightly the will ofthe € gods. Diomedes (i'm), a valiant Argive wartic wh dashes $0 oe often and feariess SHORE ote an feaeay betwen the Grek and Tae ett 8 Col on wih ie es {ating Hes the companion of Odyses on night Slayer or edana” i he Hoan camp, and be isthe Acneas 50 fiercely thatthe gots wpe het lon (46'Ion), a Trojan spy captured an by ses Donets Sea uacoaeiaee Nestor (nés'tér), the hoary-headed king of a wis con : ing of Pos and frebreperesgeeederoreteiegl cchnuryintad prergcma sealer ied visits him, eee ner Machaon (mo"ki’an, the son of Asclepius piysan ofthe anion net Hee ie srgen jin the Greck forces. He heals Menelaus after the a Is Menelaus after the king of Sparta aston wounded by maow om the Bow of Ajax (jk), the son of Telamon of Salamis and ha brother of Teucer. A warir of great physical size and strength, he uses his mighty spe to hol ff the Trojans attempting to burn the Greek ships after breaching the rampart around the vessels, According toa later story he {goes mad when Agamemnon, acting on the advice of ‘Athena, awards the armor of dead Achilles to Odysseus. "Teucer (t00'sé), the half brother of Ajax anda mighty bownnan, He helps Ajax defend the Greek ships from the attacking Greeks. During one of the Trojan onslaughts he kills the chaviotcer of Hector. Glaucus (gl6’kas), & Lycian ally of the Trojans. Meet- ing him in bate, Diomedes recognizes the Lycian 3 9 rr cefrend by inheritance. To seal a covenant between som, they exchange armor, Caucus giving up his gold frmor, worth a hundred oxen, for the brass armor of Diomedes, worth only nine oxen. pedon (irpe'don), ade of the Lycian alls fighting with the Trojans. He is killed by Patroclus. Aeneas (nes), the son of Anchises and ‘Aphrodite. ‘A warrior descended from a young perc oe fuse of Troy, he commands the Trojan fores e out Hector. Ear, whl tying to protect te allen 400 down by is rend Pandaru, Aeneas i tu y ts of ti ene ni eS the Trojan in a misty ck wounds of Ane sn de Ted intempo Apa a Be returns tothe battle. ian rus (pin’d2r35), a Lycian ally of the Tavs mnaied oer Aer Pari hag ber na "ay is contest with Menelaus, ai fo cs oud ae pci With 8A it Athena had not turned the shaft aside, Diomedes and Queen Hecuba. Gifted with second sight, she is. never to have her prophecies believed because she has rejec the advances of Apollo. She becomes Agamemnon ¢2P- tive afer the fal of Toy. elenus (ona), the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuta. Like his sister Cassandra, he possesses thee cof second sight, He eventually marries Andromache, the wife of his brother Hector. Deiphobus (défa-bas), the son of King Priam and ‘Queen Hecuba. He becomes the husband of Helen after the death of Paris andi killed during the sack of Troy. "Antenor (in tna), the Trojan elder who advises that The Story ‘The Gres were camped oie th wall fT, in the wh ero tr ee on that AAEM, King ofthe Ach, waned th mai, Bie, for his Obl se nas psesedby Als, the so of Za, ‘When Aches was forced to gre up the mad, he with Grow angi fom he ate ad end wis ship. But te wm ran Za th promsetht h wong wih Be ‘a enduring would be revenge on Agumernon “That creing Ze sen a mesege oh Gk king loco) whim ina deaman rd tite and marshal hs Aca foes ast the wall of Toy. When the Kingswole, he lle al his wars to him and ordered thom prepare for bat. Al nigh ln the men ee thats ate ary maling ready ihre and thas. The gods sper on earth te gue ot wars some sing withthe Geeks, soe aang fo wan the Ts, With th army sie, Agnes non began he march fom te camp tthe wall of te Gi, whe al he coo sound asset one, Oa Acs an hi men reine behind Seraed nk 1 eh ont Sef Agence "olan amy exe om the pats of to combat the Geeks Then Pris son of King Pan andHilrslover, stood oittom herais an ens that be and Monel stl the balm ight Sane them, th wine take Hele nd all her oo oe and friendship tobe declared between the wating nations. Mencia eed these wins af is val se Masterpieces oy Helen be returned to the Grcek in oe shed. omy Polydamus(pd-l-

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