Topic 2: Network Models

Engr. Arlon G. Calma, PECE, CLSSYB

Layered Tasks
We use the concept of layers in our daily life.
As an example, let us consider two friends
who communicate through postal mail. The
process of sending a letter to a friend would
be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
Layered Tasks
The OSI Model
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects
of network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced
in the late 1970s.
The OSI Model
Define the basic standards for network
communication.
➢Reduces complexity
➢Standardizes interfaces
➢Facilities modular engineering
➢Ensures interoperable technology
➢Accelerates evolution
➢Simplifies teaching and learning
The OSI Model
➢Model designed for vendors to follow
➢Your computer has a component that utilizes OSI
model
Benefits of OSI
➢Assists in protocol design.
➢Foster competition.
➢Prevents technology or capability changes in one
layer from affecting other layers above and below.
➢Facilitates standardization.
 Application
OSI Model TCP/IP
Presentation Application

Session

Transport Transport
Network Internet

Data Link Network

Access
Physical
Models Provide Guidance
Encapsulation
✓The form that a piece of data takes at any
layer is called PDU.
✓Protocol Data Unit.
✓Each layer encapsulates the PDU.
✓The name of the PDU varies in each layer.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation
 Application
Protocol Data Unit
Presentation Data
Session

Transport Segment
Network Packet

Data Link Frames

Physical Bits
Application Layer
✓User Interface
✓Authentication
✓Communication partners
are identified
Application Layer
✓User Interface
✓Authentication
✓Communication partners
are identified
Application Layer
✓Resources are available
✓Synchronization of
application
✓Network aware
applications
Application Layer
How about applications like word, excel and
powerpoint, do they belong to application
layer?
Application Layer
File & Print

Database SMTP / POP3

HTTP

Telnet FTP / TFTP

SNMP
Presentation Layer
✓Provide for the common
representation of data
transferred between
application layer services.
✓Ensures that data is
readable.
✓Presents data to the
Application layer and is
responsible for data
translation and coding
format.
Presentation Layer
✓Compression
✓Data format (jpeg, mp3,
mpeg)
✓Encryption (ssl,
certificates)
Session Layer

✓Creation
✓Maintenance
✓Teardown
Transport Layer
✓Tracking communication
between applications on
the source and
destination hosts.
✓Data must be prepared to
be sent across the media
in manageable pieces.
✓Reassembling the
segments into streams of
application layer.
✓Each software process
that needs to access the
network is assigned a
port number unique in
that host.
Transport Layer
✓Tracking the individual
conversation
✓Segmenting data
✓Reassembling the
segments
✓Identifying the different
applications
Transport Layer
TCP (Transmission UDP (User Datagram
Control Protocol) Protocol)
➢Connection oriented ➢Connectionless
➢Reliable ➢Unreliable
➢Guaranteed delivery ➢Best effort delivery
➢High overhead ➢Lower overhead
➢Sequencing ➢No sequencing
➢Retransmission ➢No retransmission
➢3 way handshake ➢No handshake
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
TCP (Transmission UDP (User
Control Protocol) Datagram Protocol)
Transport Layer Services

➢Establishing a session
➢Same order delivery
➢Reliable delivery
➢Flow control
Transport Layer Reliability
Operation
➢Tracking transmitted data
➢Acknowledging received data
➢Retransmission of
unacknowledged data
Transport Layer

➢Ports defined and assigned by

the Internet Assigned Number
Authority (IANA)
➢www.iana.org
Port Assignment
➢Public Applications (well-known)
1-1023
✓HTTP or FTP
➢Private Applications 1024-49151
✓World of warcraft, Call of Duty
➢Dynamic Client (high-order) 49152-
65535
Well known ports
➢53 (TCP/UDP) DNS
➢80 (TCP) HTTP
➢25 (TCP) SMTP
➢23 (TCP) Tenet
➢20 and 21 (TCP) FTP
➢110 (TCP) POP
➢67 (UDP) DHCP
Transport Layer
➢IP Address : 192.168.1.11
➢Dynamic port : 42193
➢Socket : 192.168.1.11:42193
Network Layer

✓Provides
services to
exchange the
data over the
network
Network Layer

✓Addressing
✓Encapsulation
✓Routing
✓Decapsulation
Network Layer Addressing
✓Must provide a mechanism for
addressing end devices
✓The data should have a destination
✓The destination should have an
address
✓The address should be unique over the
network
Network Layer Encapsulation
✓Must provide encapsulation
✓Adds a header or label
✓PDU is called a Packet
✓Source and Destination address
Network Layer Routing
✓Must provide services to direct
packets to destination host
✓Devices that connect the network are
called routers
✓Router select the path
✓Each route to reach the next device is
called a hop
Network Layer Decapsulation
✓The host examines the destination
address
✓Then transferred to the next layer
Network Layer Protocols
❑Routed Protocols
✓IP
✓IPX
✓Appletalk
❑Routing Protocols
✓RIP
✓EIGRP
✓OSPF
Data Link Layer
✓Prepares network data for
physical network.
✓Provides a means for
exchanging data over a
common local media.
✓Allows the upper layers to
access the media using
techniques such as framing
✓Controls how data is
placed onto the media and
is received from the media
using techniques such as
media access control and
error detection
Data Link Layer Function
➢Encapsulation
• PDU: Frame
➢Error detection
• Frame check sequence
➢LAN sublayers
• LLC (Logical Link Control)
• MAC (Media Access Control / Card)
Data Link Layer
❑Two Basic Media Access Control
Methods
➢Controlled
▪Each node has its own time to use
the medium
➢Contention
▪All nodes compete for the use of
medium
Data Link Layer
❑Controlled: Token Ring
Data Link Layer
❑Contention based: Ethernet / Wireless
Data Link Layer
❑Contention based: Ethernet / Wireless

✓Devices can transmit anytime

✓Mechanism to minimize collision
➢Ethernet: CSMA/CD
➢Wireless: CSMA/CA
Data Link Layer Protocols
❑LAN
✓802.2 LLC
✓802.3 Ethernet
✓802.5 Token Ring
✓802.11 Wireless
❑WAN
✓HDLC (High Data Level Link Control)
✓PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
✓Frame Relay
Network Interface Card
MAC Address Components
MAC Address
Physical Layer
✓The physical cable
itself.
✓Protocols such as:
❑EIA TIA 232
❑v.35
❑Cat 5
❑RJ45
Summary of Layers