Computer Networking

Overview

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✓ Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices
via some form of transmission medium.
The effectiveness depends on :
✓ Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be
received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.
✓ Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered
in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
✓ Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late
are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as
they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without significant
delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.
✓ Jitter: Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay
in the delivery of audio or video packets.
➢ For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every 30ms. If some of
the packets arrive with 30ms delay and others with 40ms delay, an uneven
quality in the video is the result.
Components of Communication
Data Flow in Communication
 Type of Connection

✓ A network is two or more devices connected through links

✓ Two possible types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
 Physical Topologies

✓ Robust
✓ Single point of failure ✓ less expensive
✓ privacy or security ✓ Used in local-area networks
✓ Regional offices connected to each regional ✓ Centralized management
office ✓ Single point of failure
✓ Cabling and the number of I/O ports required
 Physical Topologies

✓ Medium failed so as the network ✓ Relatively easy to install and reconfigure

✓ Single point of failure
Categories of Networks
 Review On Network
Models

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 Seven layers of the OSI model

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 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

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 An exchange using the OSI model

✓ H=Header
✓ D=Data/Message
13 ✓ T=Trailer
 The physical layer
✓ Responsible for movements of individual bits one hop (node) to the
next, Data rate, synchronization of bits, transmission mode, physical
topology from.

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 Data Link Layer
✓ Responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next,
Framing, physical addressing, flow control, error control and
access control.

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 Hop-to-hop delivery

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 Network layer

✓ Responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source

host to the destination host, Logical addressing and Routing

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 Source-to-destination delivery

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 Transport Layer
✓ Responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another,
Service-point addressing, segmentation and reassembly, connection
control .
✓ Network layer oversees source-to-destination delivery of individual
packets, it does not recognize any relationship between those packets.

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 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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 Session Layer
✓ Responsible for dialog control and synchronization.
✓ It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among
communicating systems.

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 Presentation Layer

✓ Responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

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 Application Layer
✓ Responsible for providing services to the user.

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 Summary of OSI layers

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 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
✓ The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI
model.
✓ The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application.
✓ However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol
suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.

TCP/IP Layers:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
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Application Layer
 TCP/IP and OSI model

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 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

TCP/IP Addresses:

48 bit address 32 bit address 16 bit address ( 0-65535)

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 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

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 Physical addresses

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

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 IP addresses

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✓ The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical
and port addresses usually remain the same.

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 Network devices with Layer
Layers Network Devices

Application Layer Application gateway

Transport Layer Transport gateway

Network Layer Router and gateway

Data link layer Bridge and Switch

Physical Layer Repeater, Hub and Modem.

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Done For Today

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